IP(7P) (man pages section 7: Device and Network Interfaces)

man pages section 7: Device and Network Interfaces

IP(7P)

NAME

ip, IP– Internet Protocol

SYNOPSIS

#include <sys/socket.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>

s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, proto);

t = t_open ("/dev/rawip", O_RDWR);

DESCRIPTION

IP is the internetwork datagram delivery protocol that is central to the Internet protocol family. Programs may use IP through higher-level protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), or may interface directly to IP. See tcp(7P) and udp(7P). Direct access may be by means of the socket interface, using a “raw socket,” or by means of the Transport Level Interface (TLI). The protocol options defined in the IP specification may be set in outgoing datagrams.

Packets sent to or from this system may be subject to IPsec policy; see ipsec(7P) for more information.

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE

The STREAMS driver /dev/rawip is the TLI transport provider that provides raw access to IP.

Raw IP sockets are connectionless and are normally used with the sendto() and recvfrom() calls (see send(3SOCKET) and recv(3SOCKET)), although the connect(3SOCKET) call may also be used to fix the destination for future datagram. In this case, the read(2) or recv(3SOCKET) and write(2) or send(3SOCKET) calls may be used. If proto is IPPROTO_RAW or IPPROTO_IGMP, the application is expected to include a complete IP header when sending. Otherwise, that protocol number will be set in outgoing datagrams and used to filter incoming datagrams and an IP header will be generated and prepended to each outgoing datagram. In either case, received datagrams are returned with the IP header and options intact.

If an application uses IP_HDRINCL and provides the IP header contents, the IP stack does not modify the following supplied fields under any conditions: Type of Service, DF Flag, Protocol, and Destination Address. The IP Options and IHL fields are set by use of IP_OPTIONS, and Total Length is updated to include any options. Version is set to the default. Identification is chosen by the normal IP ID selection logic. The source address is updated if none was specified and the TTL is changed if the packet has a broadcast destination address. Since an applicaton cannot send down fragments (as IP assigns the IP ID), Fragment Offset is always 0. The IP Checksum field is computed by IP. None of the data beyond the IP header are changed, including the application-provided transport header.

The socket options supported at the IP level are:

IP_OPTIONS: IP options for outgoing datagrams. This socket option may be used to set IP options to be included in each outgoing datagram. IP options to be sent are set with setsockopt() (see getsockopt(3SOCKET)). The getsockopt(3SOCKET) call returns the IP options set in the last setsockopt() call. IP options on received datagrams are visible to user programs only using raw IP sockets. The format of IP options given in setsockopt() matches those defined in the IP specification with one exception: the list of addresses for the source routing options must include the first-hop gateway at the beginning of the list of gateways. The first-hop gateway address will be extracted from the option list and the size adjusted accordingly before use. IP options may be used with any socket type in the Internet family.
IP_SEC_OPT: Enable or obtain IPsec security settings for this socket. For more details on the protection services of IPsec, see ipsec(7P).
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP: Join a multicast group.
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP: Leave a multicast group.

These options take a struct ip_mreq as the parameter. The structure contains a multicast address which has to be set to the CLASS-D IP multicast address, and an interface address. Normally the interface address is set to INADDR_ANY which causes the kernel to choose the interface to join on.

IP_MULTICAST_IF: The outgoing interface for multicast packets. This option takes a struct in_addr as an argument, and it selects that interface for outgoing IP multicast packets. If the address specified is INADDR_ANY, it will use the unicast routing table to select the outgoing interface (which is the default behavior).
IP_MULTICAST_TTL: Time to live for multicast datagrams. This option takes an unsigned character as an argument. Its value is the TTL that IP will use on outgoing multicast datagrams. The default is 1.
IP_MULTICAST_LOOP: Loopback for multicast datagrams. Normally multicast datagrams are delivered to members on the sending host. Setting the unsigned character argument to 0 will cause the opposite behavior.
IP_TOS: This option takes an integer argument as its input value. The least significant 8 bits of the value are used to set the Type Of Service field in the IP header of the outgoing packets.

The multicast socket options can be used with any datagram socket type in the Internet family.

At the socket level, the socket option SO_DONTROUTE may be applied. This option forces datagrams being sent to bypass routing and forwarding by forcing the IP Time To Live field to 1, meaning that the packet will not be forwarded by routers.

Raw IP datagrams can also be sent and received using the TLI connectionless primitives.

Datagrams flow through the IP layer in two directions: from the network up to user processes and from user processes down to the network. Using this orientation, IP is layered above the network interface drivers and below the transport protocols such as UDP and TCP. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is logically a part of IP. See icmp(7P).

IP provides for a checksum of the header part, but not the data part, of the datagram. The checksum value is computed and set in the process of sending datagrams and checked when receiving datagrams.

IP options in received datagrams are processed in the IP layer according to the protocol specification. Currently recognized IP options include: security, loose source and record route (LSRR), strict source and record route (SSRR), record route, and internet timestamp.

The IP layer will normally act as a router when the machine has two or more interfaces that are up, forwarding datagrams that are not addressed to it, among other things. This behavior can be overridden by using ndd(1M) to set the /dev/ip variable, ip_forwarding. The value 0 means do not forward; the value 1 means forward. The initialization scripts set this value at boot time based on the number of "up" interfaces, but will not turn on IP forwarding at all if the file /etc/notrouter exists. See /etc/init.d/inetinit. When the IP module is loaded, ip_forwarding is 0 and remains so if:

one non-DHCP-managed interface is up (the most common case)
file /etc/notrouter exists and DHCP does not say that IP forwarding is on
file /etc/defaultrouter exists and DHCP does not say IP forwarding is on

Otherwise, ip_forwarding is set to 1.

Additionally, finer-grained forwarding can be configured in IP. Each interface creates an <ifname>:ip_forwarding /dev/ip variable that can be modified using ndd(1M). If a per-interface :ip_forwarding variable is set to 0, packets will neither be forwarded from this interface to others, nor forwarded to this interface. Setting the ip_forwarding variable toggles all of the per-interface :ip_forwarding variables to the setting of ip_forwarding.

The IP layer sends an ICMP message back to the source host in many cases when it receives a datagram that can not be handled. A “time exceeded” ICMP message is sent if the “time to live” field in the IP header drops to zero in the process of forwarding a datagram. A “destination unreachable” message is sent if a datagram can not be forwarded because there is no route to the final destination, or if it can not be fragmented. If the datagram is addressed to the local host but is destined for a protocol that is not supported or a port that is not in use, a destination unreachable message is also sent. The IP layer may send an ICMP “source quench” message if it is receiving datagrams too quickly. ICMP messages are only sent for the first fragment of a fragmented datagram and are never returned in response to errors in other ICMP messages.

The IP layer supports fragmentation and reassembly. Datagrams are fragmented on output if the datagram is larger than the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network interface. Fragments of received datagrams are dropped from the reassembly queues if the complete datagram is not reconstructed within a short time period.

Errors in sending discovered at the network interface driver layer are passed by IP back up to the user process.

DIAGNOSTICS

A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:

EACCES: A bind() operation was attempted with a “reserved” port number and the effective user ID of the process was not the privileged user.
EADDRINUSE: A bind() operation was attempted on a socket with a network address/port pair that has already been bound to another socket.
EADDRNOTAVAIL: A bind() operation was attempted for an address that is not configured on this machine.
EINVAL: A sendmsg() operation with a non-NULL msg_accrights was attempted.
EINVAL: A getsockopt() or setsockopt() operation with an unknown socket option name was given.
EINVAL: A getsockopt() or setsockopt() operation was attempted with the IP option field improperly formed; an option field was shorter than the minimum value or longer than the option buffer provided.
EISCONN: A connect() operation was attempted on a socket on which a connect() operation had already been performed, and the socket could not be successfully disconnected before making the new connection.
EISCONN: A sendto() or sendmsg() operation specifying an address to which the message should be sent was attempted on a socket on which a connect() operation had already been performed.
EMSGSIZE: A send(), sendto(), or sendmsg() operation was attempted to send a datagram that was too large for an interface, but was not allowed to be fragmented (such as broadcasts).
ENETUNREACH: An attempt was made to establish a connection by means of connect(), or to send a datagram by means of sendto() or sendmsg(), where there was no matching entry in the routing table; or if an ICMP “destination unreachable” message was received.
ENOTCONN: A send() or write() operation, or a sendto() or sendmsg() operation not specifying an address to which the message should be sent, was attempted on a socket on which a connect() operation had not already been performed.
ENOBUFS: The system ran out of memory for fragmentation buffers or other internal data structures.
ENOBUFS: SO_SNDBUF or SO_RCVBUF exceeds a system limit.
EINVAL: Invalid length for IP_OPTIONS.
EHOSTUNREACH: Invalid address for IP_MULTICAST_IF.
EINVAL: Not a multicast address for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP and IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.
EADDRNOTAVAIL: Bad interface address for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP and IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.
EADDRINUSE: Address already joined for IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.
ENOENT: Address not joined for IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.
EPERM: No permissions.

NOTES

Raw sockets should receive ICMP error packets relating to the protocol; currently such packets are simply discarded.

Users of higher-level protocols such as TCP and UDP should be able to see received IP options.

SunOS 5.9 Last Revised 7 Feb 2002