| Oracle® Fusion Middleware Introducing Web Services 11g Release 1 (11.1.1) E14294-02 |
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Introducing Web Services
11g Release 1 (11.1.1)
E14294-02
May 2009
This document provides an overview of Web services in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g. Sections include:
A Web service is a program that can be accessed remotely using different XML-based languages. What this program can do (that is, the functionality it implements) is described in a standard XML vocabulary called Web Services Description Language (WSDL). For example, a banking Web service may implement functions to check an account, print a statement, and deposit and withdraw funds. These functions are described in a WSDL file that any consumer can invoke to access the banking Web service. As a result, a consumer does not have to know anything more about a Web service than the WSDL file that describes what it can do.
A Web service consumer (such as, a desktop application or a Java Platform, Enterprise Edition client such as a portlet) invokes a Web service by submitting a request in the form of an XML document to a Web service provider. The Web service provider processes the request and returns the result to the Web service consumer in an XML document as shown in the example below.
In this example, the Web service consumer sends a request in the form of a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) message (SOAP is an XML messaging framework designed to allow heterogeneous applications to exchange structured information in a distributed environment). The Web service provider (www.xmethods.com) processes the request and returns the response, in this case the stock quote for Oracle. In the example above, the Web service provider may have asked for credentials to access the service, for example a username and a password. Also, the Web service provider may have encrypted the response (the value of the stock).
You can also develop Representational State Transfer (REST) Web services, or "RESTful" Web services. REST describes any simple interface that transmits data over a standardized interface (such as HTTP) without an additional messaging layer, such as SOAP. REST provides a set of design rules for creating stateless services that are viewed as resources, or sources of specific information, and can be identified by their unique URIs. A client accesses the resource using the URI, a standardized fixed set of methods, and a representation of the resource is returned. The client is said to transfer state with each new resource representation.
In summary, Web services are loosely coupled, distributed environments that allow companies to integrate heterogeneous applications within the enterprise or expose business functions to their customers and partners over the Internet.
Web services are characterized by three factors:
What they do (the business functionality they expose),
Where they are (the web site which exposes that functionality),
How they can be accessed (the set of published interfaces necessary to use the exposed functionality).
Web services rely on XML-based industry standards:
Extensible Markup Language (XML)—A data format that allows uniform communication between Web services consumers and Web services providers.
XML Schema—A framework that describes XML vocabularies used in business transactions.
SOAP—A protocol for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web services.
WSDL—An XML-based language providing a model for describing Web services.
WS-Policy—The WS-Policy framework provides a flexible and extensible grammar for describing the capabilities, requirements, and general characteristics of Web services using policies.
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)—A framework to publish and look up Web services on the Internet.
The following illustration shows common interactions between Oracle Fusion Middleware Web services and clients, and identifies Web service policy support at each interaction point.
The Oracle Web Services Manager (WSM) Policy Manager is the security and management policy lynchpin for Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g Web services. For more information about how the Oracle WSM Policy Manager provides the policy framework for managing policies, see "Understanding Oracle WSM Policy Framework" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services.
Figure 1 Web Services in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g
The following sections provide more detail about the Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g Web services architecture and each of the Web service components shown in the previous figure:
For a complete roadmap of all Web service development, security, and administration tasks, see "Roadmap for Implementing Oracle Fusion Middleware Web Services".
In Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g, there are two categories of Web services:
Oracle Infrastructure Web services—SOA, ADF, and WebCenter services
WebLogic Web services (Java EE Web services)
The following figure illustrates the two Web services categories.
Figure 2 Web Services in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g
Table 1 summarizes the types of Web services supported in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g.
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Note: All Web services and clients can be deployed to an Oracle Fusion Middleware environment that runs on Oracle WebLogic Server. Oracle WebLogic Web services can be deployed to a standalone Oracle WebLogic Server, as well. |
Table 1 Oracle Fusion Middleware Web Services
| Web Service | Description |
|---|---|
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WebLogic Web service (Java EE) |
WebLogic Web services are implemented according to the Web services for Java EE specification, available at For more information about developing WebLogic Web services, see:
You can deploy WebLogic Web services to any Oracle WebLogic Server environment, including a standalone environment. |
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SOA service components |
SOA composite applications include SOA service components. SOA service components are the basic building blocks of SOA applications, implementing a part of the overall business logic functionality. The following SOA service components can be managed using Oracle WSM:
For more information about developing SOA service components, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite. You can deploy SOA service components to the Oracle Fusion Middleware environment. |
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SOA service binding components |
SOA Service binding components provide the outside world with an entry point to the SOA composite application. The WSDL file of the service advertises its capabilities to external applications. These capabilities are used for contacting the SOA composite application components. For more information, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite. |
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ADF Business Components |
ADF Business Components simplify the development, delivery, and customization of business applications for the Java EE platform by providing a library of reusable components and supporting design time facilities in Oracle JDeveloper. You can use an ADF Business Component if you implement the Web service as an application module. Using ADF Business Components, developers are not required to write the application infrastructure code required by the typical Java EE application to perform the following tasks:
Additionally, you can use Oracle JDeveloper facilities to expose Business Components that encapsulate related business functions as Web services so that they can be consumed across modules of the deploy Fusion Web application. For more information about developing ADF Business Components, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Fusion Developer's Guide for Oracle Application Development Framework. |
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WebCenter services |
WebCenter services expose Web 2.0 technologies for social networking and personal productivity, such as Wiki, RSS, and blogs. WebCenter provides a set of features and services (for example, portlets, customization, and content integration) that you can selectively add to your application. For more information about developing WebCenter services, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle WebCenter. |
Table 2 summarizes the types of Web service clients supported in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g.
Table 2 Oracle Fusion Middleware Web Service Clients
| Web Service Client | Description |
|---|---|
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Web service clients |
Client applications that invoke WebLogic Web services can be written using any technology: Java, Microsoft .NET, and so on. There are two types of client applications:
For more information about developing WebLogic Web service clients, see:
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SOA reference binding components |
SOA reference binding components connect the SOA composite application to external partners. For more information about developing SOA reference binding components, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite. |
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ADF Web applications |
ADF Web applications can invoke a service, such as a WebLogic Web service, a SOA composite application, or an ADF Business Component, using a Web service data control or Web service proxy. For more information, see "Integrating Web Services into a Fusion Web Application" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite. |
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WebCenter portlets |
WebCenter portlets enable you to surface WebCenter services. For more information about developing WebCenter portlets, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle WebCenter. |
As shown in Figure 2, there are two types of policies that can be attached to Web services.
Table 3 Types of Web Service Policies
| Type of Policy | Description |
|---|---|
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Oracle Web Services Manager (WSM) Policy |
Policy provided by the Oracle WSM. For more information about the Oracle WSM and the predefined policies, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services. You can attach Oracle WSM policies to Oracle Infrastructure Web services. You can only attach Oracle WSM security policies to WebLogic JAX-WS Web services. You manage Oracle WSM policies from Oracle Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control. |
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WebLogic Web Service Policy |
Policy provided by WebLogic Server. For more information about the WebLogic Web service policies, see Oracle Fusion Middleware Securing WebLogic Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server. A subset of WebLogic Web service policies interoperate with Oracle WSM policies. For more information, see "Interoperability with Oracle WebLogic Server 11g Web Service Security Environments" in the Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager. You manage WebLogic Web service policies from WebLogic Administration Console. |
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Note: It is recommended that you use Oracle WSM policies over WebLogic Web services whenever possible. You cannot mix your use of Oracle WSM and WebLogic Web service policies on the same Web service. |
To develop Web services, you can use the tools described in the following table, or your favorite IDE.
Table 4 Tools for Web Service Development
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
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Oracle JDeveloper |
Provides powerful tools that help you discover and use existing Web services, and develop and deploy new Web services. For more information, see the Oracle JDeveloper online help. |
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WebLogic Server Scripting Tool (WLST) |
Enables administrators to view and configure Web services, and manage Web service policies from the command line. For more information, see Oracle Fusion Middleware WebLogic Scripting Tool Command Reference. |
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Oracle Enterprise Pack for Eclipse (OEPE) |
Provides a collection of plug-ins to the Eclipse IDE platform that facilitate development of WebLogic Web services. For more information, see the Eclipse IDE platform online help. |
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Oracle Workshop |
Provides a collection plug-ins to the Eclipse IDE platform that facilitate development of WebLogic Web services. For more information, see
NOTE: Oracle Workshop is deprecated, and is being replaced by OEPE, described above. |
To secure and administer Web services, the tools that you use vary depending on the Web service type.
Table 5 Tools for Web Service Security and Administration
| To secure and administer . . . | Use. . . |
|---|---|
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Oracle Infrastructure Web Services |
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WebLogic Web Services |
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The following sections provide roadmaps of common tasks for developing, securing, and administering Oracle Fusion Middleware Web services. Roadmaps are presented for each Web service category shown in Figure 2:
The following sections provides roadmaps of common tasks for developing, securing, and administering Oracle Infrastructure Web services:
Table 6 summarizes the roadmap for implementing SOA composite services and clients.
Table 6 Roadmap for Implementing SOA Composite Services and Clients
| Task | More Information |
|---|---|
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Develop SOA composite Web services and clients |
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Deploy Web services |
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Administer Web services |
Part II: "Basic Administration" and Part III "Advanced Adminstration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create policies |
"Managing Web Service Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create custom assertions |
"Creating Custom Assertions" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Attach policies (development time—Oracle JDeveloper) |
"Managing Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite |
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Attach policies (deployment time—Oracle Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control) |
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Configure policies |
"Configuring Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Test Web services |
"Testing Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Monitor Web service performance |
"Monitoring the Performance of Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Manage horizontal policy migration |
"Managing Horizontal Policy Migration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Diagnose problems |
"Diagnosing Problems" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Interoperate with:
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Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager |
Table 7 summarizes how to implement ADF components and clients.
Table 7 Roadmap for Implementing ADF Components and Clients
| Task | More Information |
|---|---|
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Develop ADF components and clients |
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Deploy Web services |
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Administer Web services |
Part II: "Basic Administration" and Part III "Advanced Adminstration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create policies |
"Managing Web Service Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create custom assertions |
"Creating Custom Assertions" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Attach policies (development time—Oracle JDeveloper) |
"Securing Web Service Data Controls" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Fusion Developer's Guide for Oracle Application Development Framework |
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Attach policies (deployment time—Oracle Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control) |
"Attaching Policies to Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Configure policies |
"Configuring Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Test Web services |
"Testing Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Monitor Web service performance |
"Monitoring the Performance of Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Manage horizontal policy migration |
"Managing Horizontal Policy Migration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Diagnose problems |
"Diagnosing Problems" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Interoperate with:
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Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager |
Table 8 summarizes the roadmap for implementing WebCenter services and clients.
Table 8 Roadmap for Implementing WebCenter Services and Clients
| Task | More Information |
|---|---|
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Develop WebCenter services and clients |
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Deploy Web services |
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Administer Web services |
Part II: "Basic Administration" and Part III "Advanced Adminstration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create policies |
"Managing Web Service Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Create custom assertions |
"Creating Custom Assertions" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Attach policies (deployment time—Oracle Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control) |
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Configure policies |
"Configuring Policies" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Test Web services |
"Testing Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Monitor Web service performance |
"Monitoring the Performance of Web Services" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Manage horizontal policy migration |
"Managing Horizontal Policy Migration" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Diagnose problems |
"Diagnosing Problems" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Interoperate with:
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Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager |
The following table provides a roadmap of common tasks for developing, securing, and administering WebLogic (Java EE) Web services.
Table 9 Roadmap for Implementing WebLogic (Java EE) Web Services
| Task | More Information |
|---|---|
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Develop WebLogic Web services and clients |
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Deploy Web services |
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Administer Web services |
"Web Services" in WebLogic Server Administration Console Online Help |
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Create and configure policies |
Oracle Fusion Middleware Securing WebLogic Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server:
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Create custom policy file |
"Creating and Using a Custom Policy File" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
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Attach policies (development time—Oracle JDeveloper) |
"Securing Your WebCenter Application" in Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle WebCenter |
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Attach policies (development time) |
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Attach policies (deployment time) |
"Associate a WS-Policy file with a Web Service" in WebLogic Server Administration Console Online Help |
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Test Web services |
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Monitor Web service performance |
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Interoperate WebLogic and Oracle WSM Web service policies |
Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager |
The following table summarizes the documentation that is related to Web services development, security, and administration.
Table 10 Related Documentation
| Document | Description |
|---|---|
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Introducing Web Services |
This document. Provides an introduction to Web services for Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Security and Administrator's Guide for Web Services |
Describes how to secure and administer Oracle Infrastructure Web services. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Interoperability Guide for Oracle Web Services Manager |
Describes how to implement the most common Oracle WSM interoperability scenarios. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Introducing WebLogic Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Introduces WebLogic Web services, the standards that are supported, interoperability information, and relevant samples and documentation. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Getting Started With JAX-WS Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Provides the basic knowledge and tasks required to program a simple WebLogic Web service using JAX-WS. The guide includes use cases and examples, iterative development procedures, typical JWS programming steps, data type information, and how to invoke a Web service. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Programming Advanced Features of JAX-WS Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Describes how to program more advanced features using JAX-WS, such as callbacks, XML Catalog, and SOAP message handlers. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Getting Started With JAX-RPC Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Provides the basic knowledge and tasks required to program a simple WebLogic Web service using JAX-RPC. The guide includes use cases and examples, iterative development procedures, typical JWS programming steps, data type information, and how to invoke a Web service. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Programming Advanced Features of JAX-RPC Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Describes how to program more advanced features using JAX-RPC, such as Web service reliable messaging, callbacks, conversational Web services, use of JMS transport to invoke a Web service, and SOAP message handlers. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Securing WebLogic Web Services for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Describes how to program and configure message-level (digital signatures and encryption), transport-level, and access control security for a Web service. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware WebLogic Web Services Reference for Oracle WebLogic Server |
Provides reference information on JWS annotations, Ant tasks, reliable messaging WS-Policy assertions, security WS-Policy assertions, and deployment descriptors. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle SOA Suite |
Describes how to develop SOA composite services. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Fusion Developer's Guide for Oracle Application Development Framework |
Describes how to develop ADF components. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Developer's Guide for Oracle WebCenter |
Describes how to develop WebCenter services. |
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"Developing with Web Services" in the Oracle JDeveloper online help |
Describes how to develop Web services and attach policies using Oracle JDeveloper. |
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Explains how to use Workshop to write and manage source code and design with sophisticated visual tools and Java frameworks. NOTE: Oracle Workshop is deprecated, and is being replaced by OEPE, described above. |
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Oracle Fusion Middleware Introducing Web Services, 11g Release 1 (11.1.1)
E14294-02
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