as
(1g)
Name
as - the portable GNU assembler.
Synopsis
as [-a[cdghlns][=file]] [--alternate] [-D]
[--compress-debug-sections] [--nocompress-debug-sections]
[--debug-prefix-map old=new]
[--defsym sym=val] [-f] [-g] [--gstabs]
[--gstabs+] [--gdwarf-2] [--help] [-I dir] [-J]
[-K] [-L] [--listing-lhs-width=NUM]
[--listing-lhs-width2=NUM] [--listing-rhs-width=NUM]
[--listing-cont-lines=NUM] [--keep-locals] [-o
objfile] [-R] [--reduce-memory-overheads] [--statistics]
[-v] [-version] [--version] [-W] [--warn]
[--fatal-warnings] [-w] [-x] [-Z] [@FILE]
[--size-check=[error|warning]]
[--target-help] [target-options]
[--|files ...]
Target AArch64 options:
[-EB|-EL]
Target Alpha options:
[-mcpu]
[-mdebug | -no-mdebug]
[-replace | -noreplace]
[-relax] [-g] [-Gsize]
[-F] [-32addr]
Target ARC options:
[-marc[5|6|7|8]]
[-EB|-EL]
Target ARM options:
[-mcpu=processor[+extension...]]
[-march=architecture[+extension...]]
[-mfpu=floating-point-format]
[-mfloat-abi=abi]
[-meabi=ver]
[-mthumb]
[-EB|-EL]
[-mapcs-32|-mapcs-26|-mapcs-float|
-mapcs-reentrant]
[-mthumb-interwork] [-k]
Target Blackfin options:
[-mcpu=processor[-sirevision]]
[-mfdpic]
[-mno-fdpic]
[-mnopic]
Description
GNU Development Tools AS(1)
NAME
AS - the portable GNU assembler.
SYNOPSIS
as [-a[cdghlns][=file]] [--alternate] [-D]
[--compress-debug-sections] [--nocompress-debug-sections]
[--debug-prefix-map old=new]
[--defsym sym=val] [-f] [-g] [--gstabs]
[--gstabs+] [--gdwarf-2] [--help] [-I dir] [-J]
[-K] [-L] [--listing-lhs-width=NUM]
[--listing-lhs-width2=NUM] [--listing-rhs-width=NUM]
[--listing-cont-lines=NUM] [--keep-locals] [-o
objfile] [-R] [--reduce-memory-overheads] [--statistics]
[-v] [-version] [--version] [-W] [--warn]
[--fatal-warnings] [-w] [-x] [-Z] [@FILE]
[--size-check=[error|warning]]
[--target-help] [target-options]
[--|files ...]
Target AArch64 options:
[-EB|-EL]
Target Alpha options:
[-mcpu]
[-mdebug | -no-mdebug]
[-replace | -noreplace]
[-relax] [-g] [-Gsize]
[-F] [-32addr]
Target ARC options:
[-marc[5|6|7|8]]
[-EB|-EL]
Target ARM options:
[-mcpu=processor[+extension...]]
[-march=architecture[+extension...]]
[-mfpu=floating-point-format]
[-mfloat-abi=abi]
[-meabi=ver]
[-mthumb]
[-EB|-EL]
[-mapcs-32|-mapcs-26|-mapcs-float|
-mapcs-reentrant]
[-mthumb-interwork] [-k]
Target Blackfin options:
[-mcpu=processor[-sirevision]]
[-mfdpic]
[-mno-fdpic]
[-mnopic]
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Target CRIS options:
[--underscore | --no-underscore]
[--pic] [-N]
[--emulation=criself | --emulation=crisaout]
[--march=v0_v10 | --march=v10 | --march=v32 |
--march=common_v10_v32]
Target D10V options:
[-O]
Target D30V options:
[-O|-n|-N]
Target EPIPHANY options:
[-mepiphany|-mepiphany16]
Target H8/300 options:
[-h-tick-hex]
Target i386 options:
[--32|--n32|--64] [-n]
[-march=CPU[+EXTENSION...]] [-mtune=CPU]
Target i960 options:
[-ACA|-ACA_A|-ACB|-ACC|-AKA|-AKB|
-AKC|-AMC]
[-b] [-no-relax]
Target IA-64 options:
[-mconstant-gp|-mauto-pic]
[-milp32|-milp64|-mlp64|-mp64]
[-mle|mbe]
[-mtune=itanium1|-mtune=itanium2]
[-munwind-check=warning|-munwind-check=error]
[-mhint.b=ok|-mhint.b=warning|-mhint.b=error]
[-x|-xexplicit] [-xauto] [-xdebug]
Target IP2K options:
[-mip2022|-mip2022ext]
Target M32C options:
[-m32c|-m16c] [-relax] [-h-tick-hex]
Target M32R options:
[--m32rx|--[no-]warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts|
--W[n]p]
Target M680X0 options:
[-l] [-m68000|-m68010|-m68020|...]
Target M68HC11 options:
[-m68hc11|-m68hc12|-m68hcs12|-mm9s12x|-mm9s12xg]
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[-mshort|-mlong]
[-mshort-double|-mlong-double]
[--force-long-branches] [--short-branches]
[--strict-direct-mode] [--print-insn-syntax]
[--print-opcodes] [--generate-example]
Target MCORE options:
[-jsri2bsr] [-sifilter] [-relax]
[-mcpu=[210|340]] Target MICROBLAZE options:
Target MIPS options:
[-nocpp] [-EL] [-EB] [-O[optimization level]]
[-g[debug level]] [-G num] [-KPIC] [-call_shared]
[-non_shared] [-xgot [-mvxworks-pic]
[-mabi=ABI] [-32] [-n32] [-64] [-mfp32] [-mgp32]
[-march=CPU] [-mtune=CPU] [-mips1] [-mips2]
[-mips3] [-mips4] [-mips5] [-mips32] [-mips32r2]
[-mips64] [-mips64r2]
[-construct-floats] [-no-construct-floats]
[-trap] [-no-break] [-break] [-no-trap]
[-mips16] [-no-mips16]
[-mmicromips] [-mno-micromips]
[-msmartmips] [-mno-smartmips]
[-mips3d] [-no-mips3d]
[-mdmx] [-no-mdmx]
[-mdsp] [-mno-dsp]
[-mdspr2] [-mno-dspr2]
[-mmt] [-mno-mt]
[-mmcu] [-mno-mcu]
[-mfix7000] [-mno-fix7000]
[-mfix-vr4120] [-mno-fix-vr4120]
[-mfix-vr4130] [-mno-fix-vr4130]
[-mdebug] [-no-mdebug]
[-mpdr] [-mno-pdr]
Target MMIX options:
[--fixed-special-register-names] [--globalize-symbols]
[--gnu-syntax] [--relax] [--no-predefined-symbols]
[--no-expand] [--no-merge-gregs] [-x]
[--linker-allocated-gregs]
Target PDP11 options:
[-mpic|-mno-pic] [-mall] [-mno-extensions]
[-mextension|-mno-extension]
[-mcpu] [-mmachine]
Target picoJava options:
[-mb|-me]
Target PowerPC options:
[-a32|-a64]
[-mpwrx|-mpwr2|-mpwr|-m601|-mppc|-mppc32|-m603|-m604|-m403|-m405|
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-m440|-m464|-m476|-m7400|-m7410|-m7450|-m7455|-m750cl|-mppc64|
-m620|-me500|-e500x2|-me500mc|-me500mc64|-me5500|-me6500|-mppc64bridge|
-mbooke|-mpower4|-mpr4|-mpower5|-mpwr5|-mpwr5x|-mpower6|-mpwr6|
-mpower7|-mpw7|-ma2|-mcell|-mspe|-mtitan|-me300|-mcom]
[-many] [-maltivec|-mvsx]
[-mregnames|-mno-regnames]
[-mrelocatable|-mrelocatable-lib|-K PIC] [-memb]
[-mlittle|-mlittle-endian|-le|-mbig|-mbig-endian|-be]
[-msolaris|-mno-solaris]
[-nops=count]
Target RX options:
[-mlittle-endian|-mbig-endian]
[-m32bit-ints|-m16bit-ints]
[-m32bit-doubles|-m64bit-doubles]
Target s390 options:
[-m31|-m64] [-mesa|-mzarch] [-march=CPU]
[-mregnames|-mno-regnames]
[-mwarn-areg-zero]
Target SCORE options:
[-EB][-EL][-FIXDD][-NWARN]
[-SCORE5][-SCORE5U][-SCORE7][-SCORE3]
[-march=score7][-march=score3]
[-USE_R1][-KPIC][-O0][-G num][-V]
Target SPARC options:
[-Av6|-Av7|-Av8|-Asparclet|-Asparclite
-Av8plus|-Av8plusa|-Av9|-Av9a]
[-xarch=v8plus|-xarch=v8plusa] [-bump]
[-32|-64]
Target TIC54X options:
[-mcpu=54[123589]|-mcpu=54[56]lp] [-mfar-mode|-mf]
[-merrors-to-file <filename>|-me <filename>]
Target TIC6X options:
[-march=arch] [-mbig-endian|-mlittle-endian]
[-mdsbt|-mno-dsbt] [-mpid=no|-mpid=near|-mpid=far]
[-mpic|-mno-pic]
Target TILE-Gx options:
[-m32|-m64][-EB][-EL]
Target Xtensa options:
[--[no-]text-section-literals] [--[no-]absolute-literals]
[--[no-]target-align] [--[no-]longcalls]
[--[no-]transform]
[--rename-section oldname=newname]
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Target Z80 options:
[-z80] [-r800]
[ -ignore-undocumented-instructions] [-Wnud]
[ -ignore-unportable-instructions] [-Wnup]
[ -warn-undocumented-instructions] [-Wud]
[ -warn-unportable-instructions] [-Wup]
[ -forbid-undocumented-instructions] [-Fud]
[ -forbid-unportable-instructions] [-Fup]
DESCRIPTION
GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or
have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should
find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
architecture. Each version has much in common with the
others, including object file formats, most assembler
directives (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.
as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
compiler "gcc" for use by the linker "ld". Nevertheless,
we've tried to make as assemble correctly everything that
other assemblers for the same machine would assemble. Any
exceptions are documented explicitly. This doesn't mean as
always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the
same architecture; for example, we know of several
incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
Each time you run as it assembles exactly one source
program. The source program is made up of one or more
files. (The standard input is also a file.)
You give as a command line that has zero or more input file
names. The input files are read (from left file name to
right). A command line argument (in any position) that has
no special meaning is taken to be an input file name.
If you give as no file names it attempts to read one input
file from the as standard input, which is normally your
terminal. You may have to type ctl-D to tell as there is no
more program to assemble.
Use -- if you need to explicitly name the standard input
file in your command line.
If the source is empty, as produces a small, empty object
file.
as may write warnings and error messages to the standard
error file (usually your terminal). This should not happen
when a compiler runs as automatically. Warnings report an
assumption made so that as could keep assembling a flawed
program; errors report a grave problem that stops the
assembly.
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If you are invoking as via the GNU C compiler, you can use
the -Wa option to pass arguments through to the assembler.
The assembler arguments must be separated from each other
(and the -Wa) by commas. For example:
gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
This passes two options to the assembler: -alh (emit a
listing to standard output with high-level and assembly
source) and -L (retain local symbols in the symbol table).
Usually you do not need to use this -Wa mechanism, since
many compiler command-line options are automatically passed
to the assembler by the compiler. (You can call the GNU
compiler driver with the -v option to see precisely what
options it passes to each compilation pass, including the
assembler.)
OPTIONS
@file
Read command-line options from file. The options read
are inserted in place of the original @file option. If
file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option
will be treated literally, and not removed.
Options in file are separated by whitespace. A
whitespace character may be included in an option by
surrounding the entire option in either single or double
quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be
included by prefixing the character to be included with
a backslash. The file may itself contain additional
@file options; any such options will be processed
recursively.
-a[cdghlmns]
Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:
-ac omit false conditionals
-ad omit debugging directives
-ag include general information, like as version and
options passed
-ah include high-level source
-al include assembly
-am include macro expansions
-an omit forms processing
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-as include symbols
=file
set the name of the listing file
You may combine these options; for example, use -aln for
assembly listing without forms processing. The =file
option, if used, must be the last one. By itself, -a
defaults to -ahls.
--alternate
Begin in alternate macro mode.
--compress-debug-sections
Compress DWARF debug sections using zlib. The debug
sections are renamed to begin with .zdebug, and the
resulting object file may not be compatible with older
linkers and object file utilities.
--nocompress-debug-sections
Do not compress DWARF debug sections. This is the
default.
-D Ignored. This option is accepted for script
compatibility with calls to other assemblers.
--debug-prefix-map old=new
When assembling files in directory old, record debugging
information describing them as in new instead.
--defsym sym=value
Define the symbol sym to be value before assembling the
input file. value must be an integer constant. As in
C, a leading 0x indicates a hexadecimal value, and a
leading 0 indicates an octal value. The value of the
symbol can be overridden inside a source file via the
use of a ".set" pseudo-op.
-f "fast"---skip whitespace and comment preprocessing
(assume source is compiler output).
-g
--gen-debug
Generate debugging information for each assembler source
line using whichever debug format is preferred by the
target. This currently means either STABS, ECOFF or
DWARF2.
--gstabs
Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler
line. This may help debugging assembler code, if the
debugger can handle it.
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--gstabs+
Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler
line, with GNU extensions that probably only gdb can
handle, and that could make other debuggers crash or
refuse to read your program. This may help debugging
assembler code. Currently the only GNU extension is the
location of the current working directory at assembling
time.
--gdwarf-2
Generate DWARF2 debugging information for each assembler
line. This may help debugging assembler code, if the
debugger can handle it. Note---this option is only
supported by some targets, not all of them.
--size-check=error
--size-check=warning
Issue an error or warning for invalid ELF .size
directive.
--help
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
--target-help
Print a summary of all target specific options and exit.
-I dir
Add directory dir to the search list for ".include"
directives.
-J Don't warn about signed overflow.
-K Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long
displacements.
-L
--keep-locals
Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols. These symbols
start with system-specific local label prefixes,
typically .L for ELF systems or L for traditional a.out
systems.
--listing-lhs-width=number
Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data
column for an assembler listing to number.
--listing-lhs-width2=number
Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data
column for continuation lines in an assembler listing to
number.
--listing-rhs-width=number
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Set the maximum width of an input source line, as
displayed in a listing, to number bytes.
--listing-cont-lines=number
Set the maximum number of lines printed in a listing for
a single line of input to number + 1.
-o objfile
Name the object-file output from as objfile.
-R Fold the data section into the text section.
Set the default size of GAS's hash tables to a prime
number close to number. Increasing this value can
reduce the length of time it takes the assembler to
perform its tasks, at the expense of increasing the
assembler's memory requirements. Similarly reducing
this value can reduce the memory requirements at the
expense of speed.
--reduce-memory-overheads
This option reduces GAS's memory requirements, at the
expense of making the assembly processes slower.
Currently this switch is a synonym for --hash-size=4051,
but in the future it may have other effects as well.
--statistics
Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in
seconds) used by assembly.
--strip-local-absolute
Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol
table.
-v
-version
Print the as version.
--version
Print the as version and exit.
-W
--no-warn
Suppress warning messages.
--fatal-warnings
Treat warnings as errors.
--warn
Don't suppress warning messages or treat them as errors.
-w Ignored.
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-x Ignored.
-Z Generate an object file even after errors.
-- | files ...
Standard input, or source files to assemble.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the 64-bit mode of the ARM Architecture (AArch64).
-EB This option specifies that the output generated by the
assembler should be marked as being encoded for a big-
endian processor.
-EL This option specifies that the output generated by the
assembler should be marked as being encoded for a
little-endian processor.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an Alpha processor.
-mcpu
This option specifies the target processor. If an
attempt is made to assemble an instruction which will
not execute on the target processor, the assembler may
either expand the instruction as a macro or issue an
error message. This option is equivalent to the ".arch"
directive.
The following processor names are recognized: 21064,
"21064a", 21066, 21068, 21164, "21164a", "21164pc",
21264, "21264a", "21264b", "ev4", "ev5", "lca45", "ev5",
"ev56", "pca56", "ev6", "ev67", "ev68". The special
name "all" may be used to allow the assembler to accept
instructions valid for any Alpha processor.
In order to support existing practice in OSF/1 with
respect to ".arch", and existing practice within MILO
(the Linux ARC bootloader), the numbered processor names
(e.g. 21064) enable the processor-specific PALcode
instructions, while the "electro-vlasic" names (e.g.
"ev4") do not.
-mdebug
-no-mdebug
Enables or disables the generation of ".mdebug"
encapsulation for stabs directives and procedure
descriptors. The default is to automatically enable
".mdebug" when the first stabs directive is seen.
-relax
This option forces all relocations to be put into the
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object file, instead of saving space and resolving some
relocations at assembly time. Note that this option
does not propagate all symbol arithmetic into the object
file, because not all symbol arithmetic can be
represented. However, the option can still be useful in
specific applications.
-replace
-noreplace
Enables or disables the optimization of procedure calls,
both at assemblage and at link time. These options are
only available for VMS targets and "-replace" is the
default. See section 1.4.1 of the OpenVMS Linker
Utility Manual.
-g This option is used when the compiler generates debug
information. When gcc is using mips-tfile to generate
debug information for ECOFF, local labels must be passed
through to the object file. Otherwise this option has
no effect.
-Gsize
A local common symbol larger than size is placed in
".bss", while smaller symbols are placed in ".sbss".
-F
-32addr
These options are ignored for backward compatibility.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an ARC processor.
-marc[5|6|7|8]
This option selects the core processor variant.
-EB | -EL
Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL)
output.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the ARM processor family.
-mcpu=processor[+extension...]
Specify which ARM processor variant is the target.
-march=architecture[+extension...]
Specify which ARM architecture variant is used by the
target.
-mfpu=floating-point-format
Select which Floating Point architecture is the target.
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-mfloat-abi=abi
Select which floating point ABI is in use.
-mthumb
Enable Thumb only instruction decoding.
-mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26 | -mapcs-float | -mapcs-reentrant
Select which procedure calling convention is in use.
-EB | -EL
Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL)
output.
-mthumb-interwork
Specify that the code has been generated with
interworking between Thumb and ARM code in mind.
-k Specify that PIC code has been generated.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Blackfin processor family.
-mcpu=processor[-sirevision]
This option specifies the target processor. The
optional sirevision is not used in assembler. It's here
such that GCC can easily pass down its "-mcpu=" option.
The assembler will issue an error message if an attempt
is made to assemble an instruction which will not
execute on the target processor. The following
processor names are recognized: "bf504", "bf506",
"bf512", "bf514", "bf516", "bf518", "bf522", "bf523",
"bf524", "bf525", "bf526", "bf527", "bf531", "bf532",
"bf533", "bf534", "bf535" (not implemented yet),
"bf536", "bf537", "bf538", "bf539", "bf542", "bf542m",
"bf544", "bf544m", "bf547", "bf547m", "bf548", "bf548m",
"bf549", "bf549m", "bf561", and "bf592".
-mfdpic
Assemble for the FDPIC ABI.
-mno-fdpic
-mnopic
Disable -mfdpic.
See the info pages for documentation of the CRIS-specific
options.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a D10V processor.
-O Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
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The following options are available when as is configured
for a D30V processor.
-O Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
-n Warn when nops are generated.
-N Warn when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is
generated.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an Epiphany processor.
-mepiphany
Specifies that the both 32 and 16 bit instructions are
allowed. This is the default behavior.
-mepiphany16
Restricts the permitted instructions to just the 16 bit
set.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an i386 processor.
--32 | --x32 | --64
Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits. --32
implies Intel i386 architecture, while --x32 and --64
imply AMD x86-64 architecture with 32-bit or 64-bit
word-size respectively.
These options are only available with the ELF object
file format, and require that the necessary BFD support
has been included (on a 32-bit platform you have to add
--enable-64-bit-bfd to configure enable 64-bit usage and
use x86-64 as target platform).
-n By default, x86 GAS replaces multiple nop instructions
used for alignment within code sections with multi-byte
nop instructions such as leal 0(%esi,1),%esi. This
switch disables the optimization.
--divide
On SVR4-derived platforms, the character / is treated as
a comment character, which means that it cannot be used
in expressions. The --divide option turns / into a
normal character. This does not disable / at the
beginning of a line starting a comment, or affect using
# for starting a comment.
-march=CPU[+EXTENSION...]
This option specifies the target processor. The
assembler will issue an error message if an attempt is
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made to assemble an instruction which will not execute
on the target processor. The following processor names
are recognized: "i8086", "i186", "i286", "i386", "i486",
"i586", "i686", "pentium", "pentiumpro", "pentiumii",
"pentiumiii", "pentium4", "prescott", "nocona", "core",
"core2", "corei7", "l1om", "k1om", "k6", "k6_2",
"athlon", "opteron", "k8", "amdfam10", "bdver1",
"bdver2", "bdver3", "btver1", "btver2", "generic32" and
"generic64".
In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler
can be told to accept various extension mnemonics. For
example, "-march=i686+sse4+vmx" extends i686 with sse4
and vmx. The following extensions are currently
supported: 8087, 287, 387, "no87", "mmx", "nommx",
"sse", "sse2", "sse3", "ssse3", "sse4.1", "sse4.2",
"sse4", "nosse", "avx", "avx2", "adx", "rdseed",
"prfchw", "noavx", "vmx", "vmfunc", "smx", "xsave",
"xsaveopt", "aes", "pclmul", "fsgsbase", "rdrnd",
"f16c", "bmi2", "fma", "movbe", "ept", "lzcnt", "hle",
"rtm", "invpcid", "clflush", "lwp", "fma4", "xop",
"syscall", "rdtscp", "3dnow", "3dnowa", "sse4a", "sse5",
"svme", "abm" and "padlock". Note that rather than
extending a basic instruction set, the extension
mnemonics starting with "no" revoke the respective
functionality.
When the ".arch" directive is used with -march, the
".arch" directive will take precedent.
-mtune=CPU
This option specifies a processor to optimize for. When
used in conjunction with the -march option, only
instructions of the processor specified by the -march
option will be generated.
Valid CPU values are identical to the processor list of
-march=CPU.
-msse2avx
This option specifies that the assembler should encode
SSE instructions with VEX prefix.
-msse-check=none
-msse-check=warning
-msse-check=error
These options control if the assembler should check SSE
intructions. -msse-check=none will make the assembler
not to check SSE instructions, which is the default.
-msse-check=warning will make the assembler issue a
warning for any SSE intruction. -msse-check=error will
make the assembler issue an error for any SSE
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
intruction.
-mavxscalar=128
-mavxscalar=256
These options control how the assembler should encode
scalar AVX instructions. -mavxscalar=128 will encode
scalar AVX instructions with 128bit vector length, which
is the default. -mavxscalar=256 will encode scalar AVX
instructions with 256bit vector length.
-mmnemonic=att
-mmnemonic=intel
This option specifies instruction mnemonic for matching
instructions. The ".att_mnemonic" and ".intel_mnemonic"
directives will take precedent.
-msyntax=att
-msyntax=intel
This option specifies instruction syntax when processing
instructions. The ".att_syntax" and ".intel_syntax"
directives will take precedent.
-mnaked-reg
This opetion specifies that registers don't require a %
prefix. The ".att_syntax" and ".intel_syntax"
directives will take precedent.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Intel 80960 processor.
-ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the
target.
-b Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
-no-relax
Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long
displacements; error if necessary.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Ubicom IP2K series.
-mip2022ext
Specifies that the extended IP2022 instructions are
allowed.
-mip2022
Restores the default behaviour, which restricts the
permitted instructions to just the basic IP2022 ones.
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Renesas M32C and M16C processors.
-m32c
Assemble M32C instructions.
-m16c
Assemble M16C instructions (the default).
-relax
Enable support for link-time relaxations.
-h-tick-hex
Support H'00 style hex constants in addition to 0x00
style.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Renesas M32R (formerly Mitsubishi M32R) series.
--m32rx
Specify which processor in the M32R family is the
target. The default is normally the M32R, but this
option changes it to the M32RX.
--warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wp
Produce warning messages when questionable parallel
constructs are encountered.
--no-warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wnp
Do not produce warning messages when questionable
parallel constructs are encountered.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Motorola 68000 series.
-l Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word
instead of two.
-m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030
| -m68040 | -m68060 | -m68302 | -m68331 | -m68332
| -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32 | -m5200
Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the
target. The default is normally the 68020, but this can
be changed at configuration time.
-m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882
The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-
point coprocessor. The default is to assume a
coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32. Although the
basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a
combination of the two can be specified, since it's
possible to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
with the main processor.
-m68851 | -mno-68851
The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-
management unit coprocessor. The default is to assume
an MMU for 68020 and up.
For details about the PDP-11 machine dependent features
options, see PDP-11-Options.
-mpic | -mno-pic
Generate position-independent (or position-dependent)
code. The default is -mpic.
-mall
-mall-extensions
Enable all instruction set extensions. This is the
default.
-mno-extensions
Disable all instruction set extensions.
-mextension | -mno-extension
Enable (or disable) a particular instruction set
extension.
-mcpu
Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a
particular CPU, and disable all other extensions.
-mmachine
Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a
particular machine model, and disable all other
extensions.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a picoJava processor.
-mb Generate "big endian" format output.
-ml Generate "little endian" format output.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the Motorola 68HC11 or 68HC12 series.
-m68hc11 | -m68hc12 | -m68hcs12 | -mm9s12x | -mm9s12xg
Specify what processor is the target. The default is
defined by the configuration option when building the
assembler.
--xgate-ramoffset
Instruct the linker to offset RAM addresses from S12X
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
address space into XGATE address space.
-mshort
Specify to use the 16-bit integer ABI.
-mlong
Specify to use the 32-bit integer ABI.
-mshort-double
Specify to use the 32-bit double ABI.
-mlong-double
Specify to use the 64-bit double ABI.
--force-long-branches
Relative branches are turned into absolute ones. This
concerns conditional branches, unconditional branches
and branches to a sub routine.
-S | --short-branches
Do not turn relative branches into absolute ones when
the offset is out of range.
--strict-direct-mode
Do not turn the direct addressing mode into extended
addressing mode when the instruction does not support
direct addressing mode.
--print-insn-syntax
Print the syntax of instruction in case of error.
--print-opcodes
Print the list of instructions with syntax and then
exit.
--generate-example
Print an example of instruction for each possible
instruction and then exit. This option is only useful
for testing as.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the SPARC architecture:
-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
-Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a
Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.
-Av8plus and -Av8plusa select a 32 bit environment.
-Av9 and -Av9a select a 64 bit environment.
-Av8plusa and -Av9a enable the SPARC V9 instruction set
with UltraSPARC extensions.
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa
For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler. These
options are equivalent to -Av8plus and -Av8plusa,
respectively.
-bump
Warn when the assembler switches to another
architecture.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the 'c54x architecture.
-mfar-mode
Enable extended addressing mode. All addresses and
relocations will assume extended addressing (usually 23
bits).
-mcpu=CPU_VERSION
Sets the CPU version being compiled for.
-merrors-to-file FILENAME
Redirect error output to a file, for broken systems
which don't support such behaviour in the shell.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a MIPS processor.
-G num
This option sets the largest size of an object that can
be referenced implicitly with the "gp" register. It is
only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format, such as
a DECstation running Ultrix. The default value is 8.
-EB Generate "big endian" format output.
-EL Generate "little endian" format output.
-mips1
-mips2
-mips3
-mips4
-mips5
-mips32
-mips32r2
-mips64
-mips64r2
Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set
Architecture level. -mips1 is an alias for
-march=r3000, -mips2 is an alias for -march=r6000,
-mips3 is an alias for -march=r4000 and -mips4 is an
alias for -march=r8000. -mips5, -mips32, -mips32r2,
-mips64, and -mips64r2 correspond to generic MIPS V,
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
MIPS32, MIPS32 Release 2, MIPS64, and MIPS64 Release 2
ISA processors, respectively.
-march=CPU
Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.
-mtune=cpu
Schedule and tune for a particular MIPS cpu.
-mfix7000
-mno-fix7000
Cause nops to be inserted if the read of the destination
register of an mfhi or mflo instruction occurs in the
following two instructions.
-mdebug
-no-mdebug
Cause stabs-style debugging output to go into an ECOFF-
style .mdebug section instead of the standard ELF .stabs
sections.
-mpdr
-mno-pdr
Control generation of ".pdr" sections.
-mgp32
-mfp32
The register sizes are normally inferred from the ISA
and ABI, but these flags force a certain group of
registers to be treated as 32 bits wide at all times.
-mgp32 controls the size of general-purpose registers
and -mfp32 controls the size of floating-point
registers.
-mips16
-no-mips16
Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor. This is
equivalent to putting ".set mips16" at the start of the
assembly file. -no-mips16 turns off this option.
-mmicromips
-mno-micromips
Generate code for the microMIPS processor. This is
equivalent to putting ".set micromips" at the start of
the assembly file. -mno-micromips turns off this
option. This is equivalent to putting ".set
nomicromips" at the start of the assembly file.
-msmartmips
-mno-smartmips
Enables the SmartMIPS extension to the MIPS32
instruction set. This is equivalent to putting ".set
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
smartmips" at the start of the assembly file.
-mno-smartmips turns off this option.
-mips3d
-no-mips3d
Generate code for the MIPS-3D Application Specific
Extension. This tells the assembler to accept MIPS-3D
instructions. -no-mips3d turns off this option.
-mdmx
-no-mdmx
Generate code for the MDMX Application Specific
Extension. This tells the assembler to accept MDMX
instructions. -no-mdmx turns off this option.
-mdsp
-mno-dsp
Generate code for the DSP Release 1 Application Specific
Extension. This tells the assembler to accept DSP
Release 1 instructions. -mno-dsp turns off this option.
-mdspr2
-mno-dspr2
Generate code for the DSP Release 2 Application Specific
Extension. This option implies -mdsp. This tells the
assembler to accept DSP Release 2 instructions.
-mno-dspr2 turns off this option.
-mmt
-mno-mt
Generate code for the MT Application Specific Extension.
This tells the assembler to accept MT instructions.
-mno-mt turns off this option.
-mmcu
-mno-mcu
Generate code for the MCU Application Specific
Extension. This tells the assembler to accept MCU
instructions. -mno-mcu turns off this option.
--construct-floats
--no-construct-floats
The --no-construct-floats option disables the
construction of double width floating point constants by
loading the two halves of the value into the two single
width floating point registers that make up the double
width register. By default --construct-floats is
selected, allowing construction of these floating point
constants.
--emulation=name
This option causes as to emulate as configured for some
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
other target, in all respects, including output format
(choosing between ELF and ECOFF only), handling of
pseudo-opcodes which may generate debugging information
or store symbol table information, and default
endianness. The available configuration names are:
mipsecoff, mipself, mipslecoff, mipsbecoff, mipslelf,
mipsbelf. The first two do not alter the default
endianness from that of the primary target for which the
assembler was configured; the others change the default
to little- or big-endian as indicated by the b or l in
the name. Using -EB or -EL will override the endianness
selection in any case.
This option is currently supported only when the primary
target as is configured for is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF
target. Furthermore, the primary target or others
specified with --enable-targets=... at configuration
time must include support for the other format, if both
are to be available. For example, the Irix 5
configuration includes support for both.
Eventually, this option will support more
configurations, with more fine-grained control over the
assembler's behavior, and will be supported for more
processors.
-nocpp
as ignores this option. It is accepted for
compatibility with the native tools.
--trap
--no-trap
--break
--no-break
Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and
division by zero. --trap or --no-break (which are
synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work for
Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher);
--break or --no-trap (also synonyms, and the default)
take a break exception.
-n When this option is used, as will issue a warning every
time it generates a nop instruction from a macro.
The following options are available when as is configured
for an MCore processor.
-jsri2bsr
-nojsri2bsr
Enable or disable the JSRI to BSR transformation. By
default this is enabled. The command line option
-nojsri2bsr can be used to disable it.
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
-sifilter
-nosifilter
Enable or disable the silicon filter behaviour. By
default this is disabled. The default can be overridden
by the -sifilter command line option.
-relax
Alter jump instructions for long displacements.
-mcpu=[210|340]
Select the cpu type on the target hardware. This
controls which instructions can be assembled.
-EB Assemble for a big endian target.
-EL Assemble for a little endian target.
See the info pages for documentation of the MMIX-specific
options.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a PowerPC processor.
-a32
Generate ELF32 or XCOFF32.
-a64
Generate ELF64 or XCOFF64.
-K PIC
Set EF_PPC_RELOCATABLE_LIB in ELF flags.
-mpwrx | -mpwr2
Generate code for POWER/2 (RIOS2).
-mpwr
Generate code for POWER (RIOS1)
-m601
Generate code for PowerPC 601.
-mppc, -mppc32, -m603, -m604
Generate code for PowerPC 603/604.
-m403, -m405
Generate code for PowerPC 403/405.
-m440
Generate code for PowerPC 440. BookE and some 405
instructions.
-m464
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
Generate code for PowerPC 464.
-m476
Generate code for PowerPC 476.
-m7400, -m7410, -m7450, -m7455
Generate code for PowerPC 7400/7410/7450/7455.
-m750cl
Generate code for PowerPC 750CL.
-mppc64, -m620
Generate code for PowerPC 620/625/630.
-me500, -me500x2
Generate code for Motorola e500 core complex.
-me500mc
Generate code for Freescale e500mc core complex.
-me500mc64
Generate code for Freescale e500mc64 core complex.
-me5500
Generate code for Freescale e5500 core complex.
-me6500
Generate code for Freescale e6500 core complex.
-mspe
Generate code for Motorola SPE instructions.
-mtitan
Generate code for AppliedMicro Titan core complex.
-mppc64bridge
Generate code for PowerPC 64, including bridge insns.
-mbooke
Generate code for 32-bit BookE.
-ma2
Generate code for A2 architecture.
-me300
Generate code for PowerPC e300 family.
-maltivec
Generate code for processors with AltiVec instructions.
-mvsx
Generate code for processors with Vector-Scalar (VSX)
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
instructions.
-mpower4, -mpwr4
Generate code for Power4 architecture.
-mpower5, -mpwr5, -mpwr5x
Generate code for Power5 architecture.
-mpower6, -mpwr6
Generate code for Power6 architecture.
-mpower7, -mpwr7
Generate code for Power7 architecture.
-mcell
Generate code for Cell Broadband Engine architecture.
-mcom
Generate code Power/PowerPC common instructions.
-many
Generate code for any architecture (PWR/PWRX/PPC).
-mregnames
Allow symbolic names for registers.
-mno-regnames
Do not allow symbolic names for registers.
-mrelocatable
Support for GCC's -mrelocatable option.
-mrelocatable-lib
Support for GCC's -mrelocatable-lib option.
-memb
Set PPC_EMB bit in ELF flags.
-mlittle, -mlittle-endian, -le
Generate code for a little endian machine.
-mbig, -mbig-endian, -be
Generate code for a big endian machine.
-msolaris
Generate code for Solaris.
-mno-solaris
Do not generate code for Solaris.
-nops=count
If an alignment directive inserts more than count nops,
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
put a branch at the beginning to skip execution of the
nops.
See the info pages for documentation of the RX-specific
options.
The following options are available when as is configured
for the s390 processor family.
-m31
-m64
Select the word size, either 31/32 bits or 64 bits.
-mesa
-mzarch
Select the architecture mode, either the Enterprise
System Architecture (esa) or the z/Architecture mode
(zarch).
-march=processor
Specify which s390 processor variant is the target, g6,
g6, z900, z990, z9-109, z9-ec, or z10.
-mregnames
-mno-regnames
Allow or disallow symbolic names for registers.
-mwarn-areg-zero
Warn whenever the operand for a base or index register
has been specified but evaluates to zero.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a TMS320C6000 processor.
-march=arch
Enable (only) instructions from architecture arch. By
default, all instructions are permitted.
The following values of arch are accepted: "c62x",
"c64x", "c64x+", "c67x", "c67x+", "c674x".
-mdsbt
-mno-dsbt
The -mdsbt option causes the assembler to generate the
"Tag_ABI_DSBT" attribute with a value of 1, indicating
that the code is using DSBT addressing. The -mno-dsbt
option, the default, causes the tag to have a value of
0, indicating that the code does not use DSBT
addressing. The linker will emit a warning if objects
of different type (DSBT and non-DSBT) are linked
together.
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
-mpid=no
-mpid=near
-mpid=far
The -mpid= option causes the assembler to generate the
"Tag_ABI_PID" attribute with a value indicating the form
of data addressing used by the code. -mpid=no, the
default, indicates position-dependent data addressing,
-mpid=near indicates position-independent addressing
with GOT accesses using near DP addressing, and
-mpid=far indicates position-independent addressing with
GOT accesses using far DP addressing. The linker will
emit a warning if objects built with different settings
of this option are linked together.
-mpic
-mno-pic
The -mpic option causes the assembler to generate the
"Tag_ABI_PIC" attribute with a value of 1, indicating
that the code is using position-independent code
addressing, The "-mno-pic" option, the default, causes
the tag to have a value of 0, indicating position-
dependent code addressing. The linker will emit a
warning if objects of different type (position-dependent
and position-independent) are linked together.
-mbig-endian
-mlittle-endian
Generate code for the specified endianness. The default
is little-endian.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a TILE-Gx processor.
-m32 | -m64
Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits.
-EB | -EL
Select the endianness, either big-endian (-EB) or
little-endian (-EL).
The following options are available when as is configured
for an Xtensa processor.
--text-section-literals | --no-text-section-literals
Control the treatment of literal pools. The default is
--no-text-section-literals, which places literals in
separate sections in the output file. This allows the
literal pool to be placed in a data RAM/ROM. With
--text-section-literals, the literals are interspersed
in the text section in order to keep them as close as
possible to their references. This may be necessary for
large assembly files, where the literals would otherwise
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
be out of range of the "L32R" instructions in the text
section. These options only affect literals referenced
via PC-relative "L32R" instructions; literals for
absolute mode "L32R" instructions are handled
separately.
--absolute-literals | --no-absolute-literals
Indicate to the assembler whether "L32R" instructions
use absolute or PC-relative addressing. If the
processor includes the absolute addressing option, the
default is to use absolute "L32R" relocations.
Otherwise, only the PC-relative "L32R" relocations can
be used.
--target-align | --no-target-align
Enable or disable automatic alignment to reduce branch
penalties at some expense in code size. This
optimization is enabled by default. Note that the
assembler will always align instructions like "LOOP"
that have fixed alignment requirements.
--longcalls | --no-longcalls
Enable or disable transformation of call instructions to
allow calls across a greater range of addresses. This
option should be used when call targets can potentially
be out of range. It may degrade both code size and
performance, but the linker can generally optimize away
the unnecessary overhead when a call ends up within
range. The default is --no-longcalls.
--transform | --no-transform
Enable or disable all assembler transformations of
Xtensa instructions, including both relaxation and
optimization. The default is --transform;
--no-transform should only be used in the rare cases
when the instructions must be exactly as specified in
the assembly source. Using --no-transform causes out of
range instruction operands to be errors.
--rename-section oldname=newname
Rename the oldname section to newname. This option can
be used multiple times to rename multiple sections.
The following options are available when as is configured
for a Z80 family processor.
-z80
Assemble for Z80 processor.
-r800
Assemble for R800 processor.
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GNU Development Tools AS(1)
-ignore-undocumented-instructions
-Wnud
Assemble undocumented Z80 instructions that also work on
R800 without warning.
-ignore-unportable-instructions
-Wnup
Assemble all undocumented Z80 instructions without
warning.
-warn-undocumented-instructions
-Wud
Issue a warning for undocumented Z80 instructions that
also work on R800.
-warn-unportable-instructions
-Wup
Issue a warning for undocumented Z80 instructions that
do not work on R800.
-forbid-undocumented-instructions
-Fud
Treat all undocumented instructions as errors.
-forbid-unportable-instructions
-Fup
Treat undocumented Z80 instructions that do not work on
R800 as errors.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following
attributes:
+---------------+------------------------+
|ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+---------------+------------------------+
|Availability | developer/gnu-binutils |
+---------------+------------------------+
|Stability | Uncommitted |
+---------------+------------------------+
SEE ALSO
gcc(1), ld(1), and the Info entries for binutils and ld.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the
binutils-2.23.1 Last change: 2012-11-13 29
GNU Development Tools AS(1)
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with
no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy
of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
NOTES
This software was built from source available at
https://java.net/projects/solaris-userland. The original
community source was downloaded from
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.23.1.tar.bz2
Further information about this software can be found on the
open source community website at
http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/.
binutils-2.23.1 Last change: 2012-11-13 30