man pages section 4: File Formats

proc(4)

Name

proc– /proc, the process file system

Description

/proc is a file system that provides access to the state of each process and light-weight process (lwp) in the system. The name of each entry in the /proc directory is a decimal number corresponding to a process-ID. These entries are themselves subdirectories. Access to process state is provided by additional files contained within each subdirectory; the hierarchy is described more completely below. In this document, ``/proc file'' refers to a non-directory file within the hierarchy rooted at /proc. The owner of each /proc file and subdirectory is determined by the user-ID of the process.

/proc can be mounted on any mount point, in addition to the standard /proc mount point, and can be mounted several places at once. Such additional mounts are allowed in order to facilitate the confinement of processes to subtrees of the file system via chroot(1M) and yet allow such processes access to commands like ps(1).

Standard system calls are used to access /proc files: open(2), close(2), read(2), and write(2) (including readv(2), writev(2), pread(2), and pwrite(2)). Most files describe process state and can only be opened for reading. ctl and lwpctl (control) files permit manipulation of process state and can only be opened for writing. as (address space) files contain the image of the running process and can be opened for both reading and writing. An open for writing allows process control; a read-only open allows inspection but not control. In this document, we refer to the process as open for reading or writing if any of its associated /proc files is open for reading or writing.

In general, more than one process can open the same /proc file at the same time. Exclusive open is an advisory mechanism provided to allow controlling processes to avoid collisions with each other. A process can obtain exclusive control of a target process, with respect to other cooperating processes, if it successfully opens any /proc file in the target process for writing (the as or ctl files, or the lwpctl file of any lwp) while specifying O_EXCL in the open(2). Such an open will fail if the target process is already open for writing (that is, if an as, ctl, or lwpctl file is already open for writing). There can be any number of concurrent read-only opens; O_EXCL is ignored on opens for reading. It is recommended that the first open for writing by a controlling process use the O_EXCL flag; multiple controlling processes usually result in chaos.

If a process opens one of its own /proc files for writing, the open succeeds regardless of O_EXCL and regardless of whether some other process has the process open for writing. Self-opens do not count when another process attempts an exclusive open. (A process cannot exclude a debugger by opening itself for writing and the application of a debugger cannot prevent a process from opening itself.) All self-opens for writing are forced to be close-on-exec (see the F_SETFD operation of fcntl(2)).

Data may be transferred from or to any locations in the address space of the traced process by applying lseek(2) to position the as file at the virtual address of interest followed by read(2) or write(2) (or by using pread(2) or pwrite(2) for the combined operation). The address-map file /proc/pid/map can be read to determine the accessible areas (mappings) of the address space. I/O transfers may span contiguous mappings. An I/O request extending into an unmapped area is truncated at the boundary. A write request beginning at an unmapped virtual address fails with EIO; a read request beginning at an unmapped virtual address returns zero (an end-of-file indication).

Information and control operations are provided through additional files. <procfs.h> contains definitions of data structures and message formats used with these files. Some of these definitions involve the use of sets of flags. The set types sigset_t, fltset_t, and sysset_t correspond, respectively, to signal, fault, and system call enumerations defined in <sys/signal.h>, <sys/fault.h>, and <sys/syscall.h>. Each set type is large enough to hold flags for its own enumeration. Although they are of different sizes, they have a common structure and can be manipulated by these macros:

prfillset(&set);             /* turn on all flags in set */
premptyset(&set);            /* turn off all flags in set */
praddset(&set, flag);        /* turn on the specified flag */
prdelset(&set, flag);        /* turn off the specified flag */
r = prismember(&set, flag);  /* != 0 iff flag is turned on */

One of prfillset() or premptyset() must be used to initialize set before it is used in any other operation. flag must be a member of the enumeration corresponding to set.

Every process contains at least one light-weight process, or lwp. Each lwp represents a flow of execution that is independently scheduled by the operating system. All lwps in a process share its address space as well as many other attributes. Through the use of lwpctl and ctl files as described below, it is possible to affect individual lwps in a process or to affect all of them at once, depending on the operation.

When the process has more than one lwp, a representative lwp is chosen by the system for certain process status files and control operations. The representative lwp is a stopped lwp only if all of the process's lwps are stopped; is stopped on an event of interest only if all of the lwps are so stopped (excluding PR_SUSPENDED lwps); is in a PR_REQUESTED stop only if there are no other events of interest to be found; or, failing everything else, is in a PR_SUSPENDED stop (implying that the process is deadlocked). See the description of the status file for definitions of stopped states. See the PCSTOP control operation for the definition of ``event of interest''.

The representative lwp remains fixed (it will be chosen again on the next operation) as long as all of the lwps are stopped on events of interest or are in a PR_SUSPENDED stop and the PCRUN control operation is not applied to any of them.

When applied to the process control file, every /proc control operation that must act on an lwp uses the same algorithm to choose which lwp to act upon. Together with synchronous stopping (see PCSET), this enables a debugger to control a multiple-lwp process using only the process-level status and control files if it so chooses. More fine-grained control can be achieved using the lwp-specific files.

The system supports two process data models, the traditional 32-bit data model in which ints, longs and pointers are all 32 bits wide (the ILP32 data model), and on some platforms the 64-bit data model in which longs and pointers, but not ints, are 64 bits in width (the LP64 data model). In the LP64 data model some system data types, notably size_t, off_t, time_t and dev_t, grow from 32 bits to 64 bits as well.

The /proc interfaces described here are available to both 32-bit and 64-bit controlling processes. However, many operations attempted by a 32-bit controlling process on a 64-bit target process will fail with EOVERFLOW because the address space range of a 32-bit process cannot encompass a 64-bit process or because the data in some 64-bit system data type cannot be compressed to fit into the corresponding 32-bit type without loss of information. Operations that fail in this circumstance include reading and writing the address space, reading the address-map file, and setting the target process's registers. There is no restriction on operations applied by a 64-bit process to either a 32-bit or a 64-bit target processes.

The format of the contents of any /proc file depends on the data model of the observer (the controlling process), not on the data model of the target process. A 64-bit debugger does not have to translate the information it reads from a /proc file for a 32-bit process from 32-bit format to 64-bit format. However, it usually has to be aware of the data model of the target process. The pr_dmodel field of the status files indicates the target process's data model.

To help deal with system data structures that are read from 32-bit processes, a 64-bit controlling program can be compiled with the C preprocessor symbol _SYSCALL32 defined before system header files are included. This makes explicit 32-bit fixed-width data structures (like cstruct stat32) visible to the 64-bit program. See types32.h(3HEAD).

DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

At the top level, the directory /proc contains entries each of which names an existing process in the system. These entries are themselves directories. Except where otherwise noted, the files described below can be opened for reading only. In addition, if a process becomes a zombie (one that has exited but whose parent has not yet performed a wait(3C) upon it), most of its associated /proc files disappear from the hierarchy; subsequent attempts to open them, or to read or write files opened before the process exited, will elicit the error ENOENT.

Although process state and consequently the contents of /proc files can change from instant to instant, a single read(2) of a /proc file is guaranteed to return a sane representation of state; that is, the read will be atomic with respect to the state of the process. No such guarantee applies to successive reads applied to a /proc file for a running process. In addition, atomicity is not guaranteed for I/O applied to the as (address-space) file for a running process or for a process whose address space contains memory shared by another running process.

A number of structure definitions are used to describe the files. These structures may grow by the addition of elements at the end in future releases of the system and it is not legitimate for a program to assume that they will not.

STRUCTURE OF `/proc/pid`

A given directory /proc/pid contains the following entries. A process can use the invisible alias /proc/self if it wishes to open one of its own /proc files (invisible in the sense that the name ``self'' does not appear in a directory listing of /proc obtained from ls(1), getdents(2), or readdir(3C)).

contracts

A directory containing references to the contracts held by the process. Each entry is a symlink to the contract's directory under /system/contract. See contract(4).

as

Contains the address-space image of the process; it can be opened for both reading and writing. lseek(2) is used to position the file at the virtual address of interest and then the address space can be examined or changed through read(2) or write(2) (or by using pread(2) or pwrite(2) for the combined operation).

ctl

A write-only file to which structured messages are written directing the system to change some aspect of the process's state or control its behavior in some way. The seek offset is not relevant when writing to this file. Individual lwps also have associated lwpctl files in the lwp subdirectories. A control message may be written either to the process's ctl file or to a specific lwpctl file with operation-specific effects. The effect of a control message is immediately reflected in the state of the process visible through appropriate status and information files. The types of control messages are described in detail later. See CONTROL MESSAGES.

status

Contains state information about the process and the representative lwp. The file contains a pstatus structure which contains an embedded lwpstatus structure for the representative lwp, as follows:

typedef struct pstatus {
     int pr_flags;             /* flags (see below) */
     int pr_nlwp;              /* number of active lwps in the process */
     int pr_nzomb;             /* number of zombie lwps in the process */
     pid_tpr_pid;              /* process id */
     pid_tpr_ppid;             /* parent process id */
     pid_tpr_pgid;             /* process group id */
     pid_tpr_sid;              /* session id */
     id_t pr_aslwpid;          /* obsolete */
     id_t pr_agentid;          /* lwp-id of the agent lwp, if any */
     sigset_t pr_sigpend;      /* set of process pending signals */
     uintptr_t pr_brkbase;     /* virtual address of the process heap */
     size_t pr_brksize;        /* size of the process heap, in bytes */
     uintptr_t pr_stkbase;     /* virtual address of the process stack */
     size_tpr_stksize;         /* size of the process stack, in bytes */
     timestruc_t pr_utime;     /* process user cpu time */
     timestruc_t pr_stime;     /* process system cpu time */
     timestruc_t pr_cutime;    /* sum of children's user times */
     timestruc_t pr_cstime;    /* sum of children's system times */
     sigset_t pr_sigtrace;     /* set of traced signals */
     fltset_t pr_flttrace;     /* set of traced faults */
     sysset_t pr_sysentry;     /* set of system calls traced on entry */
     sysset_t pr_sysexit;      /* set of system calls traced on exit */
     char pr_dmodel;           /* data model of the process */
     taskid_t pr_taskid;       /* task id */
     projid_t pr_projid;       /* project id */
     zoneid_t pr_zoneid;       /* zone id */
     lwpstatus_t pr_lwp;       /* status of the representative lwp */
} pstatus_t;

pr_flags is a bit-mask holding the following process flags. For convenience, it also contains the lwp flags for the representative lwp, described later.

PR_ISSYS: process is a system process (see PCSTOP).
PR_VFORKP: process is the parent of a vforked child (see PCWATCH).
PR_FORK: process has its inherit-on-fork mode set (see PCSET).
PR_RLC: process has its run-on-last-close mode set (see PCSET).
PR_KLC: process has its kill-on-last-close mode set (see PCSET).
PR_ASYNC: process has its asynchronous-stop mode set (see PCSET).
PR_MSACCT: Set by default in all processes to indicate that microstate accounting is enabled. However, this flag has been deprecated and no longer has any effect. Microstate accounting may not be disabled; however, it is still possible to toggle the flag.
PR_MSFORK: Set by default in all processes to indicate that microstate accounting will be enabled for processes that this parent forks(). However, this flag has been deprecated and no longer has any effect. It is possible to toggle this flag; however, it is not possible to disable microstate accounting.
PR_BPTADJ: process has its breakpoint adjustment mode set (see PCSET).
PR_PTRACE: process has its ptrace-compatibility mode set (see PCSET).

pr_nlwp is the total number of active lwps in the process. pr_nzomb is the total number of zombie lwps in the process. A zombie lwp is a non-detached lwp that has terminated but has not been reaped with thr_join(3C) or pthread_join(3C).

pr_pid, pr_ppid, pr_pgid, and pr_sid are, respectively, the process ID, the ID of the process's parent, the process's process group ID, and the process's session ID.

pr_aslwpid is obsolete and is always zero.

pr_agentid is the lwp-ID for the /proc agent lwp (see the PCAGENT control operation). It is zero if there is no agent lwp in the process.

pr_sigpend identifies asynchronous signals pending for the process.

pr_brkbase is the virtual address of the process heap and pr_brksize is its size in bytes. The address formed by the sum of these values is the process break (see brk(2)). pr_stkbase and pr_stksize are, respectively, the virtual address of the process stack and its size in bytes. (Each lwp runs on a separate stack; the distinguishing characteristic of the process stack is that the operating system will grow it when necessary.)

pr_utime, pr_stime, pr_cutime, and pr_cstime are, respectively, the user CPU and system CPU time consumed by the process, and the cumulative user CPU and system CPU time consumed by the process's children, in seconds and nanoseconds.

pr_sigtrace and pr_flttrace contain, respectively, the set of signals and the set of hardware faults that are being traced (see PCSTRACE and PCSFAULT).

pr_sysentry and pr_sysexit contain, respectively, the sets of system calls being traced on entry and exit (see PCSENTRY and PCSEXIT).

pr_dmodel indicates the data model of the process. Possible values are:

PR_MODEL_ILP32: process data model is ILP32.
PR_MODEL_LP64: process data model is LP64.
PR_MODEL_NATIVE: process data model is native.

The pr_taskid, pr_projid, and pr_zoneid fields contain respectively, the numeric IDs of the task, project, and zone in which the process was running.

The constant PR_MODEL_NATIVE reflects the data model of the controlling process, that is, its value is PR_MODEL_ILP32 or PR_MODEL_LP64 according to whether the controlling process has been compiled as a 32-bit program or a 64-bit program, respectively.

pr_lwp contains the status information for the representative lwp:

typedef struct lwpstatus {
    int pr_flags;               /* flags (see below) */
    id_t pr_lwpid;              /* specific lwp identifier */
    short pr_why;               /* reason for lwp stop, if stopped */
    short pr_what;              /* more detailed reason */
    short pr_cursig;            /* current signal, if any */
    siginfo_t pr_info;          /* info associated with signal or fault */
    sigset_t pr_lwppend;        /* set of signals pending to the lwp */
    sigset_t pr_lwphold;        /* set of signals blocked by the lwp */
    struct sigaction pr_action; /* signal action for current signal */
    stack_t pr_altstack;        /* alternate signal stack info */
    uintptr_t pr_oldcontext;    /* address of previous ucontext */
    short pr_syscall;           /* system call number (if in syscall) */
    short pr_nsysarg;           /* number of arguments to this syscall */
    int pr_errno;               /* errno for failed syscall */
    long pr_sysarg[PRSYSARGS];  /* arguments to this syscall */
    long pr_rval1;              /* primary syscall return value */
    long pr_rval2;              /* second syscall return value, if any */
    char pr_clname[PRCLSZ];     /* scheduling class name */
    timestruc_t pr_tstamp;      /* real-time time stamp of stop */
    timestruc_t pr_utime;       /* lwp user cpu time */
    timestruc_t pr_stime;       /* lwp system cpu time */
    uintptr_t pr_ustack;        /* stack boundary data (stack_t) address */
    ulong_t pr_instr;           /* current instruction */
    prgregset_t pr_reg;         /* general registers */
    prfpregset_t pr_fpreg;      /* floating-point registers */
} lwpstatus_t;

pr_flags is a bit-mask holding the following lwp flags. For convenience, it also contains the process flags, described previously.

PR_STOPPED: The lwp is stopped.
PR_ISTOP: The lwp is stopped on an event of interest (see PCSTOP).
PR_DSTOP: The lwp has a stop directive in effect (see PCSTOP).
PR_STEP: The lwp has a single-step directive in effect (see PCRUN).
PR_ASLEEP: The lwp is in an interruptible sleep within a system call.
PR_PCINVAL: The lwp's current instruction (pr_instr) is undefined.
PR_DETACH: This is a detached lwp (see pthread_create(3C) and pthread_join(3C)).
PR_DAEMON: This is a daemon lwp (see pthread_create(3C)).
PR_ASLWP: This flag is obsolete and is never set.
PR_AGENT: This is the /proc agent lwp for the process.

pr_lwpid names the specific lwp.

pr_why and pr_what together describe, for a stopped lwp, the reason for the stop. Possible values of pr_why and the associated pr_what are:

PR_REQUESTED: indicates that the stop occurred in response to a stop directive, normally because PCSTOP was applied or because another lwp stopped on an event of interest and the asynchronous-stop flag (see PCSET) was not set for the process. pr_what is unused in this case.
PR_SIGNALLED: indicates that the lwp stopped on receipt of a signal (see PCSTRACE); pr_what holds the signal number that caused the stop (for a newly-stopped lwp, the same value is in pr_cursig).
PR_FAULTED: indicates that the lwp stopped on incurring a hardware fault (see PCSFAULT); pr_what holds the fault number that caused the stop.
PR_SYSENTRY PR_SYSEXIT: indicate a stop on entry to or exit from a system call (see PCSENTRY and PCSEXIT); pr_what holds the system call number.
PR_JOBCONTROL: indicates that the lwp stopped due to the default action of a job control stop signal (see sigaction(2)); pr_what holds the stopping signal number.
PR_SUSPENDED: indicates that the lwp stopped due to internal synchronization of lwps within the process. pr_what is unused in this case.

pr_cursig names the current signal, that is, the next signal to be delivered to the lwp, if any. pr_info, when the lwp is in a PR_SIGNALLED or PR_FAULTED stop, contains additional information pertinent to the particular signal or fault (see <sys/siginfo.h>).

pr_lwppend identifies any synchronous or directed signals pending for the lwp. pr_lwphold identifies those signals whose delivery is being blocked by the lwp (the signal mask).

pr_action contains the signal action information pertaining to the current signal (see sigaction(2)); it is undefined if pr_cursig is zero. pr_altstack contains the alternate signal stack information for the lwp (see sigaltstack(2)).

pr_oldcontext, if not zero, contains the address on the lwp stack of a ucontext structure describing the previous user-level context (see ucontext.h(3HEAD)). It is non-zero only if the lwp is executing in the context of a signal handler.

pr_syscall is the number of the system call, if any, being executed by the lwp; it is non-zero if and only if the lwp is stopped on PR_SYSENTRY or PR_SYSEXIT, or is asleep within a system call ( PR_ASLEEP is set). If pr_syscall is non-zero, pr_nsysarg is the number of arguments to the system call and pr_sysarg contains the actual arguments.

pr_rval1, pr_rval2, and pr_errno are defined only if the lwp is stopped on PR_SYSEXIT or if the PR_VFORKP flag is set. If pr_errno is zero, pr_rval1 and pr_rval2 contain the return values from the system call. Otherwise, pr_errno contains the error number for the failing system call (see <sys/errno.h>).

pr_clname contains the name of the lwp's scheduling class.

pr_tstamp, if the lwp is stopped, contains a time stamp marking when the lwp stopped, in real time seconds and nanoseconds since an arbitrary time in the past.

pr_utime is the amount of user level CPU time used by this LWP.

pr_stime is the amount of system level CPU time used by this LWP.

pr_ustack is the virtual address of the stack_t that contains the stack boundaries for this LWP. See getustack(2) and _stack_grow(3C).

pr_instr contains the machine instruction to which the lwp's program counter refers. The amount of data retrieved from the process is machine-dependent. On SPARC based machines, it is a 32-bit word. On x86–based machines, it is a single byte. In general, the size is that of the machine's smallest instruction. If PR_PCINVAL is set, pr_instr is undefined; this occurs whenever the lwp is not stopped or when the program counter refers to an invalid virtual address.

pr_reg is an array holding the contents of a stopped lwp's general registers.

SPARC

On SPARC-based machines, the predefined constants R_G0 ... R_G7, R_O0 ... R_O7, R_L0 ... R_L7, R_I0 ... R_I7, R_PC, R_nPC, and R_Y can be used as indices to refer to the corresponding registers; previous register windows can be read from their overflow locations on the stack (however, see the gwindows file in the /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid subdirectory).

SPARC V8 (32-bit)

For SPARC V8 (32-bit) controlling processes, the predefined constants R_PSR, R_WIM, and R_TBR can be used as indices to refer to the corresponding special registers. For SPARC V9 (64-bit) controlling processes, the predefined constants R_CCR, R_ASI, and R_FPRS can be used as indices to refer to the corresponding special registers.

x86 (32–bit)

For 32–bit x86 processes, the predefined constants listed belowcan be used as indices to refer to the corresponding registers.

SS
UESP
EFL
CS
EIP
ERR
TRAPNO
EAX
ECX
EDX
EBX
ESP
EBP
ESI
EDI
DS
ES
GS

The preceding constants are listed in <sys/regset.h>.

Note that a 32–bit process can run on an x86 64–bit system, using the constants listed above.

x86 (64–bit)

To read the registers of a 32– or a 64–bit process, a 64–bit x86 process should use the predefined constants listed below.

REG_GSBASE
REG_FSBASE
REG_DS
REG_ES
REG_GS
REG_FS
REG_SS
REG_RSP
REG_RFL
REG_CS
REG_RIP
REG_ERR
REG_TRAPNO
REG_RAX
REG_RCX
REG_RDX
REG_RBX
REG_RBP
REG_RSI
REG_RDI
REG_R8
REG_R9
REG_R10
REG_R11
REG_R12
REG_R13
REG_R14
REG_R15

The preceding constants are listed in <sys/regset.h>.

pr_fpreg is a structure holding the contents of the floating-point registers.

SPARC registers, both general and floating-point, as seen by a 64-bit controlling process are the V9 versions of the registers, even if the target process is a 32-bit (V8) process. V8 registers are a subset of the V9 registers.

If the lwp is not stopped, all register values are undefined.

psinfo

Contains miscellaneous information about the process and the representative lwp needed by the ps(1) command. psinfo remains accessible after a process becomes a zombie. The file contains a psinfo structure which contains an embedded lwpsinfo structure for the representative lwp, as follows:

typedef struct psinfo {
    int pr_flag;              /* process flags (DEPRECATED: see below) */
    int pr_nlwp;              /* number of active lwps in the process */
    int pr_nzomb;             /* number of zombie lwps in the process */
    pid_t pr_pid;             /* process id */
    pid_t pr_ppid;            /* process id of parent */
    pid_t pr_pgid;            /* process id of process group leader */
    pid_t pr_sid;             /* session id */
    uid_t pr_uid;             /* real user id */
    uid_t pr_euid;            /* effective user id */
    gid_t pr_gid;             /* real group id */
    gid_t pr_egid;            /* effective group id */
    uintptr_t pr_addr;        /* address of process */
    size_t pr_size;           /* size of process image in Kbytes */
    size_t pr_rssize;         /* resident set size in Kbytes */
    dev_t pr_ttydev;          /* controlling tty device (or PRNODEV) */
    ushort_t pr_pctcpu;       /* % of recent cpu time used by all lwps */
    ushort_t pr_pctmem;       /* % of system memory used by process */
    timestruc_t pr_start;     /* process start time, from the epoch */
    timestruc_t pr_time;      /* cpu time for this process */
    timestruc_t pr_ctime;     /* cpu time for reaped children */
    char pr_fname[PRFNSZ];    /* name of exec'ed file */
    char pr_psargs[PRARGSZ];  /* initial characters of arg list */
    int pr_wstat;             /* if zombie, the wait() status */
    int pr_argc;              /* initial argument count */
    uintptr_t pr_argv;        /* address of initial argument vector */
    uintptr_t pr_envp;        /* address of initial environment vector */
    char pr_dmodel;           /* data model of the process */
    lwpsinfo_t pr_lwp;        /* information for representative lwp */
    taskid_t pr_taskid;       /* task id */
    projid_t pr_projid;       /* project id */
    poolid_t pr_poolid;       /* pool id */
    zoneid_t pr_zoneid;       /* zone id */
    ctid_t pr_contract;       /* process contract id */
} psinfo_t;

Some of the entries in psinfo, such as pr_addr, refer to internal kernel data structures and should not be expected to retain their meanings across different versions of the operating system.

psinfo_t.pr_flag is a deprecated interface that should no longer be used. Applications currently relying on the SSYS bit in pr_flag should migrate to checking PR_ISSYS in the pstatus structure's pr_flags field.

pr_pctcpu and pr_pctmem are 16-bit binary fractions in the range 0.0 to 1.0 with the binary point to the right of the high-order bit (1.0 == 0x8000). pr_pctcpu is the summation over all lwps in the process.

pr_lwp contains the ps(1) information for the representative lwp. If the process is a zombie, pr_nlwp, pr_nzomb, and pr_lwp.pr_lwpid are zero and the other fields of pr_lwp are undefined:

typedef struct lwpsinfo {
    int pr_flag;              /* lwp flags (DEPRECATED: see below) */
    id_t pr_lwpid;            /* lwp id */
    uintptr_t pr_addr;        /* internal address of lwp */
    uintptr_t pr_wchan;       /* wait addr for sleeping lwp */
    char pr_stype;            /* synchronization event type */
    char pr_state;            /* numeric lwp state */
    char pr_sname;            /* printable character for pr_state */
    char pr_nice;             /* nice for cpu usage */
    short pr_syscall;         /* system call number (if in syscall) */
    char pr_oldpri;           /* pre-SVR4, low value is high priority */
    char pr_cpu;              /* pre-SVR4, cpu usage for scheduling */
    int pr_pri;               /* priority, high value = high priority */
    ushort_t pr_pctcpu;       /* % of recent cpu time used by this lwp */
    timestruc_t pr_start;     /* lwp start time, from the epoch */
    timestruc_t pr_time;      /* cpu time for this lwp */
    char pr_clname[PRCLSZ];   /* scheduling class name */
    char pr_name[PRFNSZ];     /* name of system lwp */
    processorid_t pr_onpro;   /* processor which last ran this lwp */
    processorid_t pr_bindpro; /* processor to which lwp is bound */
    psetid_t pr_bindpset;     /* processor set to which lwp is bound */
} lwpsinfo_t;

Some of the entries in lwpsinfo, such as pr_addr, pr_wchan, pr_stype, pr_state, and pr_name, refer to internal kernel data structures and should not be expected to retain their meanings across different versions of the operating system.

lwpsinfo_t.pr_flag is a deprecated interface that should no longer be used.

pr_pctcpu is a 16-bit binary fraction, as described above. It represents the CPU time used by the specific lwp. On a multi-processor machine, the maximum value is 1/N, where N is the number of CPUs.

pr_contract is the id of the process contract of which the process is a member. See contract(4) and process(4).

cred

Contains a description of the credentials associated with the process:

typedef struct prcred {
	uid_t pr_euid;      /* effective user id */
	uid_t pr_ruid;      /* real user id */
	uid_t pr_suid;      /* saved user id (from exec) */
	gid_t pr_egid;      /* effective group id */
	gid_t pr_rgid;      /* real group id */
	gid_t pr_sgid;      /* saved group id (from exec) */
	int pr_ngroups;     /* number of supplementary groups */
	gid_t pr_groups[1]; /* array of supplementary groups */
} prcred_t;

The array of associated supplementary groups in pr_groups is of variable length; the cred file contains all of the supplementary groups. pr_ngroups indicates the number of supplementary groups. (See also the PCSCRED and PCSCREDX control operations.)

priv

Contains a description of the privileges associated with the process:

typedef struct prpriv {  
     uint32_t        pr_nsets;      /* number of privilege set */
     uint32_t        pr_setsize;    /* size of privilege set */
     uint32_t        pr_infosize;   /* size of supplementary data */
     priv_chunk_t    pr_sets[1];    /* array of sets */
} prpriv_t;

The actual dimension of the pr_sets[] field is

pr_sets[pr_nsets][pr_setsize]

which is followed by additional information about the process state pr_infosize bytes in size.

The full size of the structure can be computed using PRIV_PRPRIV_SIZE(prpriv_t *).

sigact

Contains an array of sigaction structures describing the current dispositions of all signals associated with the traced process (see sigaction(2)). Signal numbers are displaced by 1 from array indices, so that the action for signal number n appears in position n-1 of the array.

auxv

Contains the initial values of the process's aux vector in an array of auxv_t structures (see <sys/auxv.h>). The values are those that were passed by the operating system as startup information to the dynamic linker.

ldt

This file exists only on x86–based machines. It is non-empty only if the process has established a local descriptor table (LDT). If non-empty, the file contains the array of currently active LDT entries in an array of elements of type struct ssd, defined in <sys/sysi86.h>, one element for each active LDT entry.

map

Contains information about the virtual address map of the process. The file contains an array of prmap structures, each of which describes a contiguous virtual address region in the address space of the traced process:

typedef struct prmap {
	uintptr_tpr_vaddr;         /* virtual address of mapping */
	size_t pr_size;            /* size of mapping in bytes */
	char pr_mapname[PRMAPSZ];  /* name in /proc/pid/object */
	offset_t pr_offset;        /* offset into mapped object, if any */
	int pr_mflags;             /* protection and attribute flags */
	int pr_pagesize;           /* pagesize for this mapping in bytes */
	int pr_shmid;              /* SysV shared memory identifier */
} prmap_t;

pr_vaddr is the virtual address of the mapping within the traced process and pr_size is its size in bytes. pr_mapname, if it does not contain a null string, contains the name of a file in the object directory (see below) that can be opened read-only to obtain a file descriptor for the mapped file associated with the mapping. This enables a debugger to find object file symbol tables without having to know the real path names of the executable file and shared libraries of the process. pr_offset is the 64-bit offset within the mapped file (if any) to which the virtual address is mapped.

pr_mflags is a bit-mask of protection and attribute flags:

MA_READ: mapping is readable by the traced process.
MA_WRITE: mapping is writable by the traced process.
MA_EXEC: mapping is executable by the traced process.
MA_SHARED: mapping changes are shared by the mapped object.
MA_ISM: mapping is intimate shared memory (shared MMU resources)
MAP_NORESERVE: mapping does not have swap space reserved (mapped with MAP_NORESERVE)
MA_SHM: mapping System V shared memory

A contiguous area of the address space having the same underlying mapped object may appear as multiple mappings due to varying read, write, and execute attributes. The underlying mapped object does not change over the range of a single mapping. An I/O operation to a mapping marked MA_SHARED fails if applied at a virtual address not corresponding to a valid page in the underlying mapped object. A write to a MA_SHARED mapping that is not marked MA_WRITE fails. Reads and writes to private mappings always succeed. Reads and writes to unmapped addresses fail.

pr_pagesize is the page size for the mapping, currently always the system pagesize.

pr_shmid is the shared memory identifier, if any, for the mapping. Its value is -1 if the mapping is not System V shared memory. See shmget(2).

rmap

Contains information about the reserved address ranges of the process. The file contains an array of prmap structures, as defined above for the map file. Each structure describes a contiguous virtual address region in the address space of the traced process that is reserved by the system in the sense that an mmap(2) system call that does not specify MAP_FIXED will not use any part of it for the new mapping. Examples of such reservations include the address ranges reserved for the process stack and the individual thread stacks of a multi-threaded process.

cwd

A symbolic link to the process's current working directory. See chdir(2). A readlink(2) of /proc/pid/cwd yields a null string. However, it can be opened, listed, and searched as a directory, and can be the target of chdir(2).

root

A symbolic link to the process's root directory. /proc/pid/root can differ from the system root directory if the process or one of its ancestors executed chroot(2) as super user. It has the same semantics as /proc/pid/cwd.

fd

A directory containing references to the open files of the process. Each entry is a decimal number corresponding to an open file descriptor in the process.

If an entry refers to a regular file, it can be opened with normal file system semantics but, to ensure that the controlling process cannot gain greater access than the controlled process, with no file access modes other than its read/write open modes in the controlled process. If an entry refers to a directory, it can be accessed with the same semantics as /proc/pid/cwd. An attempt to open any other type of entry fails with EACCES.

object

A directory containing read-only files with names corresponding to the pr_mapname entries in the map and pagedata files. Opening such a file yields a file descriptor for the underlying mapped file associated with an address-space mapping in the process. The file name a.out appears in the directory as an alias for the process's executable file.

The object directory makes it possible for a controlling process to gain access to the object file and any shared libraries (and consequently the symbol tables) without having to know the actual path names of the executable files.

path

A directory containing symbolic links to files opened by the process. The directory includes one entry for cwd and root. The directory also contains a numerical entry for each file descriptor in the fd directory, and entries matching those in the object directory. If this information is not avilable, any attempt to read the contents of the symbolic link will fail. This is most common for files that do not exist in the filesystem namespace (such as FIFOs and sockets), but can also happen for regular files. For the file descriptor entries, the path may be different from the one used by the process to open the file.

pagedata

Opening the page data file enables tracking of address space references and modifications on a per-page basis.

A read(2) of the page data file descriptor returns structured page data and atomically clears the page data maintained for the file by the system. That is to say, each read returns data collected since the last read; the first read returns data collected since the file was opened. When the call completes, the read buffer contains the following structure as its header and thereafter contains a number of section header structures and associated byte arrays that must be accessed by walking linearly through the buffer.

typedef struct prpageheader {
    timestruc_t pr_tstamp; /* real time stamp, time of read() */
    ulong_t pr_nmap;       /* number of address space mappings */
    ulong_t pr_npage;      /* total number of pages */
} prpageheader_t;

The header is followed by pr_nmap prasmap structures and associated data arrays. The prasmap structure contains the following elements:

typedef struct prasmap {
    uintptr_t pr_vaddr;        /* virtual address of mapping */
    ulong_t pr_npage;          /* number of pages in mapping */
    char pr_mapname[PRMAPSZ];  /* name in /proc/pid/object */
    offset_t pr_offset;        /* offset into mapped object, if any */
    int pr_mflags;             /* protection and attribute flags */
    int pr_pagesize;           /* pagesize for this mapping in bytes */
    int pr_shmid;              /* SysV shared memory identifier */
} prasmap_t;

Each section header is followed by pr_npage bytes, one byte for each page in the mapping, plus 0-7 null bytes at the end so that the next prasmap structure begins on an eight-byte aligned boundary. Each data byte may contain these flags:

PG_REFERENCED: page has been referenced.
PG_MODIFIED: page has been modified.

If the read buffer is not large enough to contain all of the page data, the read fails with E2BIG and the page data is not cleared. The required size of the read buffer can be determined through fstat(2). Application of lseek(2) to the page data file descriptor is ineffective; every read starts from the beginning of the file. Closing the page data file descriptor terminates the system overhead associated with collecting the data.

More than one page data file descriptor for the same process can be opened, up to a system-imposed limit per traced process. A read of one does not affect the data being collected by the system for the others. An open of the page data file will fail with ENOMEM if the system-imposed limit would be exceeded.

watch

Contains an array of prwatch structures, one for each watched area established by the PCWATCH control operation. See PCWATCH for details.

usage

Contains process usage information described by a prusage structure which contains at least the following fields:

typedef struct prusage {
    id_t pr_lwpid;           /* lwp id.  0: process or defunct */
    int pr_count;            /* number of contributing lwps */
    timestruc_t pr_tstamp;   /* real time stamp, time of read() */
    timestruc_t pr_create;   /* process/lwp creation time stamp */
    timestruc_t pr_term;     /* process/lwp termination time stamp */
    timestruc_t pr_rtime;    /* total lwp real (elapsed) time */
    timestruc_t pr_utime;    /* user level CPU time */
    timestruc_t pr_stime;    /* system call CPU time */
    timestruc_t pr_ttime;    /* other system trap CPU time */
    timestruc_t pr_tftime;   /* text page fault sleep time */
    timestruc_t pr_dftime;   /* data page fault sleep time */
    timestruc_t pr_kftime;   /* kernel page fault sleep time */
    timestruc_t pr_ltime;    /* user lock wait sleep time */
    timestruc_t pr_slptime;  /* all other sleep time */
    timestruc_t pr_wtime;    /* wait-cpu (latency) time */
    timestruc_t pr_stoptime; /* stopped time */
    ulong_t pr_minf;         /* minor page faults */
    ulong_t pr_majf;         /* major page faults */
    ulong_t pr_nswap;        /* swaps */
    ulong_t pr_inblk;        /* input blocks */
    ulong_t pr_oublk;        /* output blocks */
    ulong_t pr_msnd;         /* messages sent */
    ulong_t pr_mrcv;         /* messages received */
    ulong_t pr_sigs;         /* signals received */
    ulong_t pr_vctx;         /* voluntary context switches */
    ulong_t pr_ictx;         /* involuntary context switches */
    ulong_t pr_sysc;         /* system calls */
    ulong_t pr_ioch;         /* chars read and written */
} prusage_t;

Microstate accounting is now continuously enabled. While this information was previously an estimate, if microstate accounting were not enabled, the current information is now never an estimate represents time the process has spent in various states.

lstatus

Contains a prheader structure followed by an array of lwpstatus structures, one for each active lwp in the process (see also /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpstatus, below). The prheader structure describes the number and size of the array entries that follow.

typedef struct prheader {
    long pr_nent;        /* number of entries */
    size_t pr_entsize;   /* size of each entry, in bytes */
} prheader_t;

The lwpstatus structure may grow by the addition of elements at the end in future releases of the system. Programs must use pr_entsize in the file header to index through the array. These comments apply to all /proc files that include a prheader structure (lpsinfo and lusage, below).

lpsinfo

Contains a prheader structure followed by an array of lwpsinfo structures, one for eachactive and zombie lwp in the process. See also /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpsinfo, below.

lusage

Contains a prheader structure followed by an array of prusage structures, one for each active lwp in the process, plus an additional element at the beginning that contains the summation over all defunct lwps (lwps that once existed but no longer exist in the process). Excluding the pr_lwpid, pr_tstamp, pr_create, and pr_term entries, the entry-by-entry summation over all these structures is the definition of the process usage information obtained from the usage file. (See also /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpusage, below.)

lwp

A directory containing entries each of which names an active or zombie lwp within the process. These entries are themselves directories containing additional files as described below. Only the lwpsinfo file exists in the directory of a zombie lwp.

STRUCTURE OF `/proc/pid/lwp/` `lwpid`

A given directory /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid contains the following entries:

lwpctl

Write-only control file. The messages written to this file affect the specific lwp rather than the representative lwp, as is the case for the process's ctl file.

lwpstatus

lwp-specific state information. This file contains the lwpstatus structure for the specific lwp as described above for the representative lwp in the process's status file.

lwpsinfo

lwp-specific ps(1) information. This file contains the lwpsinfo structure for the specific lwp as described above for the representative lwp in the process's psinfo file. The lwpsinfo file remains accessible after an lwp becomes a zombie.

lwpusage

This file contains the prusage structure for the specific lwp as described above for the process's usage file.

gwindows

This file exists only on SPARC based machines. If it is non-empty, it contains a gwindows_t structure, defined in <sys/regset.h>, with the values of those SPARC register windows that could not be stored on the stack when the lwp stopped. Conditions under which register windows are not stored on the stack are: the stack pointer refers to nonexistent process memory or the stack pointer is improperly aligned. If the lwp is not stopped or if there are no register windows that could not be stored on the stack, the file is empty (the usual case).

xregs

Extra state registers. The extra state register set is architecture dependent; this file is empty if the system does not support extra state registers. If the file is non-empty, it contains an architecture dependent structure of type prxregset_t, defined in <procfs.h>, with the values of the lwp's extra state registers. If the lwp is not stopped, all register values are undefined. See also the PCSXREG control operation, below.

asrs

This file exists only for 64-bit SPARC V9 processes. It contains an asrset_t structure, defined in <sys/regset.h>, containing the values of the lwp's platform-dependent ancillary state registers. If the lwp is not stopped, all register values are undefined. See also the PCSASRS control operation, below.

templates

A directory which contains references to the active templates for the lwp, named by the contract type. Changes made to an active template descriptor do not affect the original template which was activated, though they do affect the active template. It is not possible to activate an active template descriptor. See contract(4).

CONTROL MESSAGES

Process state changes are effected through messages written to a process's ctl file or to an individual lwp's lwpctl file. All control messages consist of a long that names the specific operation followed by additional data containing the operand, if any.

Multiple control messages may be combined in a single write(2) (or writev(2)) to a control file, but no partial writes are permitted. That is, each control message, operation code plus operand, if any, must be presented in its entirety to the write(2) and not in pieces over several system calls. If a control operation fails, no subsequent operations contained in the same write(2) are attempted.

Descriptions of the allowable control messages follow. In all cases, writing a message to a control file for a process or lwp that has terminated elicits the error ENOENT.

PCSTOP PCDSTOP PCWSTOP PCTWSTOP

When applied to the process control file, PCSTOP directs all lwps to stop and waits for them to stop, PCDSTOP directs all lwps to stop without waiting for them to stop, and PCWSTOP simply waits for all lwps to stop. When applied to an lwp control file, PCSTOP directs the specific lwp to stop and waits until it has stopped, PCDSTOP directs the specific lwp to stop without waiting for it to stop, and PCWSTOP simply waits for the specific lwp to stop. When applied to an lwp control file, PCSTOP and PCWSTOP complete when the lwp stops on an event of interest, immediately if already so stopped; when applied to the process control file, they complete when every lwp has stopped either on an event of interest or on a PR_SUSPENDED stop.

PCTWSTOP is identical to PCWSTOP except that it enables the operation to time out, to avoid waiting forever for a process or lwp that may never stop on an event of interest. PCTWSTOP takes a long operand specifying a number of milliseconds; the wait will terminate successfully after the specified number of milliseconds even if the process or lwp has not stopped; a timeout value of zero makes the operation identical to PCWSTOP.

An ``event of interest'' is either a PR_REQUESTED stop or a stop that has been specified in the process's tracing flags (set by PCSTRACE, PCSFAULT, PCSENTRY, and PCSEXIT). PR_JOBCONTROL and PR_SUSPENDED stops are specifically not events of interest. (An lwp may stop twice due to a stop signal, first showing PR_SIGNALLED if the signal is traced and again showing PR_JOBCONTROL if the lwp is set running without clearing the signal.) If PCSTOP or PCDSTOP is applied to an lwp that is stopped, but not on an event of interest, the stop directive takes effect when the lwp is restarted by the competing mechanism. At that time, the lwp enters a PR_REQUESTED stop before executing any user-level code.

A write of a control message that blocks is interruptible by a signal so that, for example, an alarm(2) can be set to avoid waiting forever for a process or lwp that may never stop on an event of interest. If PCSTOP is interrupted, the lwp stop directives remain in effect even though the write(2) returns an error. (Use of PCTWSTOP with a non-zero timeout is recommended over PCWSTOP with an alarm(2).)

A system process (indicated by the PR_ISSYS flag) never executes at user level, has no user-level address space visible through /proc, and cannot be stopped. Applying one of these operations to a system process or any of its lwps elicits the error EBUSY.

PCRUN

Make an lwp runnable again after a stop. This operation takes a long operand containing zero or more of the following flags:

PRCSIG: clears the current signal, if any (see PCCSIG).
PRCFAULT: clears the current fault, if any (see PCCFAULT).
PRSTEP: directs the lwp to execute a single machine instruction. On completion of the instruction, a trace trap occurs. If FLTTRACE is being traced, the lwp stops; otherwise, it is sent SIGTRAP. If SIGTRAP is being traced and is not blocked, the lwp stops. When the lwp stops on an event of interest, the single-step directive is cancelled, even if the stop occurs before the instruction is executed. This operation requires hardware and operating system support and may not be implemented on all processors. It is implemented on SPARC and x86–based machines.
PRSABORT: is meaningful only if the lwp is in a PR_SYSENTRY stop or is marked PR_ASLEEP; it instructs the lwp to abort execution of the system call (see PCSENTRY and PCSEXIT).
PRSTOP: directs the lwp to stop again as soon as possible after resuming execution (see PCDSTOP). In particular, if the lwp is stopped on PR_SIGNALLED or PR_FAULTED, the next stop will show PR_REQUESTED, no other stop will have intervened, and the lwp will not have executed any user-level code.

When applied to an lwp control file, PCRUN clears any outstanding directed-stop request and makes the specific lwp runnable. The operation fails with EBUSY if the specific lwp is not stopped on an event of interest or has not been directed to stop or if the agent lwp exists and this is not the agent lwp (see PCAGENT).

When applied to the process control file, a representative lwp is chosen for the operation as described for /proc/pid/status. The operation fails with EBUSY if the representative lwp is not stopped on an event of interest or has not been directed to stop or if the agent lwp exists. If PRSTEP or PRSTOP was requested, the representative lwp is made runnable and its outstanding directed-stop request is cleared; otherwise all outstanding directed-stop requests are cleared and, if it was stopped on an event of interest, the representative lwp is marked PR_REQUESTED. If, as a consequence, all lwps are in the PR_REQUESTED or PR_SUSPENDED stop state, all lwps showing PR_REQUESTED are made runnable.

PCSTRACE

Define a set of signals to be traced in the process. The receipt of one of these signals by an lwp causes the lwp to stop. The set of signals is defined using an operand sigset_t contained in the control message. Receipt of SIGKILL cannot be traced; if specified, it is silently ignored.

If a signal that is included in an lwp's held signal set (the signal mask) is sent to the lwp, the signal is not received and does not cause a stop until it is removed from the held signal set, either by the lwp itself or by setting the held signal set with PCSHOLD.

PCCSIG

The current signal, if any, is cleared from the specific or representative lwp.

PCSSIG

The current signal and its associated signal information for the specific or representative lwp are set according to the contents of the operand siginfo structure (see <sys/siginfo.h>). If the specified signal number is zero, the current signal is cleared. The semantics of this operation are different from those of kill(2) in that the signal is delivered to the lwp immediately after execution is resumed (even if it is being blocked) and an additional PR_SIGNALLED stop does not intervene even if the signal is traced. Setting the current signal to SIGKILL terminates the process immediately.

PCKILL

If applied to the process control file, a signal is sent to the process with semantics identical to those of kill(2). If applied to an lwp control file, a directed signal is sent to the specific lwp. The signal is named in a long operand contained in the message. Sending SIGKILL terminates the process immediately.

PCUNKILL

A signal is deleted, that is, it is removed from the set of pending signals. If applied to the process control file, the signal is deleted from the process's pending signals. If applied to an lwp control file, the signal is deleted from the lwp's pending signals. The current signal (if any) is unaffected. The signal is named in a long operand in the control message. It is an error (EINVAL) to attempt to delete SIGKILL.

PCSHOLD

Set the set of held signals for the specific or representative lwp (signals whose delivery will be blocked if sent to the lwp). The set of signals is specified with a sigset_t operand. SIGKILL and SIGSTOP cannot be held; if specified, they are silently ignored.

PCSFAULT

Define a set of hardware faults to be traced in the process. On incurring one of these faults, an lwp stops. The set is defined via the operand fltset_t structure. Fault names are defined in <sys/fault.h> and include the following. Some of these may not occur on all processors; there may be processor-specific faults in addition to these.

FLTILL: illegal instruction
FLTPRIV: privileged instruction
FLTBPT: breakpoint trap
FLTTRACE: trace trap (single-step)
FLTWATCH: watchpoint trap
FLTACCESS: memory access fault (bus error)
FLTBOUNDS: memory bounds violation
FLTIOVF: integer overflow
FLTIZDIV: integer zero divide
FLTFPE: floating-point exception
FLTSTACK: unrecoverable stack fault
FLTPAGE: recoverable page fault

When not traced, a fault normally results in the posting of a signal to the lwp that incurred the fault. If an lwp stops on a fault, the signal is posted to the lwp when execution is resumed unless the fault is cleared by PCCFAULT or by the PRCFAULT option of PCRUN. FLTPAGE is an exception; no signal is posted. The pr_info field in the lwpstatus structure identifies the signal to be sent and contains machine-specific information about the fault.

PCCFAULT

The current fault, if any, is cleared; the associated signal will not be sent to the specific or representative lwp.

PCSENTRY PCSEXIT

These control operations instruct the process's lwps to stop on entry to or exit from specified system calls. The set of system calls to be traced is defined via an operand sysset_t structure.

When entry to a system call is being traced, an lwp stops after having begun the call to the system but before the system call arguments have been fetched from the lwp. When exit from a system call is being traced, an lwp stops on completion of the system call just prior to checking for signals and returning to user level. At this point, all return values have been stored into the lwp's registers.

If an lwp is stopped on entry to a system call (PR_SYSENTRY) or when sleeping in an interruptible system call (PR_ASLEEP is set), it may be instructed to go directly to system call exit by specifying the PRSABORT flag in a PCRUN control message. Unless exit from the system call is being traced, the lwp returns to user level showing EINTR.

PCWATCH

Set or clear a watched area in the controlled process from a prwatch structure operand:

typedef struct prwatch {
    uintptr_t pr_vaddr;  /* virtual address of watched area */
    size_t pr_size;      /* size of watched area in bytes */
    int pr_wflags;       /* watch type flags */
} prwatch_t;

pr_vaddr specifies the virtual address of an area of memory to be watched in the controlled process. pr_size specifies the size of the area, in bytes. pr_wflags specifies the type of memory access to be monitored as a bit-mask of the following flags:

WA_READ: read access
WA_WRITE: write access
WA_EXEC: execution access
WA_TRAPAFTER: trap after the instruction completes

If pr_wflags is non-empty, a watched area is established for the virtual address range specified by pr_vaddr and pr_size. If pr_wflags is empty, any previously-established watched area starting at the specified virtual address is cleared; pr_size is ignored.

A watchpoint is triggered when an lwp in the traced process makes a memory reference that covers at least one byte of a watched area and the memory reference is as specified in pr_wflags. When an lwp triggers a watchpoint, it incurs a watchpoint trap. If FLTWATCH is being traced, the lwp stops; otherwise, it is sent a SIGTRAP signal; if SIGTRAP is being traced and is not blocked, the lwp stops.

The watchpoint trap occurs before the instruction completes unless WA_TRAPAFTER was specified, in which case it occurs after the instruction completes. If it occurs before completion, the memory is not modified. If it occurs after completion, the memory is modified (if the access is a write access).

Physical i/o is an exception for watchpoint traps. In this instance, there is no guarantee that memory before the watched area has already been modified (or in the case of WA_TRAPAFTER, that the memory following the watched area has not been modified) when the watchpoint trap occurs and the lwp stops.

pr_info in the lwpstatus structure contains information pertinent to the watchpoint trap. In particular, the si_addr field contains the virtual address of the memory reference that triggered the watchpoint, and the si_code field contains one of TRAP_RWATCH, TRAP_WWATCH, or TRAP_XWATCH, indicating read, write, or execute access, respectively. The si_trapafter field is zero unless WA_TRAPAFTER is in effect for this watched area; non-zero indicates that the current instruction is not the instruction that incurred the watchpoint trap. The si_pc field contains the virtual address of the instruction that incurred the trap.

A watchpoint trap may be triggered while executing a system call that makes reference to the traced process's memory. The lwp that is executing the system call incurs the watchpoint trap while still in the system call. If it stops as a result, the lwpstatus structure contains the system call number and its arguments. If the lwp does not stop, or if it is set running again without clearing the signal or fault, the system call fails with EFAULT. If WA_TRAPAFTER was specified, the memory reference will have completed and the memory will have been modified (if the access was a write access) when the watchpoint trap occurs.

If more than one of WA_READ, WA_WRITE, and WA_EXEC is specified for a watched area, and a single instruction incurs more than one of the specified types, only one is reported when the watchpoint trap occurs. The precedence is WA_EXEC, WA_READ, WA_WRITE (WA_EXEC and WA_READ take precedence over WA_WRITE), unless WA_TRAPAFTER was specified, in which case it is WA_WRITE, WA_READ, WA_EXEC (WA_WRITE takes precedence).

PCWATCH fails with EINVAL if an attempt is made to specify overlapping watched areas or if pr_wflags contains flags other than those specified above. It fails with ENOMEM if an attempt is made to establish more watched areas than the system can support (the system can support thousands).

The child of a vfork(2) borrows the parent's address space. When a vfork(2) is executed by a traced process, all watched areas established for the parent are suspended until the child terminates or performs an exec(2). Any watched areas established independently in the child are cancelled when the parent resumes after the child's termination or exec(2). PCWATCH fails with EBUSY if applied to the parent of a vfork(2) before the child has terminated or performed an exec(2). The PR_VFORKP flag is set in the pstatus structure for such a parent process.

Certain accesses of the traced process's address space by the operating system are immune to watchpoints. The initial construction of a signal stack frame when a signal is delivered to an lwp will not trigger a watchpoint trap even if the new frame covers watched areas of the stack. Once the signal handler is entered, watchpoint traps occur normally. On SPARC based machines, register window overflow and underflow will not trigger watchpoint traps, even if the register window save areas cover watched areas of the stack.

Watched areas are not inherited by child processes, even if the traced process's inherit-on-fork mode, PR_FORK, is set (see PCSET, below). All watched areas are cancelled when the traced process performs a successful exec(2).

PCSET PCUNSET

PCSET sets one or more modes of operation for the traced process. PCUNSET unsets these modes. The modes to be set or unset are specified by flags in an operand long in the control message:

PR_FORK: (inherit-on-fork): When set, the process's tracing flags and its inherit-on-fork mode are inherited by the child of a fork(2), fork1(2), or vfork(2). When unset, child processes start with all tracing flags cleared.
PR_RLC: (run-on-last-close): When set and the last writable /proc file descriptor referring to the traced process or any of its lwps is closed, all of the process's tracing flags and watched areas are cleared, any outstanding stop directives are canceled, and if any lwps are stopped on events of interest, they are set running as though PCRUN had been applied to them. When unset, the process's tracing flags and watched areas are retained and lwps are not set running on last close.
PR_KLC: (kill-on-last-close): When set and the last writable /proc file descriptor referring to the traced process or any of its lwps is closed, the process is terminated with SIGKILL.
PR_ASYNC: (asynchronous-stop): When set, a stop on an event of interest by one lwp does not directly affect any other lwp in the process. When unset and an lwp stops on an event of interest other than PR_REQUESTED, all other lwps in the process are directed to stop.
PR_MSACCT: (microstate accounting): Microstate accounting is now continuously enabled. This flag is deprecated and no longer has any effect upon microstate accounting. Applications may toggle this flag; however, microstate accounting will remain enabled regardless.
PR_MSFORK: (inherit microstate accounting): All processes now inherit microstate accounting, as it is continuously enabled. This flag has been deprecated and its use no longer has any effect upon the behavior of microstate accounting.
PR_BPTADJ: (breakpoint trap pc adjustment): On x86–based machines, a breakpoint trap leaves the program counter (the EIP) referring to the breakpointed instruction plus one byte. When PR_BPTADJ is set, the system will adjust the program counter back to the location of the breakpointed instruction when the lwp stops on a breakpoint. This flag has no effect on SPARC based machines, where breakpoint traps leave the program counter referring to the breakpointed instruction.
PR_PTRACE: (ptrace-compatibility): When set, a stop on an event of interest by the traced process is reported to the parent of the traced process by wait(3C), SIGTRAP is sent to the traced process when it executes a successful exec(2), setuid/setgid flags are not honored for execs performed by the traced process, any exec of an object file that the traced process cannot read fails, and the process dies when its parent dies. This mode is deprecated; it is provided only to allow ptrace(3C) to be implemented as a library function using /proc.

It is an error (EINVAL) to specify flags other than those described above or to apply these operations to a system process. The current modes are reported in the pr_flags field of /proc/pid/status and /proc/pid/lwp/lwp/lwpstatus.

PCSREG

Set the general registers for the specific or representative lwp according to the operand prgregset_t structure.

On SPARC based systems, only the condition-code bits of the processor-status register (R_PSR) of SPARC V8 (32-bit) processes can be modified by PCSREG. Other privileged registers cannot be modified at all.

On x86–based systems, only certain bits of the flags register (EFL) can be modified by PCSREG: these include the condition codes, direction-bit, and overflow-bit.

PCSREG fails with EBUSY if the lwp is not stopped on an event of interest.

PCSVADDR

Set the address at which execution will resume for the specific or representative lwp from the operand long. On SPARC based systems, both %pc and %npc are set, with %npc set to the instruction following the virtual address. On x86–based systems, only %eip is set. PCSVADDR fails with EBUSY if the lwp is not stopped on an event of interest.

PCSFPREG

Set the floating-point registers for the specific or representative lwp according to the operand prfpregset_t structure. An error (EINVAL) is returned if the system does not support floating-point operations (no floating-point hardware and the system does not emulate floating-point machine instructions). PCSFPREG fails with EBUSY if the lwp is not stopped on an event of interest.

PCSXREG

Set the extra state registers for the specific or representative lwp according to the architecture-dependent operand prxregset_t structure. An error (EINVAL) is returned if the system does not support extra state registers. PCSXREG fails with EBUSY if the lwp is not stopped on an event of interest.

PCSASRS

Set the ancillary state registers for the specific or representative lwp according to the SPARC V9 platform-dependent operand asrset_t structure. An error (EINVAL) is returned if either the target process or the controlling process is not a 64-bit SPARC V9 process. Most of the ancillary state registers are privileged registers that cannot be modified. Only those that can be modified are set; all others are silently ignored. PCSASRS fails with EBUSY if the lwp is not stopped on an event of interest.

PCAGENT

Create an agent lwp in the controlled process with register values from the operand prgregset_t structure (see PCSREG, above). The agent lwp is created in the stopped state showing PR_REQUESTED and with its held signal set (the signal mask) having all signals except SIGKILL and SIGSTOP blocked.

The PCAGENT operation fails with EBUSY unless the process is fully stopped via /proc, that is, unless all of the lwps in the process are stopped either on events of interest or on PR_SUSPENDED, or are stopped on PR_JOBCONTROL and have been directed to stop via PCDSTOP. It fails with EBUSY if an agent lwp already exists. It fails with ENOMEM if system resources for creating new lwps have been exhausted.

Any PCRUN operation applied to the process control file or to the control file of an lwp other than the agent lwp fails with EBUSY as long as the agent lwp exists. The agent lwp must be caused to terminate by executing the SYS_lwp_exit system call trap before the process can be restarted.

Once the agent lwp is created, its lwp-ID can be found by reading the process status file. To facilitate opening the agent lwp's control and status files, the directory name /propc/pid/lwp/agent is accepted for lookup operations as an invisible alias for /proc/pid/lwp/lwpid, lwpid being the lwp-ID of the agent lwp (invisible in the sense that the name ``agent'' does not appear in a directory listing of /proc/pid/lwp obtained from ls(1), getdents(2), or readdir(3C)).

The purpose of the agent lwp is to perform operations in the controlled process on behalf of the controlling process: to gather information not directly available via /proc files, or in general to make the process change state in ways not directly available via /proc control operations. To make use of an agent lwp, the controlling process must be capable of making it execute system calls (specifically, the SYS_lwp_exit system call trap). The register values given to the agent lwp on creation are typically the registers of the representative lwp, so that the agent lwp can use its stack.

The agent lwp is not allowed to execute any variation of the SYS_fork or SYS_exec system call traps. Attempts to do so yield ENOTSUP to the agent lwp.

Symbolic constants for system call trap numbers like SYS_lwp_exit and SYS_lwp_create can be found in the header file <sys/syscall.h>.

PCREAD PCWRITE

Read or write the target process's address space via a priovec structure operand:

typedef struct priovec {
    void *pio_base;      /* buffer in controlling process */
    size_t pio_len;      /* size of read/write request in bytes */
    off_t pio_offset;    /* virtual address in target process */
} priovec_t;

These operations have the same effect as pread(2) and pwrite(2), respectively, of the target process's address space file. The difference is that more than one PCREAD or PCWRITE control operation can be written to the control file at once, and they can be interspersed with other control operations in a single write to the control file. This is useful, for example, when planting many breakpoint instructions in the process's address space, or when stepping over a breakpointed instruction. Unlike pread(2) and pwrite(2), no provision is made for partial reads or writes; if the operation cannot be performed completely, it fails with EIO.

PCNICE

The traced process's nice(2) value is incremented by the amount in the operand long. Only a process with the {PRIV_PROC_PRIOCNTL} privilege asserted in its effective set can better a process's priority in this way, but any user may lower the priority. This operation is not meaningful for all scheduling classes.

PCSCRED

Set the target process credentials to the values contained in the prcred_t structure operand (see /proc/pid/cred). The effective, real, and saved user-IDs and group-IDs of the target process are set. The target process's supplementary groups are not changed; the pr_ngroups and pr_groups members of the structure operand are ignored. Only the privileged processes can perform this operation; for all others it fails with EPERM.

PCSCREDX

Operates like PCSCRED but also sets the supplementary groups; the length of the data written with this control operation should be “sizeof (prcred_t) + sizeof (gid_t) * (#groups - 1)”.

PCSPRIV

Set the target process privilege to the values contained in the prpriv_t operand (see /proc/pid/priv). The effective, permitted, inheritable, and limit sets are all changed. Privilege flags can also be set. The process is made privilege aware unless it can relinquish privilege awareness. See privileges(5).

The limit set of the target process cannot be grown. The other privilege sets must be subsets of the intersection of the effective set of the calling process with the new limit set of the target process or subsets of the original values of the sets in the target process.

If any of the above restrictions are not met, EPERM is returned. If the structure written is improperly formatted, EINVAL is returned.

PROGRAMMING NOTES

For security reasons, except for the psinfo, usage, lpsinfo, lusage, lwpsinfo, and lwpusage files, which are world-readable, and except for privileged processes, an open of a /proc file fails unless both the user-ID and group-ID of the caller match those of the traced process and the process's object file is readable by the caller. The effective set of the caller is a superset of both the inheritable and the permitted set of the target process. The limit set of the caller is a superset of the limit set of the target process. Except for the world-readable files just mentioned, files corresponding to setuid and setgid processes can be opened only by the appropriately privileged process.

A process that is missing the basic privilege {PRIV_PROC_INFO} cannot see any processes under /proc that it cannot send a signal to.

A process that has {PRIV_PROC_OWNER} asserted in its effective set can open any file for reading. To manipulate or control a process, the controlling process must have at least as many privileges in its effective set as the target process has in its effective, inheritable, and permitted sets. The limit set of the controlling process must be a superset of the limit set of the target process. Additional restrictions apply if any of the uids of the target process are 0. See privileges(5).

Even if held by a privileged process, an open process or lwp file descriptor (other than file descriptors for the world-readable files) becomes invalid if the traced process performs an exec(2) of a setuid/setgid object file or an object file that the traced process cannot read. Any operation performed on an invalid file descriptor, except close(2), fails with EAGAIN. In this situation, if any tracing flags are set and the process or any lwp file descriptor is open for writing, the process will have been directed to stop and its run-on-last-close flag will have been set (see PCSET). This enables a controlling process (if it has permission) to reopen the /proc files to get new valid file descriptors, close the invalid file descriptors, unset the run-on-last-close flag (if desired), and proceed. Just closing the invalid file descriptors causes the traced process to resume execution with all tracing flags cleared. Any process not currently open for writing via /proc, but that has left-over tracing flags from a previous open, and that executes a setuid/setgid or unreadable object file, will not be stopped but will have all its tracing flags cleared.

To wait for one or more of a set of processes or lwps to stop or terminate, /proc file descriptors (other than those obtained by opening the cwd or root directories or by opening files in the fd or object directories) can be used in a poll(2) system call. When requested and returned, either of the polling events POLLPRI or POLLWRNORM indicates that the process or lwp stopped on an event of interest. Although they cannot be requested, the polling events POLLHUP, POLLERR, and POLLNVAL may be returned. POLLHUP indicates that the process or lwp has terminated. POLLERR indicates that the file descriptor has become invalid. POLLNVAL is returned immediately if POLLPRI or POLLWRNORM is requested on a file descriptor referring to a system process (see PCSTOP). The requested events may be empty to wait simply for termination.

Files

/proc: directory (list of processes)
/proc/pid: specific process directory
/proc/self: alias for a process's own directory
/proc/pid/as: address space file
/proc/pid/ctl: process control file
/proc/pid/status: process status
/proc/pid/lstatus: array of lwp status structs
/proc/pid/psinfo: process ps(1) info
/proc/pid/lpsinfo: array of lwp ps(1) info structs
/proc/pid/map: address space map
/proc/pid/rmap: reserved address map
/proc/pid/cred: process credentials
/proc/pid/priv: process privileges
/proc/pid/sigact: process signal actions
/proc/pid/auxv: process aux vector
/proc/pid/ldt: process LDT (x86 only)
/proc/pid/usage: process usage
/proc/pid/lusage: array of lwp usage structs
/proc/pid/path: symbolic links to process open files
/proc/pid/pagedata: process page data
/proc/pid/watch: active watchpoints
/proc/pid/cwd: alias for the current working directory
/proc/pid/root: alias for the root directory
/proc/pid/fd: directory (list of open files)
/proc/pid/fd/*: aliases for process's open files
/proc/pid/object: directory (list of mapped files)
/proc/pid/object/a.out: alias for process's executable file
/proc/pid/object/*: aliases for other mapped files
/proc/pid/lwp: directory (list of lwps)
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid: specific lwp directory
/proc/pid/lwp/agent: alias for the agent lwp directory
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpctl: lwp control file
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpstatus: lwp status
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpsinfo: lwp ps(1) info
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/lwpusage: lwp usage
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/gwindows: register windows (SPARC only)
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/xregs: extra state registers
/proc/pid/lwp/lwpid/asrs: ancillary state registers (SPARC V9 only)

Diagnostics

Errors that can occur in addition to the errors normally associated with file system access:

E2BIG

Data to be returned in a read(2) of the page data file exceeds the size of the read buffer provided by the caller.

EACCES

An attempt was made to examine a process that ran under a different uid than the controlling process and {PRIV_PROC_OWNER} was not asserted in the effective set.

EAGAIN

The traced process has performed an exec(2) of a setuid/setgid object file or of an object file that it cannot read; all further operations on the process or lwp file descriptor (except close(2)) elicit this error.

EBUSY

PCSTOP, PCDSTOP, PCWSTOP, or PCTWSTOP was applied to a system process; an exclusive open(2) was attempted on a /proc file for a process already open for writing; PCRUN, PCSREG, PCSVADDR, PCSFPREG, or PCSXREG was applied to a process or lwp not stopped on an event of interest; an attempt was made to mount /proc when it was already mounted; PCAGENT was applied to a process that was not fully stopped or that already had an agent lwp.

EINVAL

In general, this means that some invalid argument was supplied to a system call. A non-exhaustive list of conditions eliciting this error includes: a control message operation code is undefined; an out-of-range signal number was specified with PCSSIG, PCKILL, or PCUNKILL; SIGKILL was specified with PCUNKILL; PCSFPREG was applied on a system that does not support floating-point operations; PCSXREG was applied on a system that does not support extra state registers.

EINTR

A signal was received by the controlling process while waiting for the traced process or lwp to stop via PCSTOP, PCWSTOP, or PCTWSTOP.

EIO

A write(2) was attempted at an illegal address in the traced process.

ENOENT

The traced process or lwp has terminated after being opened. The basic privilege {PRIV_PROC_INFO} is not asserted in the effective set of the calling process and the calling process cannot send a signal to the target process.

ENOMEM

The system-imposed limit on the number of page data file descriptors was reached on an open of /proc/pid/pagedata; an attempt was made with PCWATCH to establish more watched areas than the system can support; the PCAGENT operation was issued when the system was out of resources for creating lwps.

ENOSYS

An attempt was made to perform an unsupported operation (such as creat(2), link(2), or unlink(2)) on an entry in /proc.

EOVERFLOW

A 32-bit controlling process attempted to read or write the as file or attempted to read the map, rmap, or pagedata file of a 64-bit target process. A 32-bit controlling process attempted to apply one of the control operations PCSREG, PCSXREG, PCSVADDR, PCWATCH, PCAGENT, PCREAD, PCWRITE to a 64-bit target process.

EPERM

The process that issued the PCSCRED or PCSCREDX operation did not have the {PRIV_PROC_SETID} privilege asserted in its effective set, or the process that issued the PCNICE operation did not have the {PRIV_PROC_PRIOCNTL} in its effective set.

An attempt was made to control a process of which the E, P, and I privilege sets were not a subset of the effective set of the controlling process or the limit set of the controlling process is not a superset of limit set of the controlled process.

Any of the uids of the target process are 0 or an attempt was made to change any of the uids to 0 using PCSCRED and the security policy imposed additional restrictions. See privileges(5).

Notes

Descriptions of structures in this document include only interesting structure elements, not filler and padding fields, and may show elements out of order for descriptive clarity. The actual structure definitions are contained in <procfs.h>.

Bugs

Because the old ioctl(2)-based version of /proc is currently supported for binary compatibility with old applications, the top-level directory for a process, /proc/pid, is not world-readable, but it is world-searchable. Thus, anyone can open /proc/pid/psinfo even though ls(1) applied to /proc/pid will fail for anyone but the owner or an appropriately privileged process. Support for the old ioctl(2)-based version of /proc will be dropped in a future release, at which time the top-level directory for a process will be made world-readable.

On SPARC based machines, the types gregset_t and fpregset_t defined in <sys/regset.h> are similar to but not the same as the types prgregset_t and prfpregset_t defined in <procfs.h>.

SunOS 5.10 Last Revised 24 May 2005