Directory Server Enterprise Edition includes these separate components:
Each of these components addresses one or more of the quality of service requirements described previously. This section describes the components and illustrates how they fit together to provide a robust directory service.
Directory Server provides a scalable, high-performance data store for identity information. Directory Server supports the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) v3 and the Directory Service Markup Language (DSML) v2 natively for standards-based access. With LDAP and DSML over HTTP or SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), clients anywhere on a network are able to securely search and update directory data objects. Clients are also able to receive changes made by other applications and to authenticate users or applications even through firewalls.
Directory Server provides several security features to achieve compliance with information security policies. These features ensure that only users with proper authorization have access to information.
Macro-level, dynamic access control instructions (ACIs). Provide a means for defining access down to the level of an LDAP attribute. Access control policies can be defined once, and then reused across the directory tree. Macro ACIs can be used to optimize the number of ACIs in the directory, thereby reducing the complexity of the security framework.
Role-based access. Enables you to provide access that is based on information in a user's entry. Roles are defined and administered like groups, but roles provide more efficient grouping mechanisms for applications. Roles can be used in ACIs to control access to data. They can also be used by Class of Service (CoS), a capability of Directory Server to create virtual attributes that can apply to many entries at the same time. These virtual attributes reduce storage requirements on entries. They also allow a single change to update an unlimited number of related entries.
Get Effective Rights control. Provides a means for determining what access a user has to a set of information. Administrators who maintain access policies for the directory service can tighten security by auditing the permissions of directory users and applications. This capability can also be used to build applications with adaptive interfaces that are based on the user's rights.
Encryption mechanisms. Protect data on the disk and during transfer through communications channels. Directory Server also supports fractional replication and data hiding based on access. These mechanisms can be used to comply with European Union and other international privacy regulations.
Multiple password policies. Can be defined on a per-user basis or targeted to certain groups. These policies help to ensure that users change passwords on a regular basis and that unauthorized access to an account is blocked.
Directory Server natively supports a variety of access protocols and offers a highly flexible, scalable replication environment that helps to ensure availability in distributed environments.
Directory Server replication prevents a single point of failure for applications that are using these protocols to access identity data. Directory Server supports a theoretically unlimited number of masters and read-only consumers in a replicated environment across both local and wide area networks. Special features of the replication protocol allow for optimizations when replicating data over high-latency networks. For more information, see Using Replication and Redundancy for High Availability.
On Solaris platforms, Directory Server supports clustering, a pre-packaged high availability hardware and software solution. For more information, see Using Clustering for High Availability.
Directory Server provides for both vertical and horizontal growth without major deployment redesign. This level of scalability becomes increasingly critical as deployment grows.
Depending on the hardware, Directory Server can provide sustained search performance of 20,000 entries per second on a single machine and horizontal scalability to several thousand searches per second. For information about how to deploy Directory Server for read scalability, see Chapter 10, Designing a Scaled Deployment.
The requirement to store and update information constantly increases with the expansion of use across the organization. Update performance of Directory Server is close to relational database-write performance. For information about how to deploy Directory Server for write scalability, see Chapter 10, Designing a Scaled Deployment.
Directory Server provides linear CPU scalability to up to 28 CPUs for “read from cache” operations. It allows access to maximum memory capacity and delivers high performance that accommodates large directories on a single system for maximum hardware benefit.
Directory Server provides a comprehensive set of management tools for administering individual servers as well as the entire directory service.
A centralized, web-based administration console can be used to configure and manage multiple Directory Servers. The interface includes all the tools required for effective, day-to-day server administration and service from configuration to monitoring. In addition, the dsadm and dsconf command-line utilities can be used dynamically while the servers are running. These management features mean that most management operations can be performed while the directory is online, thus maximizing availability.
Management flexibility simplifies the deployment of the directory service into many different environments. The command-line utilities make remote management as easy as if the service were in a local data center.
Directory Proxy Server is an LDAP application-layer protocol gateway. It is designed to deliver enhanced directory access control, schema compatibility, and high availability.
With features such as configurable load balancing, failover, and failback, Directory Proxy Server ensures that systems have access to required data.
Directory Proxy Server works with Directory Server to ensure reliability and to protect against denial-of-service attacks. Directory Proxy Server automatically routes requests appropriately and provides secure firewall-like services for Directory Server.
To prevent a single point of failure for mission-critical applications, Directory Proxy Server detects outages and routes traffic around affected areas, effectively load balancing requests across systems. When the affected areas are restored to operation, Directory Proxy Server detects the restored servers automatically.
For more information, see Using Directory Proxy Server as Part of a Redundant Solution.
Directory Proxy Server accommodates large numbers of users who are accessing the directory and minimizes the security risks associated with providing this level of access. Security features enable administrators to determine where a request is coming from, whether the request is allowed, and what type of authentication is required. In the event of a search request, Directory Proxy Server can also ensure that the request meets minimum requirements.
Directory Proxy Server uses groups to define how to identify an LDAP client and what restrictions to enforce on clients that match a particular group. Groups can be defined using a variety of criteria.
To protect private directory information from unauthorized access, Directory Proxy Server can configure a fine-grained access control policy on LDAP directories. Such a policy can include controlling who can perform different types of operations on different parts of directories. Directory Proxy Server can be configured to prevent certain kinds of operations typically performed by web trawlers and robots in search of information.
Identity Synchronization for Windows provides basic synchronization of identity data between Directory Server Enterprise Edition and Microsoft Active Directory.
Identity Synchronization for Windows fulfills the requirement of interoperability. Synchronization of key identity data such as passwords eliminates the need for users to modify passwords several times to accommodate different application authentication mechanisms.
Use of a non intrusive implementation for synchronizing key identity data eliminates the time-consuming and maintenance-intensive need to install a client component on Active Directory servers.
Identity Synchronization for Windows enables users to change passwords and other identity data in either the Windows environment or the web-based application environment. In this way, Identity Synchronization for Windows maintains synchronization between Active Directory and Directory Server. Disabled accounts can also be synchronized between Active Directory and Directory Server. This synchronization ensures conformance of access policies to applications and data between the Windows desktops and web-based applications.
Directory Editor is a Java web application that provides efficient, cost-effective management of directory data.
Directory Editor fulfills the requirement of serviceability by enabling users to manage identity data within the directory service. Administrators can create a forms-based web interface with which users can perform everyday tasks. Directory Editor supports extensive customization, branding, and embedding for the interface. Customization is done using a form-based interface for configuration rather than writing code. To ensure data security and privacy, built-in authorization controls limit visibility of menus and actions. In this way, users see only what they are authorized to see within the application.
The Directory Server Resource Kit provides tools and application programming interfaces (APIs) for deploying, accessing, tuning, and maintaining Directory Server Enterprise Edition. These utilities help to implement and maintain more robust LDAP-based solutions.
Performance testing and capacity planning tools help administrators to measure performance and to perform capacity planning on installations of Directory Server Enterprise Edition. Debugging and maintenance tools help with troubleshooting as well as daily maintenance of Directory Server Enterprise Edition. Deployment utilities and tools facilitate the rollout of new installations of Directory Server Enterprise Edition and migration to new releases. LDAP productivity tools include sample LDAP applications that were developed using Directory Server Enterprise Edition.
In addition, Sun has developed SLAMD, a powerful load-generation testing application that includes all the tests needed to thoroughly performance-test Directory Server Enterprise Edition applications. SLAMD is available free of charge at http://www.slamd.com.
The combination of Directory Server Enterprise Edition components that you deploy depends on the requirements of your organization. The following figure shows a typical deployment scenario using the components described previously.