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Oracle Solaris Administration: IP Services Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 Information Library |
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Oracle Solaris Administration: IP Services Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 Information Library |
Part I Introducing System Administration: IP Services
1. Oracle Solaris TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Overview)
2. Planning Your TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
3. Introducing IPv6 (Overview)
4. Planning an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
5. Configuring TCP/IP Network Services and IPv4 Addressing (Tasks)
6. Administering Network Interfaces (Tasks)
7. Configuring an IPv6 Network (Tasks)
8. Administering a TCP/IP Network (Tasks)
9. Troubleshooting Network Problems (Tasks)
10. TCP/IP and IPv4 in Depth (Reference)
13. Planning for DHCP Service (Tasks)
14. Configuring the DHCP Service (Tasks)
15. Administering DHCP (Tasks)
16. Configuring and Administering the DHCP Client
17. Troubleshooting DHCP (Reference)
18. DHCP Commands and Files (Reference)
19. IP Security Architecture (Overview)
Protecting Traffic With IPsec (Task Map)
How to Secure Traffic Between Two Systems With IPsec
How to Use IPsec to Protect a Web Server From Nonweb Traffic
How to Generate Random Numbers on an Oracle Solaris System
How to Manually Create IPsec Security Associations
How to Verify That Packets Are Protected With IPsec
How to Configure a Role for Network Security
How to Manage IKE and IPsec Services
Examples of Protecting a VPN With IPsec by Using Tunnel Mode
Protecting a VPN With IPsec (Task Map)
Description of the Network Topology for the IPsec Tasks to Protect a VPN
How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4
How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv6
How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Transport Mode Using IPv4
How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Transport Mode Using IPv6
21. IP Security Architecture (Reference)
22. Internet Key Exchange (Overview)
24. Internet Key Exchange (Reference)
25. IP Filter in Oracle Solaris (Overview)
27. Introducing IPMP (Overview)
28. Administering IPMP (Tasks)
Part VI IP Quality of Service (IPQoS)
29. Introducing IPQoS (Overview)
30. Planning for an IPQoS-Enabled Network (Tasks)
31. Creating the IPQoS Configuration File (Tasks)
32. Starting and Maintaining IPQoS (Tasks)
33. Using Flow Accounting and Statistics Gathering (Tasks)
The following task map points to procedures that configure IPsec to protect traffic across the Internet. These procedures set up a secure virtual private network (VPN) between two systems that are across the Internet. One common use of this technology is to securely connect a remote office to the corporate network across the Internet.
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The procedures that follow this section assume the following setup. For a depiction of the network, see Figure 20-2.
Each system is using an IPv4 address space.
For a similar example with IPv6 addresses, see How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv6.
Each system has two interfaces. The hme0 interface connects to the Internet. In this example, Internet IP addresses begin with 192.168. The hme1 interface connects to the company's LAN, its intranet. In this example, intranet IP addresses begin with the number 10.
Each system requires ESP authentication with the SHA–1 algorithm. The SHA–1 algorithm requires a 160-bit key.
Each system requires ESP encryption with the AES algorithm. The AES algorithm uses a 128-bit or 256–bit key.
Each system can connect to a router that has direct access to the Internet.
Each system uses shared security associations.
Figure 20-2 Sample VPN Between Offices Separated by the Internet
As the preceding illustration shows, the procedures for the IPv4 network use the following configuration parameters.
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The following IPv6 addresses are used in the procedures. The tunnel names are the same.
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In tunnel mode, the inner IP packet determines the IPsec policy that protects its contents.
This procedure extends the procedure How to Secure Traffic Between Two Systems With IPsec. The setup is described in Description of the Network Topology for the IPsec Tasks to Protect a VPN.
Note - Perform the steps in this procedure on both systems.
In addition to connecting two systems, you are connecting two intranets that connect to these two systems. The systems in this procedure function as gateways.
Before You Begin
You must be in the global zone to configure IPsec policy for the system or for a shared-IP zone. For an exclusive-IP zone, you configure IPsec policy in the non-global zone.
The Primary Administrator role includes the Primary Administrator profile. To create the role and assign the role to a user, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in Oracle Solaris Administration: Basic Administration.
Note - Logging in remotely exposes security-critical traffic to eavesdropping. Even if you somehow protect the remote login, the security of the system is reduced to the security of the remote login session. Use the ssh command for secure remote login.
# routeadm
Configuration Current Current
Option Configuration System State
---------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 routing default (enabled) enabled
IPv4 forwarding disabled disabled
...If IP forwarding and IP dynamic routing are enabled, disable them.
# routeadm -d ipv4-routing -d ipv4-forwarding # routeadm -u
Turning off IP forwarding prevents packets from being forwarded from one network to another network through this system. For a description of the routeadm command, see the routeadm(1M) man page.
# ndd -set /dev/ip ip_strict_dst_multihoming 1
Turning on IP strict destination multihoming requires that packets for one of the system's destination addresses arrive at the correct destination address.
When strict destination multihoming is enabled, packets that arrive on a particular interface must be addressed to one of the local IP addresses of that interface. All other packets, even packets that are addressed to other local addresses of the system, are dropped.
 | Caution - The multihoming value reverts to the default when the system is booted. To make the changed value persistent, see How to Prevent IP Spoofing. |
Note - If your system was installed with the “limited” SMF profile, then you can skip this step. Network services, with the exception of the Secure Shell feature of Oracle Solaris, are disabled.
The disabling of network services prevents IP packets from doing any harm to the system. For example, an SNMP daemon, a telnet connection, or an rlogin connection could be exploited.
Choose one of the following options:
If you are running the Solaris 10 11/06 release or a later release, run the “limited” SMF profile.
# netservices limited
Otherwise, individually disable network services.
# svcadm disable network/ftp:default # svcadm disable network/finger:default # svcadm disable network/login:rlogin # svcadm disable network/nfs/server:default # svcadm disable network/rpc/rstat:default # svcadm disable network/smtp:sendmail # svcadm disable network/telnet:default
Verify that loopback mounts and the ssh service are running.
# svcs | grep network online Aug_02 svc:/network/loopback:default … online Aug_09 svc:/network/ssh:default
Choose one of the following options:
Configure IKE to manage the keys for the SAs. Use one of the procedures in Configuring IKE (Task Map) to configure IKE for the VPN.
If you have an overriding reason to manually manage the keys, see How to Manually Create IPsec Security Associations.
Edit the /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf file to add the IPsec policy for the VPN. To strengthen the policy, see Example 20-12. For additional examples, see Examples of Protecting a VPN With IPsec by Using Tunnel Mode.
In this policy, IPsec protection is not required between systems on the local LAN and the internal IP address of the gateway, so a bypass statement is added.
# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 10.16.16.6 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 10.1.3.3 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# ipsecconf -c -f /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf
The syntax of the file is the following:
system1-point system2-point tsrc system1-taddr tdst system2-taddr router up
10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 router up
10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16 router up
# svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
# svcadm restart svc:/network/initial:default
192.168.116.16 router
192.168.13.213 router
IP forwarding means that packets that arrive from somewhere else can be forwarded. IP forwarding also means that packets that leave this interface might have originated somewhere else. To successfully forward a packet, both the receiving interface and the transmitting interface must have IP forwarding turned on.
Because the hme1 interface is inside the intranet, IP forwarding must be turned on for hme1. Because ip.tun0 connects the two systems through the Internet, IP forwarding must be turned on for ip.tun0.
The hme0 interface has its IP forwarding turned off to prevent an outside adversary from injecting packets into the protected intranet. The outside refers to the Internet.
10.16.16.6 private
10.1.3.3 private
Even if hme0 has IP forwarding turned off, a routing protocol implementation might still advertise the interface. For example, the in.routed protocol might still advertise that hme0 is available to forward packets to its peers inside the intranet. By setting the interface's private flag, these advertisements are prevented.
The default route must be a router with direct access to the Internet.
# route add default 192.168.116.4
# route add default 192.168.13.5
Even though the hme0 interface is not part of the intranet, hme0 does need to reach across the Internet to its peer system. To find its peer, hme0 needs information about Internet routing. The VPN system appears to be a host, rather than a router, to the rest of the Internet. Therefore, you can use a default router or run the router discovery protocol to find a peer system. For more information, see the route(1M) and in.routed(1M) man pages.
Note - The following steps configure a tunnel on a system that is running a release prior to the Solaris 10 4/09 release.
Use ifconfig commands to create the point-to-point interface:
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 system1-point system2-point \ tsrc system1-taddr tdst system2-taddr
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \ tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 \ tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16
# ipsecconf
# ifconfig ip.tun0 router up
# ifconfig hme1 router
IP forwarding means that packets that arrive from somewhere else can be forwarded. IP forwarding also means that packets that leave this interface might have originated somewhere else. To successfully forward a packet, both the receiving interface and the transmitting interface must have IP forwarding turned on.
Because the hme1 interface is inside the intranet, IP forwarding must be turned on for hme1. Because ip.tun0 connects the two systems through the Internet, IP forwarding must be turned on for ip.tun0.
The hme0 interface has its IP forwarding turned off to prevent an outside adversary from injecting packets into the protected intranet. The outside refers to the Internet.
# ifconfig hme0 private
Even if hme0 has IP forwarding turned off, a routing protocol implementation might still advertise the interface. For example, the in.routed protocol might still advertise that hme0 is available to forward packets to its peers inside the intranet. By setting the interface's private flag, these advertisements are prevented.
The default route must be a router with direct access to the Internet.
# route add default 192.168.116.4
# route add default 192.168.13.5
Even though the hme0 interface is not part of the intranet, hme0 does need to reach across the Internet to its peer system. To find its peer, hme0 needs information about Internet routing. The VPN system appears to be a host, rather than a router, to the rest of the Internet. Therefore, you can use a default router or run the router discovery protocol to find a peer system. For more information, see the route(1M) and in.routed(1M) man pages.
system1-point system2-point tsrc system1-taddr tdst system2-taddr router up
10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 router up
10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16 router up
# cat /etc/hostname.hme0 ## enigma 10.16.16.6 private
# cat /etc/hostname.hme1 ## enigma 192.168.116.16 router
# cat /etc/hostname.hme0 ## partym 10.1.3.3 private
# cat /etc/hostname.hme1 ## partym 192.168.13.213 router
# routeadm -e ipv4-routing # routeadm -u
You might need to configure the routing protocol before running the routing protocol. For more information, see Routing Protocols in Oracle Solaris. For a procedure, see How to Configure an IPv4 Router.
Example 20-10 Creating Temporary Tunnels When Testing
In this example, the administrator tests tunnel creation on a Solaris 10 4/09 system. Later, the administrator will use the procedure How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4 to make the tunnels permanent. During testing, the administrator performs the following series of steps on the systems system1 and system2:
On both systems, the administrator completes the first five steps of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
The administrator uses the ifconfig command to plumb and configure a temporary tunnel.
system1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb
system1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \
tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213
# ssh system2
Password: admin-password-on-system2
system2 # ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb
system2 # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 \
tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16The administrator enables IPsec policy on the tunnel. The policy was created in Step 4 of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
system1 # svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default system2 # svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
The administrator makes the Internet interface a router and prevents routing protocols from going over the intranet interface.
system1 # ifconfig hme1 router ; ifconfig hme0 private system2 # ifconfig hme1 router ; ifconfig hme0 private
The administrator manually adds routing and runs the routing protocol by completing Step 12 and Step 22 of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4 on both systems.
Example 20-11 Creating a Tunnel to an Earlier Version of a Solaris System by Using the Command Line
In the Solaris 10 7/07 release, the syntax of the ifconfig command was simplified. In this example, the administrator tests tunnel creation to a system that is running a version of Solaris prior to the Solaris 10 7/07 release. By using the original syntax of the ifconfig command, the administrator can use identical commands on the two communicating systems. Later, the administrator will use How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4 to make the tunnels permanent.
During testing, the administrator performs the following steps on the systems system1 and system2:
On both systems, the administrator completes the first five steps of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
The administrator plumbs and configures the tunnel.
system1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb
system1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \
tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 \
encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1
system1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 router up# ssh system2
Password: admin-password-on-system2
system2 # ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb
system2 # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 \
tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16 \
encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1
system2 # ifconfig ip.tun0 router upThe administrator enables IPsec policy on the tunnel. The policy was created in Step 4 of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
system1 # svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default system2 # svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
The administrator makes the Internet interface a router and prevents routing protocols from going over the intranet interface.
system1 # ifconfig hme1 router ; ifconfig hme0 private system2 # ifconfig hme1 router ; ifconfig hme0 private
The administrator adds routing by completing Step 12 and Step 22 of How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4 on both systems.
Example 20-12 Requiring IPsec Policy on All Systems on a LAN
In this example, the administrator comments out the bypass policy that was configured in Step 4, thereby strengthening the protection. With this policy configuration, each system on the LAN must activate IPsec to communicate with the router.
# LAN traffic must implement IPsec.
# {laddr 10.1.3.3 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel} ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}Example 20-13 Using IPsec to Protect Telnet Traffic Differently From SMTP Traffic
In this example, the first rule protects telnet traffic on port 23 with Blowfish and SHA-1. The second rule protects SMTP traffic on port 25 with AES and MD5.
{laddr 10.1.3.3 ulp tcp dport 23 dir both}
ipsec {encr_algs blowfish encr_auth_algs sha1 sa unique}
{laddr 10.1.3.3 ulp tcp dport 25 dir both}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs md5 sa unique}Example 20-14 Using an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode to Protect a Subnet Differently From Other Network Traffic
The following tunnel configuration protects all traffic from subnet 10.1.3.0/24 across the tunnel:
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel laddr 10.1.3.0/24}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}
The following tunnel configurations protect traffic from subnet 10.1.3.0/24 to different subnets across the tunnel. Subnets that begin with 10.2.x.x are across the tunnel.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel laddr 10.1.3.0/24 raddr 10.2.1.0/24}
ipsec {encr_algs blowfish encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel laddr 10.1.3.0/24 raddr 10.2.2.0/24}
ipsec {encr_algs blowfish encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate tunnel laddr 10.1.3.0/24 raddr 10.2.3.0/24}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}
To set up a VPN on an IPv6 network, you follow the same steps as for an IPv4 network. However, the syntax of the commands is slightly different. For a fuller description of the reasons for running particular commands, see the corresponding steps in How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
Note - Perform the steps in this procedure on both systems.
This procedure uses the following configuration parameters.
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The Primary Administrator role includes the Primary Administrator profile. To create the role and assign the role to a user, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in Oracle Solaris Administration: Basic Administration.
Note - Logging in remotely exposes security-critical traffic to eavesdropping. Even if you somehow protect the remote login, the security of the system is reduced to the security of the remote login session. Use the ssh command for secure remote login.
For the effects of these commands, see Step 2 in How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
# routeadm
Configuration Current Current
Option Configuration System State
--------------------------------------------------
…
IPv6 forwarding disabled disabled
IPv6 routing disabled disabledIf IP forwarding and IP dynamic routing are enabled, you can disable them by typing:
# routeadm -d ipv6-forwarding -d ipv6-routing # routeadm -u
# ndd -set /dev/ip ip6_strict_dst_multihoming 1
| Caution - The value of ip6_strict_dst_multihoming reverts to the default when the system is booted. To make the changed value persistent, see How to Prevent IP Spoofing. |
Note - If your system was installed with the “limited” SMF profile, then you can skip this step. Network services, with the exception of Secure Shell, are disabled.
The disabling of network services prevents IP packets from doing any harm to the system. For example, an SNMP daemon, a telnet connection, or an rlogin connection could be exploited.
Choose one of the following options:
If you are running the Solaris 10 11/06 release or a later release, run the “limited” SMF profile.
# netservices limited
Otherwise, individually disable network services.
# svcadm disable network/ftp:default # svcadm disable network/finger:default # svcadm disable network/login:rlogin # svcadm disable network/nfs/server:default # svcadm disable network/rpc/rstat:default # svcadm disable network/smtp:sendmail # svcadm disable network/telnet:default
Verify that loopback mounts and the ssh service are running.
# svcs | grep network online Aug_02 svc:/network/loopback:default ... online Aug_09 svc:/network/ssh:default
Choose one of the following options:
Configure IKE to manage the keys for the SAs. Use one of the procedures in Configuring IKE (Task Map) to configure IKE for the VPN.
If you have an overriding reason to manually manage the keys, see How to Manually Create IPsec Security Associations.
Edit the /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf file to add the IPsec policy for the VPN.
# IPv6 Neighbor Discovery messages bypass IPsec.
{ulp ipv6-icmp type 133-137 dir both} pass {}
# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip6.tun0 negotiate tunnel}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# IPv6 Neighbor Discovery messages bypass IPsec.
{ulp ipv6-icmp type 133-137 dir both} pass {}
# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 6000:3333::eeee:1113 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip6.tun0 negotiate tunnel}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# ipsecconf -c -f /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 router up
6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 router up
# svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
# svcadm restart svc:/network/initial:default
2001::aaaa:6666:6666 inet6 router
2001::eeee:3333:3333 inet6 router
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 inet6 private
6000:3333::eeee:1113 inet6 private
Note - The following steps configure a tunnel on a system that is running a release prior to the Solaris 10 4/09 release.
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 plumb # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 plumb # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 \ tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666
# ipsecconf
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 router up
# ifconfig hme1 router
# ifconfig hme0 private
The default route must be a router with direct access to the Internet.
# route add -inet6 default 2001::aaaa:0:4
# route add -inet6 default 2001::eeee:0:1
The entry replicates the parameters that were passed to the ifconfig command in Step 14.
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 router up
6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 \ tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 router up
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme0 ## enigma 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 inet6 private
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme1 ## enigma 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 inet6 router
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme0 ## partym 6000:3333::eeee:1113 inet6 private
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme1 ## partym 2001::eeee:3333:3333 inet6 router
# routeadm -e ipv6-routing # routeadm -u
You might need to configure the routing protocol before running the routing protocol. For more information, see Routing Protocols in Oracle Solaris. For a procedure, see Configuring an IPv6 Router.
In transport mode, the outer header determines the IPsec policy that protects the inner IP packet.
This procedure extends the procedure How to Secure Traffic Between Two Systems With IPsec. In addition to connecting two systems, you are connecting two intranets that connect to these two systems. The systems in this procedure function as gateways.
This procedure uses the setup that is described in Description of the Network Topology for the IPsec Tasks to Protect a VPN. For a fuller description of the reasons for running particular commands, see the corresponding steps in How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
Note - Perform the steps in this procedure on both systems.
The Primary Administrator role includes the Primary Administrator profile. To create the role and assign the role to a user, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in Oracle Solaris Administration: Basic Administration.
Note - Logging in remotely exposes security-critical traffic to eavesdropping. Even if you somehow protect the remote login, the security of the system is reduced to the security of the remote login session. Use the ssh command for secure remote login.
# routeadm
Configuration Current Current
Option Configuration System State
--------------------------------------------------
IPv4 forwarding disabled disabled
IPv4 routing default (enabled) enabled
…If IP forwarding and IP dynamic routing are enabled, you can disable them by typing:
# routeadm -d ipv4-routing -d ipv4-forwarding # routeadm -u
# ndd -set /dev/ip ip_strict_dst_multihoming 1
| Caution - The value of ip_strict_dst_multihoming reverts to the default when the system is booted. To make the changed value persistent, see How to Prevent IP Spoofing. |
Note - If your system was installed with the “limited” SMF profile, then you can skip this step. Network services, with the exception of Secure Shell, are disabled.
The disabling of network services prevents IP packets from doing any harm to the system. For example, an SNMP daemon, a telnet connection, or an rlogin connection could be exploited.
Choose one of the following options:
If you are running the Solaris 10 11/06 release or a later release, run the “limited” SMF profile.
# netservices limited
Otherwise, individually disable network services.
# svcadm disable network/ftp:default # svcadm disable network/finger:default # svcadm disable network/login:rlogin # svcadm disable network/nfs/server:default # svcadm disable network/rpc/rstat:default # svcadm disable network/smtp:sendmail # svcadm disable network/telnet:default
Verify that loopback mounts and the ssh service are running.
# svcs | grep network online Aug_02 svc:/network/loopback:default … online Aug_09 svc:/network/ssh:default
Choose one of the following options:
Configure IKE to manage the keys for the SAs. Use one of the procedures in Configuring IKE (Task Map) to configure IKE for the VPN.
If you have an overriding reason to manually manage the keys, see How to Manually Create IPsec Security Associations.
Edit the /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf file to add the IPsec policy for the VPN. To strengthen the policy, see Example 20-15.
# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 10.16.16.6 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate transport}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# LAN traffic to and from this host can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 10.1.3.3 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate transport}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 sa shared}# ipsecconf -c -f /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf
10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 router up
10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16 router up
# svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
# svcadm restart svc:/network/initial:default
192.168.116.16 router
192.168.13.213 router
10.16.16.6 private
10.1.3.3 private
Note - The following steps configure a tunnel on a system that is running a release prior to the Solaris 10 4/09 release.
Use ifconfig commands to create the point-to-point interface:
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 system1-point system2-point \ tsrc system1-taddr tdst system2-taddr
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \ tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 \ tsrc 192.168.13.213 tdst 192.168.116.16
# ipsecconf
# ifconfig ip.tun0 router up
# ifconfig hme1 router
# ifconfig hme0 private
The default route must be a router with direct access to the Internet.
# route add default router-on-hme0-subnet
# route add default 192.168.116.4
# route add default 192.168.13.5
system1-point system2-point tsrc system1-taddr \ tdst system2-taddr encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 router up
10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 tsrc 192.168.116.16 \ tdst 192.168.13.213 router up
10.1.3.3 10.16.16.6 tsrc 192.168.13.213 \ tdst 192.168.116.16 router up
# cat /etc/hostname.hme0 ## enigma 10.16.16.6 private
# cat /etc/hostname.hme1 ## enigma 192.168.116.16 router
# cat /etc/hostname.hme0 ## partym 10.1.3.3 private
# cat /etc/hostname.hme1 ## partym 192.168.13.213 router
# routeadm -e ipv4-routing # routeadm -u
Example 20-15 Requiring IPsec Policy on All Systems in Transport Mode
In this example, the administrator comments out the bypass policy that was configured in Step 4, thereby strengthening the protection. With this policy configuration, each system on the LAN must activate IPsec to communicate with the router.
# LAN traffic must implement IPsec.
# {laddr 10.1.3.3 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip.tun0 negotiate transport} ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}Example 20-16 Using Deprecated Syntax to Configure an IPsec Tunnel in Transport Mode
In this example, the administrator is connecting a Solaris 10 7/07 system with a system that is running the Oracle Solaris 10 release. Therefore, the administrator uses Solaris 10 syntax in the configuration file and includes the IPsec algorithms in the ifconfig command.
The administrator follows the procedure How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Transport Mode Using IPv4 with the following changes in syntax.
For Step 4, the syntax of the ipsecinit.conf file is the following:
# LAN traffic to and from this address can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 10.1.3.3 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{} ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}For Step 14 to Step 16, the syntax to configure a secure tunnel is the following:
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \ tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 \ encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 # ifconfig ip.tun0 router up
# ifconfig ip.tun0 plumb # ifconfig ip.tun0 10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 \ tsrc 192.168.116.16 tdst 192.168.13.213 \ encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1
The IPsec policy that is passed to the ifconfig commands must be the same as the IPsec policy in the ipsecinit.conf file. Upon reboot, each system reads the ipsecinit.conf file for its policy.
For Step 20, the syntax of the hostname.ip.tun0 file is the following:
10.16.16.6 10.1.3.3 tsrc 192.168.116.16 \ tdst 192.168.13.213 encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 router up
To set up a VPN on an IPv6 network, you follow the same steps as for an IPv4 network. However, the syntax of the commands is slightly different. For a fuller description of the reasons for running particular commands, see the corresponding steps in How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Tunnel Mode Using IPv4.
Note - Perform the steps in this procedure on both systems.
This procedure uses the following configuration parameters.
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The Primary Administrator role includes the Primary Administrator profile. To create the role and assign the role to a user, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in Oracle Solaris Administration: Basic Administration.
Note - Logging in remotely exposes security-critical traffic to eavesdropping. Even if you somehow protect the remote login, the security of the system is reduced to the security of the remote login session. Use the ssh command for secure remote login.
# routeadm
Configuration Current Current
Option Configuration System State
--------------------------------------------------
…
IPv6 forwarding disabled disabled
IPv6 routing disabled disabledIf IP forwarding and IP dynamic routing are enabled, you can disable them by typing:
# routeadm -d ipv6-forwarding -d ipv6-routing # routeadm -u
# ndd -set /dev/ip ip6_strict_dst_multihoming 1
| Caution - The value of ip6_strict_dst_multihoming reverts to the default when the system is booted. To make the changed value persistent, see How to Prevent IP Spoofing. |
Verify that loopback mounts and the ssh service are running.
# svcs | grep network online Aug_02 svc:/network/loopback:default … online Aug_09 svc:/network/ssh:default
Choose one of the following options:
Configure IKE to manage the keys for the SAs. Use one of the procedures in Configuring IKE (Task Map) to configure IKE for the VPN.
If you have an overriding reason to manually manage the keys, see How to Manually Create IPsec Security Associations.
Edit the /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf file to add the IPsec policy for the VPN.
# IPv6 Neighbor Discovery messages bypass IPsec.
{ulp ipv6-icmp type 133-137 dir both} pass {}
# LAN traffic can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip6.tun0 negotiate transport}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}# IPv6 Neighbor Discovery messages bypass IPsec.
{ulp ipv6-icmp type 133-137 dir both} pass {}
# LAN traffic can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 6000:3333::eeee:1113 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{tunnel ip6.tun0 negotiate transport}
ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}# ipsecconf -c -f /etc/inet/ipsecinit.conf
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 router up
6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 router up
# svcadm refresh svc:/network/ipsec/policy:default
# svcadm restart svc:/network/initial:default
2001::aaaa:6666:6666 inet6 router
2001::eeee:3333:3333 inet6 router
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 inet6 private
6000:3333::eeee:1113 inet6 private
Note - The following steps configure a tunnel on a system that is running a release prior to the Solaris 10 4/09 release.
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 plumb # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 plumb # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 \ tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666
# ipsecconf
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 router up
# ifconfig hme1 router
# ifconfig hme0 private
The default route must be a router with direct access to the Internet.
# route add -inet6 default 2001::aaaa:0:4
# route add -inet6 default 2001::eeee:0:1
The entry replicates the parameters that were passed to the ifconfig command in Step 14.
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 router up
6000:3333::eeee:1113 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 \ tsrc 2001::eeee:3333:3333 tdst 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 router up
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme0 ## enigma 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 inet6 private
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme1 ## enigma 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 inet6 router
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme0 ## partym 6000:3333::eeee:1113 inet6 private
# cat /etc/hostname6.hme1 ## partym2001::eeee:3333:3333 inet6 router
# routeadm -e ipv6-routing # routeadm -u
Example 20-17 Using Deprecated Syntax to Configure IPsec in Transport Mode Using IPv6
In this example, the administrator is connecting a Solaris 10 7/07 system with a system that is running the Oracle Solaris 10 release. Therefore, the administrator uses Solaris 10 syntax in the configuration file and includes the IPsec algorithms in the ifconfig command.
The administrator follows the procedure How to Protect a VPN With an IPsec Tunnel in Transport Mode Using IPv6 with the following changes in syntax.
For Step 4, the syntax of the ipsecinit.conf file is the following:
# IPv6 Neighbor Discovery messages bypass IPsec.
{ulp ipv6-icmp type 133-137 dir both} pass {}
# LAN traffic can bypass IPsec.
{laddr 6000:3333::eeee:1113 dir both} bypass {}
# WAN traffic uses ESP with AES and SHA-1.
{} ipsec {encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1}For Step 14 to Step 17, the syntax to configure a secure tunnel is the following:
# ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 plumb # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 \ encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 # ifconfig ip6.tun0 inet6 router up
The IPsec policy that is passed to the ifconfig commands must be the same as the IPsec policy in the ipsecinit.conf file. Upon reboot, each system reads the ipsecinit.conf file for its policy.
For Step 20, the syntax of the hostname6.ip6.tun0 file is the following:
6000:6666::aaaa:1116 6000:3333::eeee:1113 \ tsrc 2001::aaaa:6666:6666 tdst 2001::eeee:3333:3333 \ encr_algs aes encr_auth_algs sha1 router up
To prevent the system from forwarding packets to another interface without trying to decrypt them, the system needs to check for IP spoofing. One method of prevention is to set the IP strict destination multihoming parameter by using the ndd command. When this parameter is set in an SMF manifest, the parameter is set when the system reboots.
Note - Perform the steps in this procedure on both systems.
The Primary Administrator role includes the Primary Administrator profile. To create the role and assign the role to a user, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in Oracle Solaris Administration: Basic Administration.
Use the following sample script, /var/svc/manifest/site/spoof_check.xml.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE service_bundle SYSTEM "/usr/share/lib/xml/dtd/service_bundle.dtd.1">
<service_bundle type='manifest' name='Custom:ip_spoof_checking'>
<!-- This is a custom smf(5) manifest for this system. Place this
file in /var/svc/manifest/site, the directory for local
system customizations. The exec method uses an unstable
interface to provide a degree of protection against IP
spoofing attacks when this system is acting as a router.
IP spoof protection can also be achieved by using ipfilter(5).
If ipfilter is configured, this service can be disabled.
Note: Unstable interfaces might be removed in later
releases. See attributes(5).
-->
<service
name='site/ip_spoofcheck'
type='service'
version='1'>
<create_default_instance enabled='false' />
<single_instance />
<!-- Don't enable spoof protection until the
network is up.
-->
<dependency
name='basic_network'
grouping='require_all'
restart_on='none'
type='service'>
<service_fmri value='svc:/milestone/network' />
</dependency>
<exec_method
type='method'
name='start'
exec='/usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/ip ip_strict_dst_multihoming 1'
<!--
For an IPv6 network, use the IPv6 version of this command, as in:
exec='/usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/ip ip6_strict_dst_multihoming 1
-->
timeout_seconds='60'
/>
<exec_method
type='method'
name='stop'
exec=':true'
timeout_seconds='3'
/>
<property_group name='startd' type='framework'>
<propval
name='duration'
type='astring'
value='transient'
/>
</property_group>
<stability value='Unstable' />
</service>
</service_bundle># svccfg import /var/svc/manifest/site/spoof_check.xml
Use the name that is defined in the manifest, /site/ip_spoofcheck.
# svcadm enable /site/ip_spoofcheck
# svcs /site/ip_spoofcheck
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