This appendix provides answers to frequently asked questions about Oracle HTTP Server.
Documentation from the Apache Software Foundation is referenced when applicable.
Note:
Readers using this guide in PDF or hard copy formats will be unable to access third-party documentation, which Oracle provides in HTML format only. To access the third-party documentation referenced in this guide, use the HTML version of this guide and click the hyperlinks.Oracle HTTP Server has a default content handler for dealing with errors. You can use the ErrorDocument directive to override the defaults.
See Also:
ErrorDocument directive in the Apache Server documentationFor HTTP, Oracle HTTP Server supports both name-based and IP-based virtual hosts. Name-based virtual hosts are virtual hosts that share a common listening address (IP plus port combination), but route requests based on a match between the Host header sent by the client and the ServerName directive set within the VirtualHost. IP-based virtual hosts are virtual hosts that have distinct listening addresses. IP-based virtual hosts route requests based on the address they were received on.
For HTTPS, only IP-based virtual hosts are possible with Oracle HTTP Server. This is because for name-based virtual hosts, the request must be read and inspected to determine which virtual host is used to process the request. If HTTPS is used, an SSL handshake must be performed before the request can be read. In order to perform the SSL handshake, a server certificate must be provided. In order to have a meaningful server certificate, the hostname in the certificate must match the hostname the client requested, which implies a unique server certificate per virtual host. However, because the server cannot know which virtual host to route the request to until it has read the request, and it can't properly read the request unless it knows which server certificate to provide, there is no way to make name-based virtual hosting work with HTTPS.
Note:
This is not a restriction of Oracle HTTP Server; instead, it is a restriction of the HTTPS protocol itself.You can use Oracle HTTP Server as a cache by using the ProxyRequests and CacheRoot directives. In general, however, Oracle recommends using Oracle Web Cache instead. Oracle Web Cache is a content-aware server accelerator and secure reverse proxy server that improves the performance, scalability, and availability of Web sites. For more details, refer to the Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Web Cache.
Yes, you can use multiviews, a general name given to the Apache server's ability to provide language and character-specific document variants in response to a request.
Use the proxy directives, and not the cache directives, to send proxy sensitive requests through firewalls.
No, you cannot apply the Apache security patches to Oracle HTTP Server for the following reasons:
Oracle tests and appropriately modifies security patches before releasing them to Oracle HTTP Server users.
In many cases, the Apache alerts, such as openSSL alerts, may not be applicable because Oracle has removed those components from the stack.
Oracle releases the patches in a timely manner that the impact of getting the patch from Oracle instead of an open source organization is minimal. The benefit of using an Oracle patch, with respect to supportability, is tremendous.
The latest security related fixes to Oracle HTTP Server are performed through the Oracle Critical Patch Update (CPU). For more details, refer to Oracle's Critical Patch Updates and Security Alerts Web page.
Note:
After applying a CPU, the Apache-based version may stay the same, but the vulnerability will be fixed. There are third-party security detection tools that can check the version, but do not check the vulnerability itself.No, you cannot upgrade only the Apache version inside Oracle HTTP Server. Oracle provides a newer version of Apache that Oracle HTTP Server is based on, which is part of either a patch update or the next major or minor release of Oracle Fusion Middleware.
In general, Oracle recommends using Oracle Web Cache for this purpose. There are other freeware modules (for example, mod_gzip) that can be plugged in for this purpose, but their use is not supported. Oracle Web Cache provides efficient delivery of contents by using on-the-fly compression, dynamically learning which MIME types are compressible, and throttling responses to slower network clients. For more details, refer to the Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Web Cache.
The general idea is that all servers in a distributed Web site should use a single URL namespace. Every server serves some part of that namespace, and is able to redirect or proxy requests for URLs that it does not serve to a server that is closer to that URL. For example, your namespaces could be the following:
/app1/login.html /app1/catalog.html /app1/dologin.jsp /app2/orderForm.html /apps/placeOrder.jsp
You could initially map these name spaces to two Web servers by putting app1 on server1 and app2 on server2. The configuration for server1 might look like the following:
Redirect permanent /app2 http://server2/app2 Alias /app1 /myApps/application1 <Directory /myApps/application1> ... </Directory>
The configuration for Server2 is complementary.
If you decide to partition the namespace by content type (HTML on server1, and JSP on server2), then you can change server configuration and move files around, but you do not have to make changes to the application itself. The resulting configuration of server1 might look like the following:
RedirectMatch permanent (.*) \.jsp$ http://server2/$1.jsp AliasMatch ^/app(.*) \.html$ /myPages/application$1.html <DirectoryMatch "^/myPages/application\d"> ... </DirectoryMatch>
The amount of actual redirection can be minimized by configuring a hardware load balancer like F5 system BIG-IP to send requests to server1 or server2 based on the URL.
There are many attacks by hackers, and new attacks are invented everyday. The following are some general guidelines for securing your site. You can never be completely secure, but you can avoid being an easy target.
Configure the mod_security module that comes with Oracle HTTP Server. ModSecurity is a Web application firewall that provides an increased external security layer to detect and/or prevent attacks before they reach Web applications.
Use a commercial firewall, such as Checkpoint FW-1 or Cisco PIX between your ISP and your Web server. Remember not all hackers are outside your organization.
Use switched Ethernet to limit the amount of traffic a compromised server can detect. Use additional firewalls between Web server machines and highly sensitive internal servers running the database and enterprise applications.
Remove unnecessary network services such as RPC, Finger, and telnet from your server.
Carefully validate all input from Web forms. Be especially wary of long input strings and input that contains non-printable characters, HTML tags, or javascript tags.
Encrypt or randomize the contents of cookies that contain sensitive information to prevent a hacker from hijacking a valid session. For example, it should be difficult to guess a valid sessionID.
Check often for security patches for all your system and application software, and install them as soon as possible. Be sure these patches come from reliable sources. Only download patches from trusted sites and verify the cryptographic checksum.
Use an intrusion detection package to monitor for defaced Web pages, viruses, and presence of rootkits that indicate hackers have broken into your site. If possible, mount system executables and Web content on read-only file systems.
Have a forensic analysis package on hand to capture evidence of a break in as soon as detected. This aids in prosecution of the hackers.
Yes, if you enable or disable SSL, you have to re-register partner applications with the SSO server. When you make any changes that affect the URL (for example, changing the hostname or port, or enabling or disabling SSL), you have re-register partner applications with the SSO server because the old URL registered with the SSO server is no longer valid. You have to re-register the partner applications with the new URL.