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Logical Domains 1.2 Administration Guide

Installing Logical Domains Software on a New System

Sun platforms supporting Logical Domains software come preinstalled with the Solaris 10 OS. Initially, the Logical Domains software is not enabled, and the platform appears as a single system hosting only one operating system. After the Solaris OS, system firmware, and Logical Domains Manager have been installed, the original system and instance of the Solaris OS become the control domain. That first domain of the platform is named primary, and you cannot change that name or destroy that domain. From there, the platform can be reconfigured to have multiple domains hosting different instances of the Solaris OS.

Updating the Solaris OS

On a brand new system, you may want to reinstall the OS so that it conforms to your installation policy. In that case, refer to Required and Recommended Solaris OS in Logical Domains 1.2 Release Notes to find the Solaris 10 OS that you should use for this version of the Logical Domains software. Refer to your Solaris 10 OS installation guide for complete instructions for installing the Solaris OS. You can tailor your installation to the needs of your system.

If your system is already installed then it needs to be upgraded to the appropriate Solaris 10 OS that should be used for this version of the Logical Domains software. Refer to Required Software and Patches in Logical Domains 1.2 Release Notes to find the Solaris 10 OS that you should use for this version of the Logical Domains software and the required and recommended patches. Refer to the Solaris 10 5/09 Release and Installation Collection for complete instructions for upgrading the Solaris OS.

Upgrading the System Firmware

ProcedureUpgrade System Firmware

You can find system firmware for your platform at the SunSolve site.

Refer to Required System Firmware Patches in Logical Domains 1.2 Release Notes for required system firmware by supported servers.

This procedure describes how to upgrade system firmware using the flashupdate command on your service processor.

Refer to the administration guides or product notes for the supported servers for more information about installing and updating system firmware for these servers.

  1. Shut down and power off the host server from either management port connected to the service processor: serial or network.


    # shutdown -i5 -g0 -y

  2. Use the flashupdate command to upgrade the system firmware, depending on your server.

    Refer to your platform documentation for information about how to update your firmware.

    The following shows a sample flashupdate command:


    sc> flashupdate -s IP-address -f path/Sun_System_Firmware-
x_x_x_build_nn-server-name.bin
username: your-userid
password: your-password

    Where:

    • IP-address is the IP address of your FTP server.

    • path is the location in SunSolvesm or your own directory where you can obtain the system firmware image.

    • x_x_x is the version number of the System Firmware.

    • nn is the number of the build that applies to this release.

    • server-name is the name of your server. For example, the server-name for the Sun FireTM T2000 server is Sun_Fire_T2000.

  3. Reset the service processor.


    sc> resetsc -y

  4. Power on and boot the host server.


    sc> poweron -c
ok boot disk

ProcedureUpgrade System Firmware Without an FTP Server

If you do not have access to a local FTP server to upload firmware to the service processor, you can use the sysfwdownload utility, which is provided with your system firmware upgrade package on the SunSolve site:

http://sunsolve.sun.com

  1. Run the following commands within the Solaris OS.


    # cd firmware_location
# sysfwdownload system_firmware_file

  2. Shut down the Solaris OS instance.


    # shutdown -i5 -g0 -y

  3. Power off the system and update the firmware.


    sc> poweroff -fy
sc> flashupdate -s 127.0.0.1

  4. Reset the service processor and power on the system.


    sc> resetsc -y
sc> poweron

Downloading Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit

ProcedureDownload the Software

  1. Download the zip file (LDoms_Manager-1_2.zip) from the Sun Software Download site.

    You can find the software at http://www.sun.com/ldoms.

  2. Unzip the zip file.


    $ unzip LDoms_Manager-1_2.zip

    The Logical Domains Manager and the Solaris Security Toolkit are bundled in the same zip file. Refer to Location of LDoms 1.2 Software in Logical Domains 1.2 Release Notes for details about the structure of the file and what it includes.

Installing the Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit

There are three methods of installing Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit software:

Note –

Remember that you need to manually install the LDoms MIB software package after you install the Logical Domains and Solaris Security Toolkit packages. It is not automatically installed with the other packages. Refer to the Logical Domains (LDoms) MIB 1.0.1 Administration Guide for more information about installing and using the LDoms MIB.

Installing the Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit Software Automatically

If you use the install-ldm installation script, you have several choices to specify how you want the script to run. Each choice is described in the procedures that follow.

ProcedureInstall With No Special Options

  1. Run the install-ldm installation script with no options.

    The installation script is part of the SUNWldm package and is in the Install subdirectory.


    # Install/install-ldm

    1. If one or more packages are previously installed, you receive this message.


      # Install/install-ldm
ERROR: One or more packages are already installed: SUNWldm SUNWjass.
If packages SUNWldm.v and SUNWjass are factory pre-installed, run
install-ldm -p to perform post-install actions.  Otherwise remove the
package(s) and restart install-ldm.

      If you want to perform post-installation actions only, go to Enable the Logical Domains Manager Daemon and Run the Solaris Security Toolkit Only.

    2. If the process is successful, you receive messages similar to those in the following examples.

    • Example 3–1 shows a successful run of the install-ldm script if you choose the following default security profile:

      a) Hardened Solaris configuration for LDoms (recommended)

    • Example 3–2 shows a successful run of the install-ldm script if you choose the following security profile:

      c) Your custom-defined Solaris security configuration profile

      The drivers that are displayed for you to choose are drivers ending with -secure.driver. If you write a customized driver that does not end with -secure.driver, you must specify your customized driver with the install-ldm -d option. (See Install With a Customized Hardening Driver.)

Example 3–1 Output From Hardened Solaris Configuration for LDoms


# Install/install-ldm
Welcome to the LDoms installer.
 
You are about to install the domain manager package that will enable
you to create, destroy and control other domains on your system. Given
the capabilities of the domain manager, you can now change the security
configuration of this Solaris instance using the Solaris Security
Toolkit.
 
Select a security profile from this list:
 
a) Hardened Solaris configuration for LDoms (recommended)
b) Standard Solaris configuration
c) Your custom-defined Solaris security configuration profile
 
Enter a, b, or c [a]: a
The changes made by selecting this option can be undone through the
Solaris Security Toolkit's undo feature. This can be done with the
`/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -u'  command.
 
Installing LDoms and Solaris Security Toolkit packages.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Logical_Domain_Manager" -a pkg_admin SUNWldm.v
Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWldm> was successful.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Solaris_Security_Toolkit" -a pkg_admin SUNWjass
Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWjass> was successful. 
 
Verifying that all packages are fully installed.  OK.
Enabling services: svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default
Running Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2.0 driver ldm_control-secure.driver.
Please wait. . . 
/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -q -d ldm_control-secure.driver
Executing driver, ldm_control-secure.driver
Solaris Security Toolkit hardening executed successfully; log file
/var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20070208142843/jass-install-log.txt.  It will not
take effect until the next reboot.  Before rebooting, make sure SSH or
the serial line is setup for use after the reboot.
Example 3–2 Output From Choosing Customized Configuration Profile


# Install/install-ldm
Welcome to the LDoms installer.
 
You are about to install the domain manager package that will enable
you to create, destroy and control other domains on your system. Given
the capabilities of the domain manager, you can now change the security
configuration of this Solaris instance using the Solaris Security
Toolkit.
 
Select a security profile from this list:
 
a) Hardened Solaris configuration for LDoms (recommended)
b) Standard Solaris configuration
c) Your custom-defined Solaris security configuration profile
 
Enter a, b, or c [a]: c
Choose a Solaris Security Toolkit .driver configuration profile from
this list
1) ldm_control-secure.driver
2) secure.driver
3) server-secure.driver
4) suncluster3x-secure.driver
5) sunfire_15k_sc-secure.driver
 
Enter a number 1 to 5: 2
The driver you selected may not perform all the LDoms-specific
operations specified in the LDoms Administration Guide.
Is this OK (yes/no)? [no] y
The changes made by selecting this option can be undone through the
Solaris Security Toolkit's undo feature. This can be done with the
`/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -u' command.
 
Installing LDoms and Solaris Security Toolkit packages.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Logical_Domain_Manager" -a pkg_admin SUNWldm.v
Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWldm> was successful.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Solaris_Security_Toolkit" -a pkg_admin SUNWjass
Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWjass> was successful. 
 
Verifying that all packages are fully installed.  OK.
Enabling services: svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default
Running Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2.0 driver secure.driver.
Please wait. . . 
/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -q -d secure.driver
Executing driver, secure.driver
Solaris Security Toolkit hardening executed successfully; log file
/var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20070102142843/jass-install-log.txt.  It will not
take effect until the next reboot.  Before rebooting, make sure SSH or
the serial line is setup for use after the reboot.

ProcedureInstall With a Customized Hardening Driver

  1. Run the install-ldm installation script with the -d option to specify a Solaris Security Toolkit customized hardening driver; for example, server-secure-myname.driver.

    The installation script is part of the SUNWldm package and is in the Install subdirectory.


    # Install/install-ldm -d server-secure-myname.driver

    If the process is successful, you receive messages similar to those in the following example:

Example 3–3 Output From Successful Run of the install-ldm -d Script


# Install/install-ldm -d server-secure.driver
The driver you selected may not perform all the LDoms-specific
operations specified in the LDoms Administration Guide.
Installing LDoms and Solaris Security Toolkit packages.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Logical_Domain_Manager" -a pkg_admin SUNWldm.v
Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWldm> was successful.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Solaris_Security_Toolkit" -a pkg_admin SUNWjass
Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWjass> was successful. 
 
Verifying that all packages are fully installed.  OK.
Enabling services: svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default
Running Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2.0 driver server-secure-myname.driver.
Please wait. . . 
/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -q -d server-secure-myname.driver
Executing driver, server-secure-myname.driver
Solaris Security Toolkit hardening executed successfully; log file
/var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20061114143128/jass-install-log.txt.  It will not
take effect until the next reboot.  Before rebooting, make sure SSH or
the serial line is setup for use after the reboot.

ProcedureInstall and Do Not Harden Your System

  1. Run the install-ldm installation script with the -d none option to specify not to harden your system using a Solaris Security Toolkit driver.

    The installation script is part of the SUNWldm package and is in the Install subdirectory.


    # Install/install-ldm -d none

    If the process is successful, you receive messages similar to those in the following example:

Example 3–4 Output From Successful Run of the install-ldm -d none Script


# Install/install-ldm -d none
Installing LDoms and Solaris Security Toolkit packages.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Logical_Domain_Manager" -a pkg_admin SUNWldm.v
Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWldm> was successful.
pkgadd -n -d "/var/tmp/install/Product/Solaris_Security_Toolkit" -a pkg_admin SUNWjass
Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
Use is subject to license terms.
 
Installation of <SUNWjass> was successful. 
 
Verifying that all packages are fully installed.  OK.
Enabling services: svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default
Solaris Security Toolkit was not applied. Bypassing the use of the
Solaris Security Toolkit is not recommended and should only be
performed when alternative hardening steps are to be taken.

ProcedureEnable the Logical Domains Manager Daemon and Run the Solaris Security Toolkit Only

You might use this option if the SUNWldm and SUNWjass packages are preinstalled on your server and you want to perform the post-installation actions of enabling the Logical Domains Manager daemon (ldmd) and running the Solaris Security Toolkit.

  1. Run the install-ldm installation script with the -p option to perform only the post-installation actions of enabling ldmd and running the Solaris Security Toolkit to harden your system.


    # Install/install-ldm -p
Verifying that all packages are fully installed.  OK.
Enabling services: svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default
Running Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2.0 driver ldm_control-secure.driver.
Please wait. . .
/opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -q -d ldm_control-secure.driver
Solaris Security Toolkit hardening executed successfully; log file
var/opt/SUNWjass/run/20070515140944/jass-install-log.txt.  It will not
take effect until the next reboot.  Before rebooting, make sure SSH or
the serial line is setup for use after the reboot.

Using JumpStart to Install the Logical Domains Manager 1.2 and Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 Software

Refer to JumpStart Technology: Effective Use in the Solaris Operating Environment for complete information about using JumpStart.

Caution – Caution –

Do not disconnect from the virtual console during a network installation.

ProcedureSet Up a JumpStart Server

  1. Refer to the Solaris 10 5/09 Installation Guide: Custom JumpStart and Advanced Installations.

    Perform the following steps.

    1. See Task Map: Preparing Custom JumpStart Installations in Solaris 10 5/09 Installation Guide: Custom JumpStart and Advanced Installations.

    2. Set up networked systems with the procedures in “Creating a Profile Server for Network Systems.”

    3. Create the rules file with the procedure in “Creating the rules File.”

  2. Validate the rules file with the procedure in “Validating the rules File.”

    The Solaris Security Toolkit provides profiles and finish scripts. Refer to the Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 Reference Manual for more information about profiles and finish scripts.

ProcedureInstall Using JumpStart Software

  1. Change to the directory where you have downloaded the Solaris Security Toolkit package (SUNWjass).


    # cd /path-to-download

  2. Install SUNWjass so that it creates the JumpStart (jumpstart) directory structure.


    # pkgadd -R /jumpstart -d . SUNWjass

  3. Use your text editor to modify the /jumpstart/opt/SUNWjass/Sysidcfg/Solaris_10/sysidcfg file to reflect your network environment.

  4. Copy the /jumpstart/opt/SUNWjass/Drivers/user.init.SAMPLE file to the /jumpstart/opt/SUNWjass/Drivers/user.init file.


    # cp user.init.SAMPLE user.init

  5. Edit the user.init file to reflect your paths.

  6. To install the Solaris Security Toolkit package (SUNWjass) onto the target system during a JumpStart install, you must place the package in the JASS_PACKAGE_MOUNT directory defined in your user.init file. For example:


    # cp -r /path/to/LDoms_Manager-1_0_2/Product/SUNWjass /jumpstart/opt/SUNWjass/Packages

  7. To install the Logical Domains Manager package (SUNWldm.v) onto the target system during a JumpStart install, you must place the package from the download area in the JASS_PACKAGE_MOUNT directory defined in your user.init file. For example:


    # cp -r /path/to/LDoms_Manager-1_0_2/Product/SUNWldm.v /jumpstart/opt/SUNWjass/Packages

  8. If you experience problems with a multihomed JumpStart server, modify the two entries in the user.init file for JASS_PACKAGE_MOUNT and JASS_PATCH_MOUNT to the correct path to the JASS_HOME_DIR/Patches and JASS_HOME_DIR/Packages directories. Refer to the comments in the user.init.SAMPLE file for more information.

  9. Use the ldm_control-secure.driver as the basic driver for the Logical Domains Manager control domain.

    Refer to Chapter 4 in the Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 Reference Manual for information about how to modify the driver for your use. The main driver in the Solaris Security Toolkit that is the counterpart to the ldm_control-secure.driver is the secure.driver.

  10. After completing the modifications to the ldm_control-secure.driver, make the correct entry in the rules file.

    • If you want to minimize the LDoms control domain, specify the minimal-ldm-control.profile in your rules file similar to the following:


      hostname imbulu - Profiles/minimal-ldm_control.profile
Drivers/ldm_control-secure-abc.driver
      Note –

      You must manually install the LDoms MIB software package after you install the LDoms and Solaris Security Toolkit packages. They are not automatically installed with the other packages.

    • If you do not want to minimize the LDoms control domain, your entry should be similar to the following:


      hostname imbulu - Profiles/oem.profile Drivers/ldm_control-secure-abc.driver

  11. If you undo hardening during a JumpStart install, you must run the following SMF command to restart the Logical Domains Manager.


    # svcadm enable svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default

Installing Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit Software Manually

Perform the following procedures to install the Logical Domains Manager and Solaris Security Toolkit Software manually:

ProcedureInstall the Logical Domains Manager (LDoms) 1.2 Software Manually

Before You Begin

Download the Logical Domains Manager 1.2 software, the SUNWldm package, from the Sun Software Download site. See Download the Software for specific instructions.

  1. Use the pkgadd(1M) command to install the SUNWldm.v package. Use the -G option to install the package in the global zone only and the -d option to specify the path to the directory that contains the SUNWldm.v package.


    # pkgadd -Gd . SUNWldm.v

  2. Answer y for yes to all questions in the interactive prompts.

  3. Use the pkginfo(1) command to verify that the SUNWldm package for Logical Domains Manager 1.2 software is installed.

    The revision (REV) information shown below is an example.


    # pkginfo -l SUNWldm | grep VERSION
VERSION=1.2,REV=2007.08.23.10.20

Procedure(Optional) Install the Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 Software Manually

If you want to secure your system, download and install the SUNWjass package. The required patches (122608-03 and 125672-01) are included in the SUNWjass package. See Download the Software for specific instructions about downloading the software.

See Chapter 2, Security in this document for more information about security considerations when using Logical Domains Manager software. For further reference, you can find Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 documentation at:

http://docs.sun.com

  1. Use the pkgadd(1M) command to install the SUNWjass package.


    # pkgadd -d . SUNWjass

  2. Use the pkginfo(1) command to verify that the SUNWjass package for Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 software is installed.


    # pkginfo -l SUNWjass | grep VERSION
VERSION: 4.2.0

Procedure(Optional) Harden the Control Domain Manually

Perform this procedure only if you have installed the Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 package.

Note –

When you use the Solaris Security Toolkit to harden the control domain, you disable many system services and place certain restrictions on network access. Refer to Related Documentation to find Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 documentation for more information.

  1. Harden using the ldm_control-secure.driver.


    # /opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -d ldm_control-secure.driver

    You can use other drivers to harden your system. You can also customize drivers to tune the security of your environment. Refer to the Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 Reference Manual for more information about drivers and customizing them.

  2. Answer y for yes to all questions in the interactive prompts.

  3. Shut down and reboot your server for the hardening to take place.


    # /usr/sbin/shutdown -y -g0 -i6

ProcedureValidate Hardening

  1. Check whether the Logical Domains hardening driver (ldom_control-secure.driver) applied hardening correctly.

    If you want to check on another driver, substitute that driver's name in this command example.


    # /opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -a ldom_control-secure.driver

ProcedureUndo Hardening

  1. Undo the configuration changes applied by the Solaris Security Toolkit.


    # /opt/SUNWjass/bin/jass-execute -u

    The Solaris Security Toolkit asks you which hardening runs you want to undo.

  2. Select the hardening runs you want to undo.

  3. Reboot the system so that the unhardened configuration takes place.


    # /usr/sbin/shutdown -y -g0 -i6
    Note –

    If you undo hardening that was performed during a JumpStart installation, you must run the following SMF commands to restart the Logical Domains Manager daemon (ldmd) and the virtual network terminal server daemon (vntsd).


    # svcadm enable svc:/ldoms/ldmd:default

Enabling the Logical Domains Manager Daemon

The install-ldm installation script automatically enables the Logical Domains Manager daemon (ldmd). The ldmd daemon is also automatically enabled when the SUNWldm package is installed. When enabled, you can create, modify, and control the logical domains.

ProcedureEnable the Logical Domains Manager Daemon

Use this procedure to enable the ldmd daemon if it has been disabled.

  1. Use the svcadm(1M) command to enable the Logical Domains Manager daemon, ldmd.


    # svcadm enable ldmd

  2. Use the ldm list command to verify that the Logical Domains Manager is running.

    The ldm list command should list all domains that are currently defined on the system. In particular, the primary domain should be listed and be in the active state. The following sample output shows that only the primary domain is defined on the system.


    # /opt/SUNWldm/bin/ldm list
NAME             STATE    FLAGS   CONS    VCPU  MEMORY   UTIL  UPTIME
primary          active   ---c-   SP      32    3264M    0.3%  19d 9m

Creating Authorization and Profiles and Assigning Roles for User Accounts

You set up authorization and profiles and assign roles for user accounts using the Solaris OS Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) adapted for the Logical Domains Manager. Refer to the Solaris 10 System Administrator Collection for more information about RBAC.

Authorization for the Logical Domains Manager has two levels:

Following are the Logical Domains entries automatically added to the Solaris OS /etc/security/auth_attr file:

Managing User Authorizations

ProcedureAdd an Authorization for a User

Use the following steps as necessary to add authorizations in the /etc/security/auth_attr file for Logical Domains Manager users. Because the superuser already has solaris.* authorization, the superuser already has permission for solaris.ldoms.* authorizations.

  1. Create a local user account for each user who needs authorization to use the ldm(1M) subcommands.

    Note –

    To add Logical Domains Manager authorization for a user, a local (non-LDAP) account must be created for that user. Refer to the Solaris 10 System Administrator Collection for details.

  2. Do one of the following depending on which ldm(1M) subcommands you want the user to be able to access.

    See Table 2–1 for a list of ldm(1M) commands and their user authorizations.

    • Add a read-only authorization for a user using the usermod(1M) command.


      # usermod -A solaris.ldoms.read username

    • Add a read and write authorization for a user using the usermod(1M) command.


      # usermod -A solaris.ldoms.write username

ProcedureDelete All Authorizations for a User

  1. Delete all authorizations for a local user account (the only possible option).


    # usermod -A `` username

Managing User Profiles

The SUNWldm package adds two system-defined RBAC profiles in the /etc/security/prof_attr file for use in authorizing access to the Logical Domains Manager by non-superusers. The two LDoms-specific profiles are:

One of the preceding profiles can be assigned to a user account using the following procedure.

ProcedureAdd a Profile for a User

  1. Add an administrative profile for a local user account; for example, LDoms Management.


    # usermod -P “LDoms Management” username

ProcedureDelete All Profiles for a User

  1. Delete all profiles for a local user account (the only possible option).


    # usermod -P `` username

Assigning Roles to Users

The advantage of using this procedure is that only a user who has been assigned a specific role can assume the role. In assuming a role, a password is required if the role is given a password. This provides two layers of security. If a user has not been assigned a role, then the user cannot assume the role (by doing the su role-name command) even if the user has the correct password.

ProcedureCreate a Role and Assign the Role to a User

  1. Create a role.


    # roleadd -A solaris.ldoms.read ldm_read

  2. Assign a password to the role.


    # passwd ldm_read

  3. Assign the role to a user; for example, user_1.


    # useradd -R ldm_read user_1

  4. Assign a password to the user (user_1).


    # passwd user_1

  5. Assign access only to the user_1 account to become the ldm_read account.


    # su user_1

  6. Type the user password when or if prompted.

  7. Verify the user ID and access to the ldm_read role.


    $ id
uid=nn(user_1) gid=nn(<group name>)
$ roles
ldm_read

  8. Provide access to the user for ldm subcommands that have read authorization.


    # su ldm_read

  9. Type the user password when or if prompted.

  10. Type the id command to show the user.


    $ id
uid=nn(ldm_read) gid=nn(<group name>)