See:
Description
Interface Summary | |
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A
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Callable<V> | A task that returns a result and may throw an exception. |
CompletionService<V> | A service that decouples the production of new asynchronous tasks from the consumption of the results of completed tasks. |
ConcurrentMap<K,V> | A Map providing additional atomic putIfAbsent , remove , and replace methods. |
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Delayed | A mix-in style interface for marking objects that should be acted upon after a given delay. |
Executor | An object that executes submitted Runnable tasks. |
ExecutorService | An Executor that provides methods to manage termination and methods that can produce a Future for tracking progress of one or more asynchronous tasks. |
Future<V> | A Future represents the result of an asynchronous computation. |
RejectedExecutionHandler | A handler for tasks that cannot be executed by a ThreadPoolExecutor . |
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ScheduledExecutorService | An ExecutorService that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically. |
ScheduledFuture<V> | A delayed result-bearing action that can be cancelled. |
ThreadFactory | An object that creates new threads on demand. |
Class Summary | |
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AbstractExecutorService |
Provides default
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ArrayBlockingQueue<E> | A bounded blocking queue backed by an array. |
ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> | A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and adjustable expected concurrency for updates. |
ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> | An unbounded thread-safe queue based on linked nodes. |
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CountDownLatch | A synchronization aid that allows one or more threads to wait until a set of operations being performed in other threads completes. |
CyclicBarrier | A synchronization aid that allows a set of threads to all wait for each other to reach a common barrier point. |
DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> | An unbounded blocking queue of Delayed elements, in which an element can only be taken when its delay has expired. |
Exchanger<V> |
A synchronization point at which
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ExecutorCompletionService<V> | A CompletionService that uses a supplied Executor to execute tasks. |
Executors | Factory and utility methods for Executor , ExecutorService , ScheduledExecutorService , ThreadFactory , and Callable classes defined in this package. |
FutureTask<V> | A cancellable asynchronous computation. |
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LinkedBlockingQueue<E> | An optionally-bounded blocking queue based on linked nodes. |
PriorityBlockingQueue<E> | An unbounded blocking queue that uses the same ordering rules as class PriorityQueue and supplies blocking retrieval operations. |
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor | A ThreadPoolExecutor that can additionally schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically. |
Semaphore | A counting semaphore. |
SynchronousQueue<E> |
A
blocking queue
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ThreadPoolExecutor | An ExecutorService that executes each submitted task using one of possibly several pooled threads, normally configured using Executors factory methods. |
ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy | A handler for rejected tasks that throws a RejectedExecutionException . |
ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy | A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task directly in the calling thread of the execute method, unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded. |
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy | A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled request and then retries execute , unless the executor is shut down, in which case the task is discarded. |
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy | A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the rejected task. |
Enum Summary | |
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TimeUnit | A TimeUnit represents time durations at a given unit of granularity and provides utility methods to convert across units, and to perform timing and delay operations in these units. |
Exception Summary | |
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BrokenBarrierException | Exception thrown when a thread tries to wait upon a barrier that is in a broken state, or which enters the broken state while the thread is waiting. |
CancellationException | Exception indicating that the result of a value-producing task, such as a FutureTask , cannot be retrieved because the task was cancelled. |
ExecutionException | Exception thrown when attempting to retrieve the result of a task that aborted by throwing an exception. |
RejectedExecutionException | Exception thrown by an Executor when a task cannot be accepted for execution. |
TimeoutException | Exception thrown when a blocking operation times out. |
Utility classes commonly useful in concurrent programming. Thispackage includes a few small standardized extensible frameworks, aswell as some classes that provide useful functionality and areotherwise tedious or difficult to implement. Here are briefdescriptions of the main components. See also the locks and atomic packages.
Implementations. Classes ThreadPoolExecutor and ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor provide tunable,flexible thread pools. The Executors class provides factory methods for the most common kinds andconfigurations of Executors, as well as a few utility methods forusing them. Other utilities based on Executors include the concreteclass FutureTask providing a commonextensible implementation of Futures, and ExecutorCompletionService , that assists incoordinating the processing of groups of asynchronous tasks.
The "Concurrent" prefix used with some classes in this package is ashorthand indicating several differences from similar "synchronized"classes. For example java.util.Hashtable and Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap()) aresynchronized. But ConcurrentHashMap is"concurrent". A concurrent collection is thread-safe, but notgoverned by a single exclusion lock. In the particular case ofConcurrentHashMap, it safely permits any number of concurrent reads aswell as a tunable number of concurrent writes. "Synchronized" classescan be useful when you need to prevent all access to a collection viaa single lock, at the expense of poorer scalability. In other cases inwhich multiple threads are expected to access a common collection,"concurrent" versions are normally preferable. And unsynchronizedcollections are preferable when either collections are unshared, orare accessible only when holding other locks.
Most concurrent Collection implementations (including most Queues)also differ from the usual java.util conventions in that their Iteratorsprovide weakly consistent rather than fast-fail traversal. Aweakly consistent iterator is thread-safe, but does not necessarilyfreeze the collection while iterating, so it may (or may not) reflectany updates since the iterator was created.
Memory Consistency Properties
Chapter 17 of the Java Language Specification
defines the
happens-before
relation on memory operations such as reads andwrites of shared variables. The results of a write by one thread areguaranteed to be visible to a read by another thread only if the writeoperation
happens-before
the read operation. Thesynchronized and volatile constructs, as well as theThread.start() and Thread.join() methods, can form
happens-before
relationships. In particular: