5 Managing Audit Vault Security

Oracle Audit Vault uses the industry leading security capabilities of Oracle Database Vault and Oracle Advanced Security features to protect audit data from the moment it is collected, transmitted, consolidated, and stored in a centralized, protected, audit data repository.

This chapter provides an understanding of how to manage Oracle Audit Vault security. Audit Vault administrators should perform Oracle Audit Vault security tasks in this order of importance:

Secure management communication between Audit Vault Server and Audit Vault Collection Agent (see Oracle Advanced Security – Secure Management Communication).
Manage user authentication metadata (see Oracle Advanced Security – Manage User Authentication Metadata).

This chapter also includes the following additional sections as background information to assist Audit Vault administrators in understanding how Oracle Database Vault protects audit data and provides strong access control:

Oracle Database Vault – Protects Oracle Audit Vault
Oracle Database Vault – Provides Strong Access Controls

5.1 Oracle Advanced Security – Secure Management Communication

Audit Vault administrators can further secure management communication between the Audit Vault Server and the Audit Vault Collection Agent by using the HTTPS protocol to encrypt data (see Figure 1-2). In this case, X.509 certificates are provided by the Audit Vault administrator and are used for authentication. This is part of the postinstallation configuration of Oracle Audit Vault. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is configured for the mutual authentication between the Audit Vault management service on the server side and each collection agent over HTTPS. A Certificate Authority must provide these certificates to the Audit Vault administrator.

5.2 Oracle Advanced Security – Manage User Authentication Metadata

As part of the Oracle Audit Vault Server and the Oracle Audit Vault Collection Agent installation, two wallets are created. One wallet resides on the Audit Vault Server and this one contains the AV_ADMIN user's credentials and is used by the Audit Vault Console to communicate to the Audit Vault database. This Audit Vault Console provides the management service that initiates the communication with collection agents using HTTP. Audit Vault Configuration Assistant (AVCA) modifies the Database Control console server.xml file and other related files to enable Audit Vault management through the Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control console. The wallet is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/avwallet directory.

The other wallet resides on the Audit Vault Collection Agent and contains the AV_AGENT credentials and is used by the collection agent to get configuration data from Oracle Audit Vault. It is located in the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/avwallet directory. The collection agent-side wallet also contains the credentials used by the collectors to communicate to the source database, such as Oracle Database or Microsoft SQL Server database. These credentials are used by the three ORCLDB collectors and the MSSQLDB collector to connect to the source and to:

Open a connection to the source database to read, extract, and send audit records to the Audit Vault repository
Get metadata and metrics for all the collectors
Start and stop the collectors
Get audit settings as part of Audit Settings management for ORCLDB collectors

The Oracle wallet is a password-protected container that stores credentials, such as certificates, authentication credentials, and private keys, all of which are used by SSL for strong authentication. Oracle wallets are managed through Oracle Wallet Manager. Oracle Wallet Manager can perform tasks such as wallet creation, certificate request generation, and certificate import into the wallet.

Oracle Audit Vault uses third-party network authentication services, PKI-based authentication, to authenticate its user clients. Authentication systems based on public key infrastructure (PKI) issue digital certificates to user clients, which use them to authenticate directly to servers in the enterprise without directly involving an authentication server. These user certificates, along with the private key of the user and the set of trust points of a user (trusted certificate authorities), are stored in Oracle wallets.

5.3 Oracle Database Vault – Protects Oracle Audit Vault

Oracle Database Vault provides realms, separation of duty, command rules and factors as features that are applicable to reducing the overall risk associated with specific provisions of regulations worldwide. These regulations have common themes that include internal controls, separation of duty, and strong access controls on access to sensitive information. Technical solutions are required to mitigate the risks associated with items such as unauthorized modification of data and unauthorized access.

Oracle Database Vault realms prevent database administrators (DBAs), application owners, and other privileged users from viewing application data using their powerful privileges. Database Vault realms put in place preventive controls, helping reduce the potential impact when a data breach does occur, enabling the DBA to perform his or her job more effectively. Oracle Database Vault realms can be used to protect an entire application or a specific set of tables within an application, providing highly flexible and adaptable security enforcement. Oracle Audit Vault audit data is protected in this way.

Oracle Database Vault prevents highly privileged users (DBAs) from accessing audit data. It enforces a separation of duty by not allowing the same user granted two or more administrator roles to perform different responsibilities in the same session and optimally to have different administrator users be granted respective roles to perform these responsibilities in separate sessions.

Oracle Database Vault provides two roles, DV_ACCTMGR to manage database user accounts and DV_OWNER to manage database roles and configuration. The security administrator granted DV_ACCTMGR role can create, alter, and drop users and this user creates all Audit Vault administrator users. The security administrator granted DV_OWNER role can grant Oracle Database Vault roles. The Audit Vault administrator user granted the AV_ADMIN role grants all Audit Vault roles. Thus, two different highly privileged users are required one to create Audit Vault users and the other to grant these users Audit Vault roles. In this way, Oracle Database Vault and Oracle Audit Vault protect audit data from access, enforce protection of database structures from unauthorized change, and set a variety of access controls to implement dynamic and flexible security requirements. See Section 5.4 for more information about these Database Vault security administrator accounts, Audit Vault administrator accounts, and the core database user accounts.

Using Oracle Database Vault, highly privileged database users can be prevented from accessing application data. In addition, access to applications, databases, and data can be tightly controlled based on such variables as time of day, IP address or subnet.

5.4 Oracle Database Vault – Provides Strong Access Controls

Audit Vault is a secure data warehouse that consolidates audit data across an enterprise. The data is only visible to Audit Vault auditors once it is moved into the Audit Vault data warehouse. No user can access the audit data before it is moved to the Audit Vault data warehouse nor after it is purged from there. Even a SYS user cannot access this secure audit data. The default privilege that a SYS user will have is the ability to lock and unlock the Audit Vault schema. This extremely tight security is necessary to prevent audit trail data, which is extensive, detailed, and sensitive information, from being compromised. Oracle Database Vault features guarantee this level of security.

Audit Vault predefined administrator roles include:

AV_ADMIN – Accesses Oracle Audit Vault services to administer, configure, and manage a running Oracle Audit Vault system. A user granted this role configures and manages audit sources, collection agents, collectors, the setup of the source with the collection agent, and the warehouse. Only the user granted the AV_ADMIN role can grant the appropriate role (AV_ADMIN and AV_AUDITOR) through SQL*Plus.
AV_AUDITOR – Accesses Audit Vault reporting and analysis services to monitor components, detect security risks, create and evaluate alert scenarios, create detail and summary reports of events across systems, and manage the reports. A user granted this role manages central audit settings and alerts. This user also uses the data warehouse services to further analyze the audit data to assist in looking for trends, intrusions, anomalies, and other items of interest. A user is created and granted this role during the Audit Vault Server installation.
AV_AGENT – Manages collection agents and collectors by starting, stopping, and resetting them. A user is created and granted this role prior to a collection agent installation. A user is created and granted this role (AVCA add_agent command) during collection agent registration. The Audit Vault Collection Agent software uses this role at run time to query Oracle Audit Vault for configuration information.
AV_SOURCE – Manages the setup of sources for audit data collection. A user is created prior to source and collector configuration and granted this role upon adding a source to Audit Vault using the add_source command. The collector software uses this role at run time to send audit data to Audit Vault.
DV_OWNER – Manages Oracle Database Vault roles and configuration.
DV_ACCTMGR – Manages database user accounts. Only the user granted this role can create Audit Vault administrator users.

Table 5-1 shows the roles and privileges an administrative user is granted when that user is granted one of the high level Audit Vault or Database Vault roles. Typically, one user is granted an AV_ADMIN role and one user is optionally granted an AV_AUDITOR role as part of installing the Audit Vault Server. The user granted the AV_ADMIN role can be granted the AV_AUDITOR role if that user is not created during the Audit Vault Server installation. Because Oracle Audit Vault is protected by Oracle Database Vault, only the user granted the DV_ACCTMGR role can create, alter, and drop users.

Table 5-1 Roles and Privileges Granted to Administrators Granted a Specific Audit Vault or Database Vault Role

Role Granted to User	Roles Granted	Privileges Granted
AV_ADMIN	DV_PUBLIC, AV_ADMIN, SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE, HS_ADMIN_ROLE, AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE, AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE, AV_AUDITOR, AV_AGENT	CREATE SESSION, CREATE ANY VIEW, GRANT ANY ROLE, MANAGE ANY QUEUE, ENQUEUE ANY QUEUE, DEQUEUE ANY QUEUE, CREATE EVALUATION CONTEXT, CREATE RULE SET, CREATE RULE
AV_AUDITOR	DV_PUBLIC, AV_AUDITOR, SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE, HS_ADMIN_ROLE	CREATE SESSION
AV_AGENT	DV_PUBLIC, AV_AGENT	CREATE SESSION, CREATE ANY VIEW
AV_SOURCE	DV_PUBLIC, RESOURCE, AV_SOURCE, AV_USER_ROLE	CREATE SESSION, RESTRICTED SESSION, UNLIMITED TABLESPACE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE CLUSTER, CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE DATABASE LINK, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TYPE, CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE INDEXTYPE, MANAGE ANY QUEUE, ENQUEUE ANY QUEUE, DEQUEUE ANY QUEUE, CREATE EVALUATION CONTEXT, CREATE RULE SET, CREATE ANY RULE SET, ALTER ANY RULE SET, EXECUTE ANY RULE SET, CREATE RULE, CREATE ANY RULE, ALTER ANY RULE, EXECUTE ANY RULE
DV_ACCTMGR	DV_PUBLIC, CONNECT, DV_ACCTMGR	CREATE SESSION, CREATE USER, ALTER USER, DROP USER, CREATE PROFILE, ALTER PROFILE, DROP PROFILE
DV_OWNER	DV_PUBLIC, CONNECT, DV_OWNER, DV_ADMIN, DV_SECANALYST	CREATE SESSION, GRANT ANY ROLE, ALTER ANY TRIGGER, ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER

The Audit Vault roles are granted or revoked through the SQL*Plus interface using the SQL GRANT and REVOKE commands in the following way. All granting or revoking of Audit Vault roles or privileges is done through SQL*Plus by the user who has AV_ADMIN role granted. To add more users, a user must connect having DV_ACCTMGR role to create the users; however, this user cannot also grant these roles to these users. Only the user granted the AV_ADMIN role can then grant the appropriate role (AV_ADMIN and AV_AUDITOR), through SQL*Plus.

An Audit Vault administrator with one of these predefined roles granted can assume only one administrative responsibility at a time in a given session. For instance, if the Audit Vault administrator must perform a different task in another role, the same administrator must begin a new session to start that task.

Note:

Users granted more than one Audit Vault role can only log in to the Audit Vault Console as a single role. They must log out and log in to an Audit Vault system again to use a different role. This security measure maintains a separation of duties within an Audit Vault system for each Audit Vault user.

Table 5-2 shows all other database core accounts created in the default Audit Vault installation. Operating system authentication to the database is allowed, remote authentication to the database "AS SYSDBA" is not allowed, but if needed can be enabled by use of the password file. See "Postinstallation Tasks" in the Oracle Audit Vault installation guides for more information about unlocking and resetting user passwords and enabling or disabling connections with the SYSDBA Privilege.

Table 5-2 Database Core Accounts Created and Privileges In Use

Account	Privileges	Privilege In Use or Not	Password to Use
SYS SYSTEM SYSMAN DBSNMP	Many	Yes	Same password as user granted AV_ADMIN role for basic installation or password may be set separately in advanced installation.
SYS AS or / AS	SYSDBA	Yes, allowed	Operating system authentication to the database is enabled by default.
SYS AS	SYSDBA	No, not allowed for remote connection	To use for remote connection, user must create a password file to enable its use. Password is set when password file is created.
SYS AS	SYSOPER	Yes, allowed	Same password as user granted AV_ADMIN role.

The following example shows how to add a new Audit Vault administrator auditor account, grant this new user the AV_AUDITOR role, then check this user's granted roles and privileges.

sqlplus /nolog
SQL> connect avadmindva
Enter password: avadmindvapassword
Connected.
SQL> create user avauditor2 identified by Welcome_99;

User created. 

SQL> connect avadmin
Enter password: avadminpassword
Connected.
SQL> grant AV_AUDITROR to avauditor2;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> connect avauditor2
Enter password: avauditor2password
Connected.
SQL> show user
USER is "AVAUDITOR2"
SQL> select * from session_roles;

ROLE
------------------------------
DV_PUBLIC
AV_AUDITOR
SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
HS_ADMIN_ROLE

SQL> select * from session_privs;

PRIVILEGE
----------------------------------------
CREATE SESSION

The following example shows how to connect as the SYS user with SYSOPER privilege (using the clause AS SYSOPER), shut down the Audit Vault database, and then start it up again.

sqlplus /nolog
SQL connect sys as sysoper
Enter password: sysoperpassword
Connected.
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down.

SQL> startup
Oracle instance started.
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> exit