Before You Begin

This manual instructs you in the use of the C++ compiler for the Sun Open Network Environment (Sun ONE) Studio 8, Compiler Collection, and provides detailed information on command-line compiler options. This manual is intended for programmers with a working knowledge of C++ and some understanding of the Solaris operating environment and UNIX^® commands.

How This Book Is Organized

This manual covers the following topics:

C++ Compiler. Chapter 1 provides introductory material about the compiler, such as standards conformance and new features.Chapter 2 explains how to use the compiler and Chapter 3 discusses how to use the compiler's command line options.

Writing C++ Programs. Chapter 4 discusses how to compile nonstandard code that is commonly accepted by other C++ compilers. Chapter 5 makes suggestions for setting up and organizing header files and template definitions. Chapter 6 discusses how to create and use templates and Chapter 7 explains various options for compiling templates. Exception handling is discussed in Chapter 8 and information about cast operations is provided in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 discusses performance techniques that strongly affect the C++ compiler. Chapter 11 provides information about building multithreaded programs.

Libraries. Chapter 12 explains how to use the libraries that are provided with the compiler. The C++ standard library is discussed in Chapter 13, the classic iostream library (for compatibility mode) is discussed in Chapter 14, and the complex arithmetic library (for compatibility mode) is discussed in Chapter 15. Chapter 16 provides information about building libraries.

Compiler Options. Appendix A provides in-depth information about the compiler options.

Typographic Conventions


Typeface	Meaning	Examples
`AaBbCc123`	The names of commands, files, and directories; on-screen computer output	Edit your `.login` file. Use `ls` `-a` to list all files. `% You have mail.`
`AaBbCc123`	What you type, when contrasted with on-screen computer output	`%` `su` `Password:`
AaBbCc123	Book titles, new words or terms, words to be emphasized	Read Chapter 6 in the User's Guide. These are called class options. You must be superuser to do this.
AaBbCc123	Command-line placeholder text; replace with a real name or value	To delete a file, type `rm` filename.


Code Symbol	Meaning	Notation	Code Example
[ ]	Brackets contain arguments that are optional.	`O[`n`]`	`O4, O`
{ }	Braces contain a set of choices for a required option.	`d{y\|n}`	`dy`
\|	The "pipe" or "bar" symbol separates arguments, only one of which may be chosen.	`B{dynamic\|static}`	`Bstatic`
:	The colon, like the comma, is sometimes used to separate arguments.	`R`dir`[:`dir`]`	`R/local/libs:/U/a`
...	The ellipsis indicates omission in a series.	`xinline=`f1`[`,...fn`]`	`xinline=alpha,dos`

Shell Prompts

Shell	Prompt
C shell	machine-name`%`
C shell superuser	machine-name`#`
Bourne shell and Korn shell	`$`
Superuser for Bourne shell and Korn shell	`#`

Accessing Compiler Collection Tools and Man Pages

The compiler collection components and man pages are not installed into the standard /usr/bin/ and /usr/share/man directories. To access the compilers and tools, you must have the compiler collection component directory in your PATH environment variable. To access the man pages, you must have the compiler collection man page directory in your MANPATH environment variable.

For more information about the PATH variable, see the csh(1), sh(1), and ksh(1) man pages. For more information about the MANPATH variable, see the man(1) man page. For more information about setting your PATH variable and MANPATH variables to access this release, see the installation guide or your system administrator.

Note - The information in this section assumes that your Sun ONE Studio compiler collection components are installed in the /opt directory. If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Accessing the Compilers and Tools

Use the steps below to determine whether you need to change your PATH variable to access the compilers and tools.

To Determine Whether You Need to Set Your PATH Environment Variable

1. Display the current value of the PATH variable by typing the following at a command prompt.

% echo $PATH

2. Review the output to find a string of paths that contain /opt/SUNWspro/bin/.

If you find the path, your PATH variable is already set to access the compilers and tools. If you do not find the path, set your PATH environment variable by following the instructions in the next procedure.

To Set Your PATH Environment Variable to Enable Access to the Compilers and Tools

1. If you are using the C shell, edit your home .cshrc file. If you are using the Bourne shell or Korn shell, edit your home .profile file.

2. Add the following to your PATH environment variable.

/opt/SUNWspro/bin

Accessing the Man Pages

Use the following steps to determine whether you need to change your MANPATH variable to access the man pages.

To Determine Whether You Need to Set Your MANPATH Environment Variable

1. Request the dbx man page by typing the following at a command prompt.

% man dbx

2. Review the output, if any.

If the dbx(1) man page cannot be found or if the man page displayed is not for the current version of the software installed, follow the instructions in the next procedure for setting your MANPATH environment variable.

To Set Your MANPATH Environment Variable to Enable Access to the Man Pages

1. If you are using the C shell, edit your home .cshrc file. If you are using the Bourne shell or Korn shell, edit your home .profile file.

2. Add the following to your MANPATH environment variable.

/opt/SUNWspro/man

Accessing Compiler Collection Documentation

You can access the documentation at the following locations:

The documentation is available from the documentation index that is installed with the software on your local system or network at file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html.

If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Most manuals are available from the docs.sun.com^sm web site. The following titles are available through your installed software only:

Standard C++ Library Class Reference

Standard C++ Library User's Guide

Tools.h++ Class Library Reference

Tools.h++ User's Guide

The release notes are available from the docs.sun.com web site.

The docs.sun.com web site (http://docs.sun.com) enables you to read, print, and buy Sun Microsystems manuals through the Internet. If you cannot find a manual, see the documentation index that is installed with the software on your local system or network.

Note - Sun is not responsible for the availability of third-party web sites mentioned in this document and does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, or other materials on or available from such sites or resources. Sun will not be responsible or liable for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods, or services available on or through any such sites or resources.

Documentation in Accessible Formats

The documentation is provided in accessible formats that are readable by assistive technologies for users with disabilities. You can find accessible versions of documentation as described in the following table. If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Type of Documentation	Format and Location of Accessible Version
Manuals (except third-party manuals)	HTML at `http://docs.sun.com`
Third-party manuals: Standard C++ Library Class Reference Standard C++ Library User's Guide Tools.h++ Class Library Reference Tools.h++ User's Guide	HTML in the installed software through the documentation index at `file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html`
Readmes and man pages	HTML in the installed software through the documentation index at `file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html`
Release notes	HTML at `http://docs.sun.com`

Document Title	Description
Numerical Computation Guide	Describes issues regarding the numerical accuracy of floating-point computations.

Accessing Related Solaris Documentation

The following table describes related documentation that is available through the docs.sun.com web site.

Document Collection	Document Title	Description
Solaris Reference Manual Collection	See the titles of man page sections.	Provides information about the Solaris operating environment.
Solaris Software Developer Collection	Linker and Libraries Guide	Describes the operations of the Solaris link-editor and runtime linker.
Solaris Software Developer Collection	Multithreaded Programming Guide	Covers the POSIX and Solaris threads APIs, programming with synchronization objects, compiling multithreaded programs, and finding tools for multithreaded programs.

Accessing C++ Related Man Pages

This manual provides lists of the man pages that are available for the C++ libraries. The following table lists other man pages that are related to C++.

Title	Description
`c++filt`	Copies each file name in sequence and writes it in the standard output after decoding symbols that look like C++ demangled names
`dem`	Demangles one or more C++ names that you specify
`fbe`	Creates object files from assembly language source files
`fpversion`	Prints information about the system CPU and FPU
`gprof`	Produces execution profile of a program
`ild`	Links incrementally, allowing insertion of modified object code into a previously built executable
`inline`	Expands assembler inline procedure calls
`lex`	Generates lexical analysis programs
`rpcgen`	Generates C/C++ code to implement an RPC protocol
`sigfpe`	Allows signal handling for specific SIGFPE codes
`stdarg`	Handles variable argument list
`varargs`	Handles variable argument list
`version`	Displays version identification of object file or binary
`yacc`	Converts a context-free grammar into a set of tables for a simple automaton that executes an LALR(1) parsing algorithm

Commercially Available Books

The following is a partial list of available books on the C++ language.

The C++ Programming Language 3rd edition, Bjarne Stroustrup (Addison-Wesley, 1997).

The C++ Standard Library, Nicolai Josuttis (Addison-Wesley, 1999).

Generic Programming and the STL, Matthew Austern (Addison-Wesley, 1999).

Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales, Angelika Langer and Klaus Kreft (Addison-Wesley, 2000).

Thinking in C++, Volume 1, Second Edition, Bruce Eckel (Prentice Hall, 2000).

The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, Margaret A. Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup, (Addison-Wesley, 1990).

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides (Addison-Wesley, 1995).

C++ Primer, Third Edition, Stanley B. Lippman and Josee Lajoie (Addison-Wesley, 1998).

Effective C++--50 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs, Second Edition, Scott Meyers (Addison-Wesley, 1998).

More Effective C++--35 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs, Scott Meyers (Addison-Wesley, 1996).

Resources for Developers

Visit http://www.sun.com/developers/studio and click the Compiler Collection link to find these frequently updated resources:

Articles on programming techniques and best practices

A knowledge base of short programming tips

Documentation of compiler collection components, as well as corrections to the documentation that is installed with your software

Information on support levels

User forums

Downloadable code samples

New technology previews

You can find additional resources for developers at http://www.sun.com/developers/.

Contacting Sun Technical Support

If you have technical questions about this product that are not answered in this document, go to:

http://www.sun.com/service/contacting

Sun Welcomes Your Comments

Sun is interested in improving its documentation and welcomes your comments and suggestions. Email your comments to Sun at this address:

docfeedback@sun.com

Please include the part number (817-0926-10) of the document in the subject line of your email.