本节介绍了一个使用本章前面几节中讨论的一些 LDI 调用的内核设备使用方示例。本节讨论此示例模块的下列几个方面:
此内核设备使用方示例名为 lyr。lyr 模块是一个分层驱动程序,它使用 LDI 调用向目标设备发送数据。在其 open(9E) 入口点中,lyr 驱动程序将打开由 lyr.conf 配置文件中的 lyr_targ 属性指定的设备。在其 write(9E) 入口点中,lyr 驱动程序将其所有传入数据写入由 lyr_targ 属性指定的设备。
在下面所示的配置文件中,lyr 驱动程序向其中写入数据的目标设备为控制台。
# # Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. # Use is subject to license terms. # #pragma ident "%Z%%M% %I% %E% SMI" name="lyr" parent="pseudo" instance=1; lyr_targ="/dev/console";
在下面所示的驱动程序源文件中,lyr_state_t 结构保存 lyr 驱动程序的软状态。该软状态包括 lyr_targ 设备的分层驱动程序句柄 (lh) 以及 lyr 设备的分层标识符 (li)。有关软状态的更多信息,请参见检索驱动程序软状态信息。
在 lyr_open() 入口点中,ddi_prop_lookup_string(9F) 将从 lyr_targ 属性中检索要打开的 lyr 设备的目标设备的名称。ldi_ident_from_dev(9F) 函数用于获取 lyr 设备的 LDI 分层标识符。ldi_open_by_name(9F) 函数用于打开 lyr_targ 设备并获取 lyr_targ 设备的分层驱动程序句柄。
请注意,如果 lyr_open() 中发生任何故障,ldi_close(9F)、ldi_ident_release(9F) 和 ddi_prop_free(9F) 调用将会撤消所执行的所有操作。ldi_close(9F) 函数用于关闭 lyr_targ 设备。ldi_ident_release(9F) 函数用于释放 lyr 分层标识符。ddi_prop_free(9F) 函数用于释放检索 lyr_targ 设备名称时分配的资源。如果未发生故障,则会在 lyr_close() 入口点中调用 ldi_close(9F) 和 ldi_ident_release(9F) 函数。
在驱动程序模块的最后一行中,调用了 ldi_write(9F) 函数。ldi_write(9F) 函数先获取在 lyr_write() 入口点中写入 lyr 设备的数据,然后将该数据写入 lyr_targ 设备。ldi_write(9F) 函数使用 lyr_targ 设备的分层驱动程序句柄将数据写入 lyr_targ 设备。
#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/file.h> #include <sys/errno.h> #include <sys/open.h> #include <sys/cred.h> #include <sys/cmn_err.h> #include <sys/modctl.h> #include <sys/conf.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <sys/ddi.h> #include <sys/sunddi.h> #include <sys/sunldi.h> typedef struct lyr_state { ldi_handle_t lh; ldi_ident_t li; dev_info_t *dip; minor_t minor; int flags; kmutex_t lock; } lyr_state_t; #define LYR_OPENED 0x1 /* lh is valid */ #define LYR_IDENTED 0x2 /* li is valid */ static int lyr_info(dev_info_t *, ddi_info_cmd_t, void *, void **); static int lyr_attach(dev_info_t *, ddi_attach_cmd_t); static int lyr_detach(dev_info_t *, ddi_detach_cmd_t); static int lyr_open(dev_t *, int, int, cred_t *); static int lyr_close(dev_t, int, int, cred_t *); static int lyr_write(dev_t, struct uio *, cred_t *); static void *lyr_statep; static struct cb_ops lyr_cb_ops = { lyr_open, /* open */ lyr_close, /* close */ nodev, /* strategy */ nodev, /* print */ nodev, /* dump */ nodev, /* read */ lyr_write, /* write */ nodev, /* ioctl */ nodev, /* devmap */ nodev, /* mmap */ nodev, /* segmap */ nochpoll, /* poll */ ddi_prop_op, /* prop_op */ NULL, /* streamtab */ D_NEW | D_MP, /* cb_flag */ CB_REV, /* cb_rev */ nodev, /* aread */ nodev /* awrite */ }; static struct dev_ops lyr_dev_ops = { DEVO_REV, /* devo_rev, */ 0, /* refcnt */ lyr_info, /* getinfo */ nulldev, /* identify */ nulldev, /* probe */ lyr_attach, /* attach */ lyr_detach, /* detach */ nodev, /* reset */ &lyr_cb_ops, /* cb_ops */ NULL, /* bus_ops */ NULL /* power */ }; static struct modldrv modldrv = { &mod_driverops, "LDI example driver", &lyr_dev_ops }; static struct modlinkage modlinkage = { MODREV_1, &modldrv, NULL }; int _init(void) { int rv; if ((rv = ddi_soft_state_init(&lyr_statep, sizeof (lyr_state_t), 0)) != 0) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "lyr _init: soft state init failed\n"); return (rv); } if ((rv = mod_install(&modlinkage)) != 0) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "lyr _init: mod_install failed\n"); goto FAIL; } return (rv); /*NOTEREACHED*/ FAIL: ddi_soft_state_fini(&lyr_statep); return (rv); } int _info(struct modinfo *modinfop) { return (mod_info(&modlinkage, modinfop)); } int _fini(void) { int rv; if ((rv = mod_remove(&modlinkage)) != 0) { return(rv); } ddi_soft_state_fini(&lyr_statep); return (rv); } /* * 1:1 mapping between minor number and instance */ static int lyr_info(dev_info_t *dip, ddi_info_cmd_t infocmd, void *arg, void **result) { int inst; minor_t minor; lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_info"; minor = getminor((dev_t)arg); inst = minor; switch (infocmd) { case DDI_INFO_DEVT2DEVINFO: statep = ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: get soft state " "failed on inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (DDI_FAILURE); } *result = (void *)statep->dip; break; case DDI_INFO_DEVT2INSTANCE: *result = (void *)inst; break; default: break; } return (DDI_SUCCESS); } static int lyr_attach(dev_info_t *dip, ddi_attach_cmd_t cmd) { int inst; lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_attach"; switch (cmd) { case DDI_ATTACH: inst = ddi_get_instance(dip); if (ddi_soft_state_zalloc(lyr_statep, inst) != DDI_SUCCESS) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_soft_state_zallac failed " "on inst %d\n", myname, inst); goto FAIL; } statep = (lyr_state_t *)ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_get_soft_state failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); goto FAIL; } statep->dip = dip; statep->minor = inst; if (ddi_create_minor_node(dip, "node", S_IFCHR, statep->minor, DDI_PSEUDO, 0) != DDI_SUCCESS) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_create_minor_node failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); goto FAIL; } mutex_init(&statep->lock, NULL, MUTEX_DRIVER, NULL); return (DDI_SUCCESS); case DDI_RESUME: case DDI_PM_RESUME: default: break; } return (DDI_FAILURE); /*NOTREACHED*/ FAIL: ddi_soft_state_free(lyr_statep, inst); ddi_remove_minor_node(dip, NULL); return (DDI_FAILURE); } static int lyr_detach(dev_info_t *dip, ddi_detach_cmd_t cmd) { int inst; lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_detach"; inst = ddi_get_instance(dip); statep = ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: get soft state failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (DDI_FAILURE); } if (statep->dip != dip) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: soft state does not match devinfo " "on inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (DDI_FAILURE); } switch (cmd) { case DDI_DETACH: mutex_destroy(&statep->lock); ddi_soft_state_free(lyr_statep, inst); ddi_remove_minor_node(dip, NULL); return (DDI_SUCCESS); case DDI_SUSPEND: case DDI_PM_SUSPEND: default: break; } return (DDI_FAILURE); } /* * on this driver's open, we open the target specified by a property and store * the layered handle and ident in our soft state. a good target would be * "/dev/console" or more interestingly, a pseudo terminal as specified by the * tty command */ /*ARGSUSED*/ static int lyr_open(dev_t *devtp, int oflag, int otyp, cred_t *credp) { int rv, inst = getminor(*devtp); lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_open"; dev_info_t *dip; char *lyr_targ = NULL; statep = (lyr_state_t *)ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_get_soft_state failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (EIO); } dip = statep->dip; /* * our target device to open should be specified by the "lyr_targ" * string property, which should be set in this driver's .conf file */ if (ddi_prop_lookup_string(DDI_DEV_T_ANY, dip, DDI_PROP_NOTPROM, "lyr_targ", &lyr_targ) != DDI_PROP_SUCCESS) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_prop_lookup_string failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (EIO); } /* * since we only have one pair of lh's and li's available, we don't * allow multiple on the same instance */ mutex_enter(&statep->lock); if (statep->flags & (LYR_OPENED | LYR_IDENTED)) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: multiple layered opens or idents " "from inst %d not allowed\n", myname, inst); mutex_exit(&statep->lock); ddi_prop_free(lyr_targ); return (EIO); } rv = ldi_ident_from_dev(*devtp, &statep->li); if (rv != 0) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ldi_ident_from_dev failed on inst %d\n", myname, inst); goto FAIL; } statep->flags |= LYR_IDENTED; rv = ldi_open_by_name(lyr_targ, FREAD | FWRITE, credp, &statep->lh, statep->li); if (rv != 0) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ldi_open_by_name failed on inst %d\n", myname, inst); goto FAIL; } statep->flags |= LYR_OPENED; cmn_err(CE_CONT, "\n%s: opened target '%s' successfully on inst %d\n", myname, lyr_targ, inst); rv = 0; FAIL: /* cleanup on error */ if (rv != 0) { if (statep->flags & LYR_OPENED) (void)ldi_close(statep->lh, FREAD | FWRITE, credp); if (statep->flags & LYR_IDENTED) ldi_ident_release(statep->li); statep->flags &= ~(LYR_OPENED | LYR_IDENTED); } mutex_exit(&statep->lock); if (lyr_targ != NULL) ddi_prop_free(lyr_targ); return (rv); } /* * on this driver's close, we close the target indicated by the lh member * in our soft state and release the ident, li as well. in fact, we MUST do * both of these at all times even if close yields an error because the * device framework effectively closes the device, releasing all data * associated with it and simply returning whatever value the target's * close(9E) returned. therefore, we must as well. */ /*ARGSUSED*/ static int lyr_close(dev_t devt, int oflag, int otyp, cred_t *credp) { int rv, inst = getminor(devt); lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_close"; statep = (lyr_state_t *)ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_get_soft_state failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (EIO); } mutex_enter(&statep->lock); rv = ldi_close(statep->lh, FREAD | FWRITE, credp); if (rv != 0) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ldi_close failed on inst %d, but will ", "continue to release ident\n", myname, inst); } ldi_ident_release(statep->li); if (rv == 0) { cmn_err(CE_CONT, "\n%s: closed target successfully on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); } statep->flags &= ~(LYR_OPENED | LYR_IDENTED); mutex_exit(&statep->lock); return (rv); } /* * echo the data we receive to the target */ /*ARGSUSED*/ static int lyr_write(dev_t devt, struct uio *uiop, cred_t *credp) { int rv, inst = getminor(devt); lyr_state_t *statep; char *myname = "lyr_write"; statep = (lyr_state_t *)ddi_get_soft_state(lyr_statep, inst); if (statep == NULL) { cmn_err(CE_WARN, "%s: ddi_get_soft_state failed on " "inst %d\n", myname, inst); return (EIO); } return (ldi_write(statep->lh, uiop, credp)); }
编译驱动程序。
使用 -D_KERNEL 选项指示这是一个内核模块。
如果要针对 SPARC 体系结构进行编译,请使用 -xarch=v9 选项:
% cc -c -D_KERNEL -xarch=v9 lyr.c |
如果要针对 32 位 x86 体系结构进行编译,请使用以下命令:
% cc -c -D_KERNEL lyr.c |
链接驱动程序。
% ld -r -o lyr lyr.o |
安装配置文件。
以 root 用户身份,将配置文件复制到计算机的内核驱动程序区域:
# cp lyr.conf /usr/kernel/drv |
安装驱动程序二进制文件。
以 root 用户身份,将驱动程序二进制文件复制到 SPARC 体系结构的 sparcv9 驱动程序区域:
# cp lyr /usr/kernel/drv/sparcv9 |
以 root用户身份,将驱动程序二进制文件复制到 32 位 x86 体系结构的 drv 驱动程序区域:
# cp lyr /usr/kernel/drv |
以 root 用户身份,使用 add_drv(1M) 命令装入驱动程序。
# add_drv lyr |
列出伪设备,确认目前是否存在 lyr 设备:
# ls /devices/pseudo | grep lyr lyr@1 lyr@1:node |
要测试 lyr 驱动程序,请向 lyr 设备写入一条消息,并验证该消息是否显示在 lyr_targ 设备上。
在本示例中,lyr_targ 设备是安装了 lyr 设备的系统的控制台。
如果要查看的显示屏幕也是安装了 lyr 设备的系统的控制台设备的显示屏幕,请注意,向控制台写入将会破坏显示屏幕上的信息。控制台消息将显示在窗口系统范围以外。测试 lyr 驱动程序之后,需要重画或刷新显示器。
如果要查看的显示屏幕不是安装了 lyr 设备的系统的控制台设备的显示屏幕,请登录或以其他方式查看目标控制台设备的显示屏幕上的信息。
以下命令将一条很短的消息写入 lyr 设备:
# echo "\n\n\t===> Hello World!! <===\n" > /devices/pseudo/lyr@1:node |
目标控制台上将会显示以下消息:
console login: ===> Hello World!! <=== lyr: lyr_open: opened target '/dev/console' successfully on inst 1 lyr: lyr_close: closed target successfully on inst 1
执行 lyr_open() 和 lyr_close() 时所显示的信息来自在 lyr_open() 和 lyr_close() 入口点中执行的 cmn_err(9F) 调用。
以下命令将一条较长的消息写入 lyr 设备:
# cat lyr.conf > /devices/pseudo/lyr@1:node |
目标控制台上将会显示以下消息:
lyr: lyr_open: opened target '/dev/console' successfully on inst 1 # # Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. # Use is subject to license terms. # #pragma ident "%Z%%M% %I% %E% SMI" name="lyr" parent="pseudo" instance=1; lyr_targ="/dev/console"; lyr: lyr_close: closed target successfully on inst 1
要更改目标设备,请编辑 /usr/kernel/drv/lyr.conf,并将 lyr_targ 属性的值更改为指向其他目标设备的路径。例如,该目标设备可以是在本地终端执行 tty 命令后的输出结果。例如,此类设备路径可以是 /dev/pts/4。
在将驱动程序更新为使用新目标设备之前,应确保 lyr 设备未被使用。
# modinfo -c | grep lyr 174 3 lyr UNLOADED/UNINSTALLED |
使用 update_drv(1M) 命令重新装入 lyr.conf 配置文件:
# update_drv lyr |
再次向 lyr 设备写入一条消息,并验证该消息是否显示在新的 lyr_targ 设备上。