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Oracle Solaris Studio 12.3：线程分析器用户指南     Oracle Solaris Studio 12.3 Information Library (简体中文)
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前言

1.  什么是线程分析器？它有什么作用？

2.  数据争用教程

3.  死锁教程

3.1 关于死锁

3.2 获取死锁教程源文件

3.2.1 din_philo.c 的源代码内容

3.3 哲学家就餐方案

3.3.1 哲学家如何发生死锁

3.3.2 为 1 号哲学家引入一段休眠时间

3.4 如何使用线程分析器查找死锁

3.4.1 编译源代码

3.4.2 创建死锁检测实验

3.4.3 检查死锁检测实验

3.4.3.1 使用线程分析器查看死锁检测实验

3.4.3.2 使用 er_print 查看死锁检测实验

3.5 了解死锁实验结果

3.5.1 检查出现死锁的运行

3.5.2 检查存在潜在死锁但仍可完成的运行

3.6 修复死锁和了解误报

3.6.1 使用令牌控制哲学家

3.6.1.1 误报的报告

3.6.2 另一种令牌机制

A.  线程分析器可识别的 API

B.  有用提示

3.5 了解死锁实验结果

本节说明如何使用线程分析器检查哲学家就餐程序中的死锁。

3.5.1 检查出现死锁的运行

下面列出了导致实际死锁的哲学家就餐程序的一次运行。

% cc -g -o din_philo din_philo.c
% collect -r deadlock -o din_philo.1.er din_philo
Creating experiment database din_philo.1.er ...
Philosopher 1 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 2 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 3 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 0 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 1: got right  chopstick 1
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 1: got left chopstick 2
Philosopher 3: got left chopstick 4
Philosopher 4 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 1: eating.
Philosopher 3: eating.
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
Philosopher 4: got right  chopstick 4
Philosopher 2: got right  chopstick 2
Philosopher 0: got left chopstick 1
Philosopher 0: eating.
Philosopher 1: got right  chopstick 1
Philosopher 4: got left chopstick 0
Philosopher 4: eating.
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 3: got left chopstick 4
Philosopher 3: eating.
Philosopher 4: got right  chopstick 4
Philosopher 2: got left chopstick 3
Philosopher 2: eating.
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
Philosopher 1: got left chopstick 2
Philosopher 1: eating.
Philosopher 2: got right  chopstick 2
Philosopher 0: got left chopstick 1
Philosopher 0: eating.
Philosopher 1: got right  chopstick 1
Philosopher 4: got left chopstick 0
Philosopher 4: eating.
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 3: got left chopstick 4
Philosopher 3: eating.
...
Philosopher 4: got right  chopstick 4
Philosopher 2: got left chopstick 3
Philosopher 2: eating.
Philosopher 2: got right  chopstick 2
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
(hang)

Execution terminated by pressing CTRL-C

键入以下命令以使用 er_print 实用程序检查实验：

% er_print din_philo.1.er
(er_print) deadlocks
Deadlock #1, Potential deadlock
  Thread #2
    Lock being held:        0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #3
    Lock being held:        0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #4
    Lock being held:        0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #5
    Lock being held:        0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #6
    Lock being held:        0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"

Deadlock #2, Actual deadlock
  Thread #2
    Lock being held:        0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #3
    Lock being held:        0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #4
    Lock being held:        0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #5
    Lock being held:        0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #6
    Lock being held:        0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested:   0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"

Deadlocks List Summary: Experiment: din_philo.1.er Total Deadlocks: 2
(er_print)

以下屏幕抓图显示了线程分析器中显示的死锁信息。

图 3-2 din_philo.c 中检测到的死锁

image:线程分析器窗口的屏幕抓图，显示了实际的死锁。

线程分析器报告了 din_philo.c 的两个死锁，一个是潜在死锁，另一个是实际死锁。通过进一步检查，可以发现两个死锁是相同的。

该死锁涉及的循环链如下：

线程 2：在地址 0x215a0 持有锁，在地址 0x215b8 请求锁
线程 3：在地址 0x215b8 持有锁，在地址 0x215d0 请求锁
线程 4：在地址 0x215d0 持有锁，在地址 0x215e8 请求锁
线程 5：在地址 0x215e8 持有锁，在地址 0x21600 请求锁
线程 6：在地址 0x21600 持有锁，在地址 0x215a0 请求锁

选择循环链中的第一个线程（线程 2），然后单击 "Dual Source"（双源）标签，可以在源代码中看到，线程 2 获得了地址 0x215a0 处的锁，在源代码中还可以看到，该线程请求了地址 0x215b8 处的锁。

以下屏幕抓图显示了对应于线程 2 的 "Dual Source"（双源）标签。屏幕抓图的上半部分显示了线程 2 通过在第 106 行调用 pthread_mutex_lock() 获取了地址 0x215a0 处的锁。屏幕抓图的下半部分显示了同一线程通过在第 106 行调用 pthread_mutex_lock() 请求了地址 0x215b8 处的锁。在对 pthread_mutex_lock() 的两次调用中，分别使用了不同的锁作为参数。通常，锁获取和锁请求操作可能不在同一源代码行上。

在屏幕抓图中每个源代码行的左侧会显示缺省的度量："Exclusive Deadlocks"（互斥死锁）度量。此度量显示了该源代码行上报告的（死锁涉及的）锁获取或锁请求操作的总次数。只有属于死锁循环链一部分的源代码行才具有此度量的值，并且该值大于零。

图 3-3 din_philo.c 中的潜在死锁

image:线程分析器 "Dual Source"（双源）标签的屏幕抓图，显示了潜在的死锁。

3.5.2 检查存在潜在死锁但仍可完成的运行

如果提供足够大的休眠参数，哲学家就餐程序就可避免实际死锁并正常终止。但是，正常终止并不意味着程序可以完全避免死锁。它仅仅表示在给定的一次运行中，持有和请求的锁未形成死锁链。如果在其他运行中出现了时间变化，则仍可能会发生实际死锁。下面列出了由于引入 40 秒休眠时间而正常终止的哲学家就餐程序的一次运行。但是，er_print 实用程序和线程分析器会报告潜在死锁。

% cc -g -o din_philo_pt din_philo.c
% collect -r deadlock -o din_philo_pt.1.er din_philo_pt 40
Creating experiment database tha.2.er ...
Philosopher 0 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 2 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 1 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 3 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 2: got right  chopstick 2
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 4 is done thinking and now ready to eat.
Philosopher 0: got left chopstick 1
Philosopher 0: eating.
Philosopher 3: got left chopstick 4
Philosopher 3: eating.
Philosopher 0: got left chopstick 1
Philosopher 0: eating.
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 2: got left chopstick 3
Philosopher 2: eating.
...
Philosopher 4: got right  chopstick 4
Philosopher 3: got right  chopstick 3
Philosopher 2: got right  chopstick 2
Philosopher 4: got left chopstick 0
Philosopher 4: eating.
Philosopher 4 is done eating.
Philosopher 3: got left chopstick 4
Philosopher 3: eating.
Philosopher 0: got right  chopstick 0
Philosopher 0: got left chopstick 1
Philosopher 0: eating.
Philosopher 3 is done eating.
Philosopher 2: got left chopstick 3
Philosopher 2: eating.
Philosopher 0 is done eating.
Philosopher 2 is done eating.
Philosopher 1: got right  chopstick 1
Philosopher 1: got left chopstick 2
Philosopher 1: eating.
Philosopher 1 is done eating.
%

Execution terminated normally

键入下列以粗体显示的命令以使用 er_print 实用程序检查实验：

% er_print din_philo_pt.1.er
(er_print) deadlocks
Deadlock #1, Potential deadlock
  Thread #2
    Lock being held:      0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested: 0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #3
    Lock being held:      0x215b8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested: 0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #4
    Lock being held:      0x215d0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested: 0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #5
    Lock being held:      0x215e8, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested: 0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
  Thread #6
    Lock being held:      0x21600, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"
    Lock being requested: 0x215a0, at: grab_chopstick + 0x0000002C, line 106 in "din_philo.c"

Deadlocks List Summary: Experiment: din_philo_pt.1.er Total Deadlocks: 1
(er_print)

以下屏幕抓图显示了线程分析器界面中的潜在死锁信息。

图 3-4 din_philo.c 中的潜在死锁

image:线程分析器窗口的屏幕抓图，显示了潜在的死锁。
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