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x86 Assembly Language Reference Manual |
1. Overview of the Solaris x86 Assembler
2. Solaris x86 Assembly Language Syntax
This section discusses the lexical conventions of the Solaris x86 assembly language.
An x86 assembly language program consists of one or more files containing statements. A statement consists of tokens separated by whitespace and terminated by either a newline character (ASCII 0x0A) or a semicolon (;) (ASCII 0x3B). Whitespace consists of spaces (ASCII 0x20), tabs (ASCII 0x09), and formfeeds (ASCII 0x0B) that are not contained in a string or comment. More than one statement can be placed on a single input line provided that each statement is terminated by a semicolon. A statement can consist of a comment. Empty statements, consisting only of whitespace, are allowed.
A comment can be appended to a statement. The comment consists of the slash character (/) (ASCII 0x2F) followed by the text of the comment. The comment is terminated by the newline that terminates the statement.
A label can be placed at the beginning of a statement. During assembly, the label is assigned the current value of the active location counter and serves as an instruction operand. There are two types of lables: symbolic and numeric.
A symbolic label consists of an identifier (or symbol) followed by a colon (:) (ASCII 0x3A). Symbolic labels must be defined only once. Symbolic labels have global scope and appear in the object file's symbol table.
Symbolic labels with identifiers beginning with a period (.) (ASCII 0x2E) are considered to have local scope and are not included in the object file's symbol table.
A numeric label consists of a single digit in the range zero (0) through nine (9) followed by a colon (:). Numeric labels are used only for local reference and are not included in the object file's symbol table. Numeric labels have limited scope and can be redefined repeatedly.
When a numeric label is used as a reference (as an instruction operand, for example), the suffixes b (“backward”) or f (“forward”) should be added to the numeric label. For numeric label N, the reference Nb refers to the nearest label N defined before the reference, and the reference Nf refers to the nearest label N defined after the reference. The following example illustrates the use of numeric labels:
1: / define numeric label "1"
one: / define symbolic label "one"
/ ... assembler code ...
jmp 1f / jump to first numeric label "1" defined
/ after this instruction
/ (this reference is equivalent to label "two")
jmp 1b / jump to last numeric label "1" defined
/ before this instruction
/ (this reference is equivalent to label "one")
1: / redefine label "1"
two: / define symbolic label "two"
jmp 1b / jump to last numeric label "1" defined
/ before this instruction
/ (this reference is equivalent to label "two")
There are five classes of tokens:
Identifiers (symbols)
Keywords
Numerical constants
String Constants
Operators
An identifier is an arbitrarily-long sequence of letters and digits. The first character must be a letter; the underscore (_) (ASCII 0x5F) and the period (.) (ASCII 0x2E) are considered to be letters. Case is significant: uppercase and lowercase letters are different.
Keywords such as x86 instruction mnemonics (“opcodes”) and assembler directives are reserved for the assembler and should not be used as identifiers. See Chapter 3, Instruction Set Mapping for a list of the Solaris x86 mnemonics. See Assembler Directives for the list of as assembler directives.
Numbers in the x86 architecture can be integers or floating point. Integers can be signed or unsigned, with signed integers represented in two's complement representation. Floating-point numbers can be: single-precision floating-point; double-precision floating-point; and double-extended precision floating-point.
Integers can be expressed in several bases:
Decimal. Decimal integers begin with a non-zero digit followed by zero or more decimal digits (0–9).
Binary. Binary integers begin with “0b” or “0B” followed by zero or more binary digits (0, 1).
Octal. Octal integers begin with zero (0) followed by zero or more octal digits (0–7).
Hexadecimal. Hexadecimal integers begin with “0x” or “0X” followed by one or more hexadecimal digits (0–9, A–F). Hexadecimal digits can be either uppercase or lowercase.
Floating point constants have the following format:
Sign (optional) – either plus (+) or minus (–)
Integer (optional) – zero or more decimal digits (0–9)
Fraction (optional) – decimal point (.) followed by zero or more decimal digits
Exponent (optional) – the letter “e” or “E”, followed by an optional sign (plus or minus), followed by one or more decimal digits (0–9)
A valid floating point constant must have either an integer part or a fractional part.
A string constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes ( ") (ASCII 0x22). To include a double-quote character ("), single-quote character ('), or backslash character (\) within a string, precede the character with a backslash (\) (ASCII 0x5C). A character can be expressed in a string as its ASCII value in octal preceded by a backslash (for example, the letter “J” could be expressed as “\112”). The assembler accepts the following escape sequences in strings:
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The assembler supports the following operators for use in expressions. Operators have no assigned precedence. Expressions can be grouped in square brackets ([]) to establish precedence.
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Bitwise logical AND
Bitwise logical OR
Shift right
Shift left
Remainder
Bitwise logical AND NOT
Bitwise logical XOR
Note - The asterisk (*), slash (/), and percent sign (%) characters are overloaded. When used as operators in an expression, these characters must be preceded by the backslash character (\).
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