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TCP/IP and Data Communications Administration Guide
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Preface
Part I Setting Up and Administering TCP/IP Networks
Chapter 1 Overview of Network Administration
Responsibilities of the Network Administrator
Designing the Network
Setting Up the Network
Maintaining the Network
Expanding the Network
What is TCP/IP?
Types of Hardware That Make Up a Solaris Network
Local-Area Network Media
Computers and Their Connectors
Serial Ports
Network Interfaces
How Network Software Transfers Information
How Information Is Transferred: The Packet
Who Sends and Receives Information: The Host
Host Name
IP Address
Hardware Address
Reaching Beyond the Local-Area Network--the Wide-Area Network
Security
TCP Large Window Support
TCP Large Window Parameters
Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Introducing the Internet Protocol Suite
Protocol Layers and the OSI Model
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model
Physical Network Layer
Data-Link Layer
Internet Layer
IP Protocol
ARP Protocol
ICMP Protocol
Transport Layer
TCP Protocol
UDP Protocol
Application Layer
Standard TCP/IP Services
UNIX "r" Commands
Name Services
File Services
Network Administration
Routing Protocols
How the TCP/IP Protocols Handle Data Communications
Data Encapsulation and the TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Application Layer--User Initiates Communication
Transport Layer--Data Encapsulation Begins
TCP Segmentation
Establishing a TCP Connection
UDP Packets
Internet Layer
IP Datagrams
Data-Link Layer--Framing Takes Place
Physical Network Layer--Preparing the Frame for Transmission
How the Receiving Host Handles the Packet
Finding Out More About TCP/IP and the Internet
Computer Trade Books
RFCs and FYIs
How to Obtain RFCs
Chapter 3 Planning Your Network
Designing the Network
Factors Involved in Network Planning
Setting Up an IP Addressing Scheme
Parts of the IP Address
Network Part
Host Part
Subnet Number (Optional)
Network Classes
Class A Network Numbers
Class B Network Numbers
Class C Network Numbers
Administering Network Numbers
Designing Your IP Addressing Scheme
How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces
Naming Entities on Your Network
Administering Host Names
Selecting a Name Service
Network Databases
Using NIS, NIS+, or DNS for Name Service
Using Local Files for Name Service
Domain Names
Administrative Subdivisions
Registering Your Network
InterNIC and InterNIC Registration Services
How to Contact the InterNIC
Adding Routers
Network Topology
How Routers Transfer Packets
Chapter 4 Configuring TCP/IP on the Network
Before You Configure TCP/IP
Determining Host Configuration Modes
Machines That Should Run in Local Files Mode
Network Configuration Servers
Machines That Are Network Clients
Diskless Booting
Mixed Configurations
Sample Network
TCP/IP Configuration Files
/etc/hostname.interface File
For Multiple Network Interfaces
/etc/nodename File
/etc/defaultdomain File
/etc/defaultrouter File
hosts Database
/etc/inet/hosts File Format
Initial /etc/inet/hosts File
Loopback Address
Host Name
Multiple Network Interfaces
How Name Services Affect the hosts Database
When Local Files Provide Name Service
netmasks Database
What is Subnetting
Creating the Network Mask
Editing the /etc/inet/netmasks File
How to Add a Subnet to a Network
Network Databases and nsswitch.conf File
How Name Services Affect Network Databases
nsswitch.conf File -- Specifying Which Name Service to Use
Changing nsswitch.conf
bootparams Database
Wildcard Entry for bootparams
ethers Database
Other Network Databases
networks database
protocols Database
services Database
Network Configuration Procedures
How to Configure a Host for Local Files Mode
Setting Up a Network Configuration Server
How to Set Up a Network Configuration Server
Configuring Network Clients
How to Configure Hosts for Network Client Mode
How to Specify a Router for the Network Client
After Installing a Network Client
Configuring Standard TCP/IP Services
Overview of the Booting Processes
Chapter 5 Configuring Routers
Routing Protocols
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
ICMP Router Discovery (RDISC) Protocol
Configuring Routers
Configuring Both Router Network Interfaces
How to Configure a Machine as a Router
How a Machine Determinesif it is a Router
Automatic Routing Protocol Selection
To Select Static Routing on a Host
To Select Dynamic Routing on a Host
Forcing a Machine to Be a Router
Creating a Multihomed Host
How to Create a Multihomed Host
Turning On Space-Saving Mode
Turning Off ICMP Router Discovery on the Host
Turning Off ICMP Router Discovery on the Router
Chapter 6 Troubleshooting TCP/IP
General Troubleshooting Methods
Running Software Checks
ping Command
ifconfig Command
netstat Command
Displaying Per Protocol Statistics
Displaying Network Interface Status
Displaying Routing Table Status
Logging Network Problems
Displaying Packet Contents
How to check all packets from your system
How to capture snoop results to a file
How to check packets between server and client
Part II Expanding Your Network With PPP
Chapter 7 Understanding PPP
Overview of Solaris PPP
Solaris PPP Specifications
Transmission Facilities Used by PPP
Standards Conformance
PPP Network Interfaces
Extending Your Network With PPP
Point-to-Point Communications Links
Dial-out Operations and Outbound Communications
Dial-ins and Inbound Communications
Point-to-Point Configurations Supported by Solaris PPP
Two Isolated Hosts Connected by a Point-to-Point Link
Nomadic Machines Connected to a Dial-in Server
Dial-in Server With Dynamic Point-to-Point Link
Two Networks Connected by Point-to-Point Link
Multipoint Communications Links
Multipoint Configurations Supported by PPP
Multipoint Dial-in Servers
Virtual Networks
Introducing the PPP Software
Link Manager
Login Service
Configuration File
Log File
FIFO File
UUCP Databases
How the Components Work Together
Outbound Connections Scenario
Inbound Connections Scenario
PPP Security
Chapter 8 Preparing Your PPP Configuration
Determining Requirements for Your Configuration Type
Remote Computer-to-Network Configuration
Remote Host-to-Remote Host Configuration
Network-to-Network Configuration
Dial-in Server With Dynamic Point-to-Point Links
Multipoint Dial-in Server
Hosts on a Virtual Network
Determining IP Addressing for Your PPP Link
Specifying IP Addresses
Types of Addressing Schemes
Using the Same IP Address as the Primary Network Interface
Creating a Unique IP Address and Host Name
Assigning a Network Number to the PPP Link
Routing Considerations
Turning Off RIP
PPP Hardware Requirements
File Space Requirements
Checklist for Configuring PPP
Chapter 9 Configuring PPP
Overview of the Configuration Process
Installing the PPP Software
Verifying Installation
Sample PPP Configuration
Editing the /etc/inet/hosts File
How to Configure the Remote Machine's hosts Database
Multipoint Dial-in Server hosts Database
How to Configure the Dial-In Server's hosts Database
Editing UUCP Databases
Updating /etc/uucp/Devices for PPP
Updating /etc/uucp/Dialers for PPP
Updating /etc/uucp/Systems for PPP
Modifying the /etc/passwd File
Editing the /etc/asppp.cf Configuration File
Parts of Basic Configuration File
ifconfig Section of the asppp.cf File
path Section of the asppp.cf File
interface Keyword
peer_system_name Keyword
inactivity_timeout Keyword
Additional Keywords
Configuration File for Multipoint Dial-in Server
ifconfig Section for Multipoint Dial-in Server
path Section for Multipoint Dial-in Server
interface Keyword
peer_system_name Keyword
peer_ip_address Keyword
Additional Keywords
Editing the Configuration File
How to Edit the asppp.cf Configuration File
Adding PPP Security
Starting up and Stopping Your New PPP Link
How to Manually Start PPP
How to Verify That PPP Is Running
How to Stop PPP
Chapter 10 Troubleshooting PPP
Checking Hardware
Checking Interface Status
Checking Connectivity
Checking Interface Activity
Checking the Local Routing Tables
Checking Permissions
Checking Packet Flow
Using PPP Diagnostics for Troubleshooting
How to Set Diagnostics for Your Machine
Analyzing Diagnostic Output
Host and Modem Setup
Communications Between the Local and Remote Hosts
Chapter 11 Tailoring Your PPP Link
Configuring Dynamically Allocated PPP Links
Addressing Issues for Dynamically Allocated Links
Updating the hosts Database for Dynamic Links
How to Update a Remote Host
How to Update the Dial-in Server
Considerations for Other Files
Editing asppp.cf for Dynamic Link
Remote Host with Dynamic Link
Dial-in Server With Dynamic Link
ifconfig Section for Server With Dynamic Links
defaults Section for Server With Dynamic Links
path Section for Server With Dynamic Links
Additional Keywords
Configuring a Virtual Network
Addressing Issues for Virtual Networks
Updating hosts and networks Databases
/etc/inet/hosts File for the Virtual Network
/etc/inet/networks File for the Virtual Network
Considerations for Other Files
asppp.cf Configuration File for a Virtual Network
Editing asppp.cf for PAP/CHAP Security
How to Install PAP/CHAP
Rules for PAP/CHAP Keywords
PAP/CHAP Examples
Configuration Keywords
Part III Administering UUCP Communications
Chapter 12 UUCP Databases and Programs
UUCP Hardware Configurations
Software Comprising UUCP
Daemons
Administrative Programs
User Programs
Introducing the UUCP Database Files
Configuring UUCP Files
/etc/uucp/Systems File
System-Name Field
Time Field
Retry Subfield
Type Field
Speed Field
Phone Field
Chat-Script Field
Enabling Dialback Through the Chat Script
Hardware Flow Control
Setting Parity
/etc/uucp/Devices File
Type Field
Direct Keyword
ACU Keyword
Port Selector
Sys-Name
Type Field and /etc/uucp/Systems File
Line Field
Line2 Field
Class Field
Dialer-Token-Pairs Field
Structure of the Dialer-Token-Pairs Field
Protocol Definitions in the Devices File
/etc/uucp/Dialers File
Hardware Flow Control
Setting Parity
Other Basic Configuration Files
/etc/uucp/Dialcodes File
/etc/uucp/Sysfiles File
/etc/uucp/Sysname File
/etc/uucp/Permissions File
Structuring Entries
Considerations
REQUEST Option
SENDFILES Option
MYNAME Option
READ and WRITE Options
NOREAD and NOWRITE Options
CALLBACK Option
COMMANDS Option
VALIDATE Option
MACHINE Entry for OTHER
Combining MACHINE and LOGNAME
Forwarding
/etc/uucp/Poll File
/etc/uucp/Config File
/etc/uucp/Grades File
User-job-grade Field
System-job-grade Field
Relationship Between User and System Job Grades
Default Grade
Job-size Field
Permit-type Field
ID-list Field
Other UUCP Configuration Files
/etc/uucp/Devconfig File
/etc/uucp/Limits File
remote.unknown File
Administrative Files
Chapter 13 Configuring and Maintaining UUCP
Adding UUCP Logins
Starting UUCP
uudemon.poll Shell Script
uudemon.hour Shell Script
uudemon.admin Shell Script
uudemon.cleanup Shell Script
Running UUCP Over TCP/IP
Activating UUCP in /etc/inetd.conf
Tailoring Systems File Entries for TCP/IP
Checking /etc/inet/services for UUCP
Security, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting
Setting Up UUCP Security
Regular UUCP Maintenance
Email for UUCP
Public Directory
Troubleshooting UUCP
Checking for Faulty Modems or ACUs
Checking the /etc/uucp/Systems File
Debugging Transmissions
Checking Error Messages
Checking Basic Information
UUCP Error Messages
UUCP ASSERT Error Messages
UUCP STATUS Error Messages
UUCP Numerical Error Messages
Part IV Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Chapter 14 Understanding DHCP
What is DHCP?
The DHCP Client
Delivering Client Information
Supplying Additional Information
DHCP Server
Server Databases
BOOTP Relay Agents
Leases
Chapter 15 Moving to DHCP
Why Move to DHCP?
Advantages of DHCP
Migration
Subnets
Routers
Chapter 16 Administration of DHCP
Collecting Information Before Setting Up a DHCP Service
Choosing a Data Store for DHCP Data
How the Datastore Service is Selected
Create Initial DHCP Tables
DHCP Tables
DHCP Network Tables
The dhcptab ConfigurationTable
Configure Each Subnet for DHCP
How Each Subnet for DHCP is Configured
Start the DHCP Service Daemon
Lease Time Policy
Setting Up a BOOTP Relay Agent
Standard DHCP Options
Vendor Options
Adding Vendor and Site Options
Creating Macro Definitions
IP Address Leases
Customization Examples
Maintenance
Enabling the Solaris DHCP Client
Increasing Boot Process Suspension Time
Designating a Network Interface as Primary
Network Topologies That Limit Effective Use of DHCP/BOOTP
Chapter 17 Troubleshooting DHCP
Strategies and Tips
Using snoop to Monitor Network Traffic
To Use snoop to Monitor Network Traffic
Running the DHCP Client in Debug Mode
To Run a Solaris 2 Client in Debug Mode
To Run the DHCP Server in Debug Mode
Restarting the DHCP Client
To Restart the DHCP Client
To Restart the DHCP Server
To Restart the DHCP Server After Debugging is Completed
Common Problems
Where to Get More Help
Troubleshooting the DHCP Server
When Using Files
When Using NIS+
Cannot Use NIS+ as Name Service
I/O Error Accessing File Name Service
User Has no DES Credentials
No Permission to Create Table in Data Store
Unable to Determine Name Servers
Errors Trying to Set Up DHCP Table
No Permission to Access dhcp_network Table
Troubleshooting a DHCP Client
Client Cannot Communicate With the Server
DHCP Configurations Received Are Invalid
Isolate the Problem to the Client or Server
Client Cannot Reach DHCP Server
Run Client in Debug Mode
Solaris 2 Client:
DOS Client
Configure the Interface Manually
Run the Server in Debug Mode
Use snoop to Monitor Network Traffic
Look up Error Messages
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Some Clients Do Not Boot From DHCP Server in BOOTP Compatability Mode
Diagnose NIS+ Configuration Problems
Diagnose Name Service Configuration Problems
Macro Change Not Propagated to Client
Appendix A PCNFSpro Appendix
Troubleshooting
Reboot the PC
Running in Debug Mode
To Run a Windows Client in Debug Mode
Client Fails to Connect With DHCP/BOOTP Server
Applications Run Out of Conventional Memory
Mounting Home Directories
Use of Ping
SNC Script
DHCP Databases
License Upgrade
Loss of Hostname and IP Address
Distributing Applications
Logging In and Out
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