MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual Including MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3-7.4 Reference Guide
The online DDL feature provides support for in-place table alterations and concurrent DML. Benefits of this feature include:
Improved responsiveness and availability in busy production environments, where making a table unavailable for minutes or hours is not practical.
The ability to adjust the balance between performance and
concurrency during DDL operations using the
LOCK
clause. See
The LOCK clause.
Less disk space usage and I/O overhead than the table-copy method.
The online DDL feature builds on the fast index creation feature
that is available in MySQL 5.5, which optimized CREATE
INDEX
and DROP INDEX
to avoid
table-copying behavior.
The NDB Cluster NDB
storage engine also
supports online table schema changes, but uses its own syntax that
is not compatible with the syntax used for InnoDB
online DDL operations. For more information, see
Section 18.5.11, “Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster”.
Typically, you do not need to do anything special to enable online DDL. By default, MySQL performs the operation in place, as permitted, with as little locking as possible.
You can control aspects of a DDL operation using the
ALGORITHM
and LOCK
clauses of
the ALTER TABLE
statement. These
clauses are placed at the end of the statement, separated from the
table and column specifications by commas. For example:
ALTER TABLEtbl_name
ADD PRIMARY KEY (column
), ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
The LOCK
clause is useful for fine-tuning the
degree of concurrent access to the table. The
ALGORITHM
clause is primarily intended for
performance comparisons and as a fallback to the older table-copying
behavior in case you encounter any issues. For example:
To avoid accidentally making the table unavailable for reads,
writes, or both, specify a clause on the
ALTER TABLE
statement such as
LOCK=NONE
(permit reads and writes) or
LOCK=SHARED
(permit reads). The operation
halts immediately if the requested level of concurrency is not
available.
To compare performance, run a statement with
ALGORITHM=INPLACE
and
ALGORITHM=COPY
. Alternatively, run a
statement with the
old_alter_table
configuration
option disabled and enabled.
To avoid tying up the server with an ALTER
TABLE
operation that copies the table, include
ALGORITHM=INPLACE
. The statement halts
immediately if it cannot use the in-place mechanism.