This chapter covers the most basic steps that are taken in creating any Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) application. It also describes the basic features of Java and JDBC supported by the Oracle JDBC drivers.
The following topics are discussed:
When using the Oracle JDBC drivers, you must include certain driver-specific information in your programs. This section describes, in the form of a tutorial, where and how to add the information. The tutorial guides you through creating code to connect to and query a database from the client.
You must write code to perform the following tasks:
Note:
You must supply Oracle driver-specific information for the first three tasks, which allow your program to use the JDBC application programming interface (API) to access a database. For the other tasks, you can use standard JDBC Java code, as you would for any Java application.Regardless of which Oracle JDBC driver you use, include the import
statements shown in Table 3-1 at the beginning of your program.
Table 3-1 Import Statements for JDBC Driver
Import statement | Provides |
---|---|
Standard JDBC packages |
|
The |
|
|
Oracle extensions to JDBC. This is optional.
Oracle type extensions. This is optional. |
The Oracle packages listed as optional provide access to the extended functionality provided by the Oracle JDBC drivers, but are not required for the example presented in this section.
Note:
It is better to import only the classes your application needs, rather than using the wildcard asterisk (*
). This document uses asterisk (*
) for simplicity, but this is not the recommend way of importing classes and interfaces.First, you must create an OracleDataSource
instance. Then, open a connection to the database using OracleDataSource.getConnection
. The properties of the retrieved connection are derived from the OracleDataSource
instance. If you set the URL connection property, then all other properties, including TNSEntryName
, DatabaseName
, ServiceName
, ServerName
, PortNumber
, Network Protocol
, and driver type are ignored.
Specifying a Database URL, User Name, and Password
The following code sets the URL, user name, and password for a data source:
OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource(); ods.setURL(url); ods.setUser(user); ods.setPassword(password);
The following example connects user scott
with password tiger
to a database with service orcl
through port 1521 of the host myhost
, using the JDBC Thin driver.
OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource(); String url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@//myhost:1521/orcl", ods.setURL(url); ods.setUser("scott"); ods.setPassword("tiger"); Connection conn = ods.getConnection();
Note:
The user name and password specified in the arguments override any user name and password specified in the URL.Specifying a Database URL That Includes User Name and Password
The following example connects user scott
with password tiger
to a database host whose TNS entry is myTNSEntry
, using the JDBC Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver. In this case, the URL includes the user name and password and is the only input parameter.
String url = "jdbc:oracle:oci:scott/tiger@myTNSEntry"); ods.setURL(url); Connection conn = ods.getConnection();
If you want to connect using the Thin driver, then you must specify the port number. For example, if you want to connect to the database on myhost
that has a TCP/IP listener on port 1521 and the service identifier is orcl
, then provide the following code:
String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:scott/tiger@//myhost:1521/orcl"); ods.setURL(URL); Connection conn = ods.getConnection();
See Also:
Chapter 9, "Data Sources and URLs"Once you connect to the database and, in the process, create a Connection
object, the next step is to create a Statement
object. The createStatement
method of the JDBC Connection
object returns an object of the JDBC Statement
type. To continue the example from the previous section, where the Connection
object conn
was created, here is an example of how to create the Statement
object:
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
To query the database, use the executeQuery
method of the Statement
object. This method takes a SQL statement as input and returns a JDBC ResultSet
object.
To continue the example, once you create the Statement
object stmt
, the next step is to run a query that returns a ResultSet
object with the contents of the ENAME
column of a table of employees named EMP
:
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("SELECT ename FROM emp");
Once you run your query, use the next()
method of the ResultSet
object to iterate through the results. This method steps through the result set row by row, detecting the end of the result set when it is reached.
To pull data out of the result set as you iterate through it, use the appropriate get
XXX
methods of the ResultSet
object, where XXX
corresponds to a Java data type.
For example, the following code will iterate through the ResultSet
object, rset
, from the previous section and will retrieve and print each employee name:
while (rset.next()) System.out.println (rset.getString(1));
The next()
method returns false
when it reaches the end of the result set. The employee names are materialized as Java String
values.
You must explicitly close the ResultSet
and Statement
objects after you finish using them. This applies to all ResultSet
and Statement
objects you create when using the Oracle JDBC drivers. The drivers do not have finalizer methods. The cleanup routines are performed by the close
method of the ResultSet
and Statement
classes. If you do not explicitly close the ResultSet
and Statement
objects, serious memory leaks could occur. You could also run out of cursors in the database. Closing both the result set and the statement releases the corresponding cursor in the database. If you close only the result set, then the cursor is not released.
For example, if your ResultSet
object is rset
and your Statement
object is stmt
, then close the result set and statement with the following lines of code:
rset.close(); stmt.close();
When you close a Statement
object that a given Connection
object creates, the connection itself remains open.
Note:
Typically, you should putclose
statements in a finally
clause.To write changes to the database, such as for INSERT
or UPDATE
operations, you create a PreparedStatement
object. This enables you to run a statement with varying sets of input parameters. The prepareStatement
method of the JDBC Connection
object lets you define a statement that takes variable bind parameters and returns a JDBC PreparedStatement
object with your statement definition.
Use the set
XXX
methods on the PreparedStatement
object to bind data to the prepared statement to be sent to the database.
The following example shows how to use a prepared statement to run INSERT
operations that add two rows to the EMP
table.
// Prepare to insert new names in the EMP table PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement ("insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME) values (?, ?)"); // Add LESLIE as employee number 1500 pstmt.setInt (1, 1500); // The first ? is for EMPNO pstmt.setString (2, "LESLIE"); // The second ? is for ENAME // Do the insertion pstmt.execute (); // Add MARSHA as employee number 507 pstmt.setInt (1, 507); // The first ? is for EMPNO pstmt.setString (2, "MARSHA"); // The second ? is for ENAME // Do the insertion pstmt.execute (); // Close the statement pstmt.close();
By default, data manipulation language (DML) operations are committed automatically as soon as they are run. This is known as the auto-commit mode. However, you can disable auto-commit mode with the following method call on the Connection
object:
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
See Also:
"Disabling Auto-Commit Mode".If you disable the auto-commit mode, then you must manually commit or roll back changes with the appropriate method call on the Connection
object:
conn.commit();
or:
conn.rollback();
A COMMIT
or ROLLBACK
operation affects all DML statements run since the last COMMIT
or ROLLBACK
.
Note:
If the auto-commit mode is disabled and you close the connection without explicitly committing or rolling back your last changes, then an implicit COMMIT
operation is run.
Any data definition language (DDL) operation always causes an implicit COMMIT
. If the auto-commit mode is disabled, then this implicit COMMIT
will commit any pending DML operations that had not yet been explicitly committed or rolled back.
You must close the connection to the database after you have performed all the required operation and no longer require the connection. You can close the connection by using the close
method of the Connection
object, as follows:
conn.close();
Note:
Typically, you should putclose
statements in a finally
clause.The steps in the preceding sections are illustrated in the following example, which uses the Oracle JDBC Thin driver to create a data source, connects to the database, creates a Statement
object, runs a query, and processes the result set.
Note that the code for creating the Statement
object, running the query, returning and processing the ResultSet
object, and closing the statement and connection uses the standard JDBC API.
import java.sql.*; import oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource; class JdbcTest { public static void main (String args []) throws SQLException { // Create DataSource and connect to the local database OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource(); ods.setURL("jdbc:oracle:thin:@//myhost:1521/orcl"); ods.setUser("scott"); ods.setPassword("tiger"); Connection conn = ods.getConnection(); // Query the employee names Statement stmt = conn.createStatement (); ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("SELECT ename FROM emp"); // Print the name out while (rset.next ()) System.out.println (rset.getString (1)); //close the result set, statement, and the connection rset.close(); stmt.close(); conn.close(); } }
If you want to adapt the code for the OCI driver, then replace the call to the OracleDataSource.setURL
method with the following:
ods.setURL("jdbc:oracle:oci:@MyHostString");
where, MyHostString
is an entry in the TNSNAMES.ORA
file.
This section describes how the Oracle JDBC drivers support the following kinds of stored procedures:
Oracle JDBC drivers support the processing of PL/SQL stored procedures and anonymous blocks. They support Oracle PL/SQL block syntax and most of JDBC escape sequence. The following PL/SQL calls would work with any Oracle JDBC driver:
// JDBC escape sequence CallableStatement cs1 = conn.prepareCall ( "{call proc (?,?)}" ) ; // stored proc CallableStatement cs2 = conn.prepareCall ( "{? = call func (?,?)}" ) ; // stored func // Oracle PL/SQL block syntax CallableStatement cs3 = conn.prepareCall ( "begin proc (?,?); end;" ) ; // stored proc CallableStatement cs4 = conn.prepareCall ( "begin ? := func(?,?); end;" ) ; // stored func
As an example of using the Oracle syntax, here is a PL/SQL code snippet that creates a stored function. The PL/SQL function gets a character sequence and concatenates a suffix to it:
create or replace function foo (val1 char) return char as begin return val1 || 'suffix'; end;
The function invocation in your JDBC program should look like:
OracleDataSource ods = new OracleDataSource(); ods.setURL("jdbc:oracle:oci:@<hoststring>"); ods.setUser("scott"); ods.setPassword("tiger"); Connection conn = ods.getConnection(); CallableStatement cs = conn.prepareCall ("begin ? := foo(?); end;"); cs.registerOutParameter(1,Types.CHAR); cs.setString(2, "aa"); cs.executeUpdate(); String result = cs.getString(1);
You can use JDBC to call Java stored procedures through the SQL and PL/SQL engines. The syntax for calling Java stored procedures is the same as the syntax for calling PL/SQL stored procedures, presuming they have been properly published. That is, you have written call specifications to publish them to the Oracle data dictionary. Applications can call Java stored procedures using the Native Java Interface for direct invocation of static
Java methods.
To handle error conditions, the Oracle JDBC drivers throws SQL exceptions, producing instances of the java.sql.SQLException
class or its subclass. Errors can originate either in the JDBC driver or in the database itself. Resulting messages describe the error and identify the method that threw the error. Additional run-time information can also be appended.
Basic exception-handling can include retrieving the error message, retrieving the error code, retrieving the SQL state, and printing the stack trace. The SQLException
class includes functionality to retrieve all of this information, where available.
You can retrieve basic error information with the following methods of the SQLException
class:
For errors originating in the JDBC driver, this method returns the error message with no prefix. For errors originating in the database, the method returns the error message prefixed with the corresponding ORA
number.
For errors originating in either the JDBC driver or the database, this method returns the five-digit ORA
number.
For errors originating in the JDBC driver, this method returns no useful information. For errors originating in the database, this method returns a five-digit code indicating the SQL state. Your code should be prepared to handle null
.
The following example prints output from a getMessage()
call:
catch(SQLException e) { System.out.println("exception: " + e.getMessage()); }
This would print the output, such as the following, for an error originating in the JDBC driver:
exception: Invalid column type
Note:
Error message text is available in alternative languages and character sets supported by Oracle.The SQLException
class provides the printStackTrace()
method for printing a stack trace. This method prints the stack trace of the throwable object to the standard error stream. You can also specify a java.io.PrintStream
object or java.io.PrintWriter
object for output.
The following code fragment illustrates how you can catch SQL exceptions and print the stack trace.
try { <some code> }
catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace (); }
To illustrate how the JDBC drivers handle errors, assume the following code uses an incorrect column index:
// Iterate through the result and print the employee names // of the code try { while (rset.next ()) System.out.println (rset.getString (5)); // incorrect column index } catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace (); }
Assuming the column index is incorrect, running the program would produce the following error text:
java.sql.SQLException: Invalid column index at oracle.jdbc.driver.DatabaseError.throwSqlException(DatabaseError.java:112) at oracle.jdbc.driver.DatabaseError.throwSqlException(DatabaseError.java:146) at oracle.jdbc.driver.DatabaseError.throwSqlException(DatabaseError.java:208) at oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleResultSetImpl.getDate(OracleResultSetImpl.java:1556) at Employee.main(Employee.java:41)