System Administration Guide, Volume 1

Chapter 43 Backing Up Files and File Systems (Tasks)

This chapter describes the procedures for backing up file systems using the ufsdump command.

This is a list of the step-by-step instructions in this chapter.

For detailed information on syntax, options, and arguments for the ufsdump command, see Chapter 45, The ufsdump and ufsrestore Commands (Reference).

Preparing to Do Backups

Preparing to back up file systems begins with planning, which is described in Chapter 42, Backing Up and Restoring File Systems (Overview) and includes choosing:

A tape drive
The file systems to back up
The type of backup (full or incremental)
A backup schedule

This section describes other tasks you might need to perform before backing up file systems, including:

Finding names of file systems to back up
Determining the number of tapes for a full backup

How to Find File System Names

Display the contents of the /etc/vfstab file.
$ more /etc/vfstab

Look in the mount point column for the name of the file system.

You use the mount point in the mount point column when you back up the file system.

Example--Finding File System Names

$ more /etc/vfstab
#device           device             mount       FS   fsck  mount  mount
#to mount         to fsck            point       type pass at boot options
#
#/dev/dsk/c1d0s2  /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2   /usr         ufs    1      yes     -
fd                -                  /dev/fd      fd     -      no      -
/proc             -                  /proc        proc   -      no      -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 -                  -            swap   -      no      -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 /            ufs    1      no      -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 /usr         ufs    1      no      -
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs    2      yes     -
mars:/share/kit   -                  /kit         nfs    -      yes     -
mars:/db/doc      -                  /db/doc      nfs    -      yes     -

How to Determine the Number of Tapes for a Full Backup

Become superuser.

Estimate the size of the backup in bytes by using the usfdump S command.
# ufsdump S filesystem
S

Displays the estimated number of bytes needed to do the backup.

Divide the estimated size by the capacity of the tape to see how many tapes you need.

See Table 42-2 for a list of tape capacities.

Example--Determining Number of Tapes

In this example, the file system of 489,472 bytes will easily fit on a 150-Mbyte tape.

# ufsdump S /export/home
489472

Doing Backups

The following are general guidelines for performing backups:

Use single-user mode or unmount the file system.
Be aware that backing up file systems when there are directory-level operations (such as creating, removing, and renaming files) and file-level activity occurring means that some data will not be included in the backup.
You can run the ufsdump command from a single system and remotely back up groups of systems across the network through remote shell or remote login, and direct the output to the system on which the tape drive is located. (Typically, the tape drive is located on the system from which you run the ufsdump command, but it does not have to be.)

Another way to back up files to a remote drive is to pipe the output from the ufsdump command to the dd command. See Chapter 46, Copying UFS Files and File Systems (Tasks) for information about using the dd command.
If you are doing remote backups across the network, the system with the tape drive must have entries in its /.rhosts file for each client that will be using the drive. Also, the system initiating the backup must be included in the /.rhosts file on each system it will back up.
To specify a remote drive on a system, use the naming convention that matches the OS release of the system with the remote tape drive. For example, use /dev/rst0 for a remote drive on a system running the SunOS 4.1.1 release or compatible versions; use /dev/rmt/0 for a system running the Solaris 8 release or compatible versions.

Note -

Use the nisbackup command to back up a NIS+ master server running the Solaris 2.5 release or compatible versions. See Solaris Naming Administration Guide for information on using this command.

How to Do Backups to Tape

The following steps provide the general steps for backing up file systems using the ufsdump command. The examples show specific uses of options and arguments.

Become superuser.

Bring the system to run level S (single-user mode).
# shutdown -g30 -y

[Optional] Check the file system for consistency with the fsck command.

Running the fsck -m command checks for consistency of file systems. For example, power failures can leave files in an inconsistent state. For more information on the fsck command, see Chapter 39, Checking File System Integrity.
# fsck -m /dev/rdsk/ device-name

If you need to back up file systems to a remote tape drive:
1. On the system to which the tape drive is attached (the tape server), add the following entry to its /.rhosts file.
  host root
  host
  
  Specifies the name of the system on which you will run ufsdump to perform the backup.
2. On the tape server, verify that the host added to the /.rhosts file is accessible through the name service.

Identify the device name of the tape drive.

The default tape drive is /dev/rmt/0.

Insert a tape that is not write protected into the tape drive.

Back up file systems using the ufsdump command.

Use the following table to select the most common options and arguments for the ufsdump command. See Chapter 45, The ufsdump and ufsrestore Commands (Reference) for other options and arguments.

To ...	Use This Option or Argument ...	For Example ...	See ...
Do a full backup	0 option	`ufsdump 0ucf /dev/rmt/0 /`	"Example--Full Backup, root (`/`)"
Do an incremental backup	1-9 option	`ufsdump 9ucf /dev/rmt/0 /`	"Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`) "
Back up individual files	Specify a file or directory	`ufsdump ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home/kryten`
Record dumps to `/etc/dumpdates` file	`-u` option	`ufsdump 9ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home`	"Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`) "
Specify a cartridge tape	`-c` option	`ufsdump 9ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home`	"Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`) "
Specify the tape drive	`-f` `dump-file`	`ufsdump 9ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home`	"Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`) "
Back up local file systems to a remote system's tape device	`remote-system`:`dump-file`	`ufsdump 0ucf pluto:/dev/rmt/0 /export/home`	"Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 8 Data to Solaris 8 System)"

If prompted, remove the tape and replace with the next volume.

Label each tape with the volume number, level, date, system name, disk slice, and file system.

Bring the system back to run level 3 by pressing Control-d.

Verify the backup was successful by using the ufsrestore command to display the tape contents.

This command is described in Chapter 44, Restoring Files and File Systems (Tasks).

Example--Full Backup, root (`/`)

The following example shows a full backup of the root (/) file system to a QIC-150 tape (/dev/rmt/0).

# shutdown -g30 -y
# ufsdump 0ucf /dev/rmt/0 /
  DUMP: Writing 63 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Jul 13 10:46:09 1999
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 (starbug:/) to /dev/rmt/0.
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Estimated 71058 blocks (34.70MB).
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Tape rewinding
  DUMP: 70936 blocks (34.64MB) on 1 volume at 64 KB/sec
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
  DUMP: Level 0 dump on Tue Jul 13 10:46:09 1999
  # ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0
         2      .
         3      ./lost+found
      5696      ./usr
     11392      ./var
     17088      ./export
     22784      ./export/home
     28480      ./opt
      5697      ./etc
     11393      ./etc/default
     11394      ./etc/default/sys-suspend
     11429      ./etc/default/cron
     11430      ./etc/default/devfsadm
     11431      ./etc/default/dhcpagent
     11432      ./etc/default/fs
     11433      ./etc/default/inetinit
     11434      ./etc/default/kbd
     11435      ./etc/default/nfslogd
     11436      ./etc/default/passwd
                .
                .
                .
  # (Press Control-d to bring system to run level 3)

Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`)

The following example shows an incremental backup of the root (/) file system to a 4-mm DAT tape (/dev/rmt/0).

# ufsdump 9ucf /dev/rmt/0 /
  DUMP: Writing 63 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Date of this level 9 dump: Tue Jul 13 10:58:12 1999
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Tue Jul 13 10:46:09 1999
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 (starbug:/) to /dev/rmt/0.
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Estimated 200 blocks (100KB).
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Tape rewinding
  DUMP: 124 blocks (62KB) on 1 volume at 8 KB/sec
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
  DUMP: Level 9 dump on Tue Jul 13 10:58:12 1999
# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0
         2      .
         3      ./lost+found
      5696      ./usr
     11392      ./var
     17088      ./export
     22784      ./export/home
     28480      ./opt
      5697      ./etc
     11393      ./etc/default
     11394      ./etc/default/sys-suspend
     11429      ./etc/default/cron
     11430      ./etc/default/devfsadm
     11431      ./etc/default/dhcpagent
     11432      ./etc/default/fs
     11433      ./etc/default/inetinit
     11434      ./etc/default/kbd
     11435      ./etc/default/nfslogd
     11436      ./etc/default/passwd
     11437      ./etc/default/tar
                .
                .
                .

Example--Full Backup, Individual Home Directory

The following example shows a full backup of the /export/home/kryten directory to a 4-mm DAT tape.

# ufsdump 0ucf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home/kryten
  DUMP: Writing 63 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Jul 13 11:30:45 1999
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s7 (pluto:/export/home) to /dev/rmt/0.
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Estimated 232 blocks (116KB).
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Tape rewinding
  DUMP: 124 blocks (62KB) on 1 volume at 8 KB/sec
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0
         2	   .
      2688	   ./kryten
      5409	   ./kryten/letters
      5410	   ./kryten/letters/letter1
      5411	   ./kryten/letters/letter2
      5412	   ./kryten/letters/letter3
      2689	   ./kryten/.profile
      8096	   ./kryten/memos
        30	   ./kryten/reports
        31	   ./kryten/reports/reportA
        32	   ./kryten/reports/reportB
        33	   ./kryten/reports/reportC
#

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 8 Data to Solaris 8 System)

The following example shows a full backup of a local /export/home file system on a Solaris 8 system to a tape device on a remote Solaris 8 system called starbug.

# ufsdump 0ucf starbug:/dev/rmt/0 /export/home
DUMP: Writing 63 Kilobyte records
DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue Jul 13 13:14:40 1999
DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch
DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s7 (mars:/export/home) to starbug:/dev/rmt/0
DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
DUMP: Estimated 476 blocks (238KB).
DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]
DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
DUMP: Tape rewinding
DUMP: 376 blocks (188KB) on 1 volume at 21 KB/sec
DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
DUMP: Level 0 dump on Tue Jul 13 13:14:40 1999
 # ufsrestore tf starbug:/dev/rmt/0
         2      .
         3      ./lost+found
      3776      ./kryten
      3777      ./kryten/.cshrc
      3778      ./kryten/.login
      3779      ./kryten/b
      3780      ./kryten/memos
      7552      ./kryten/letters
      7553      ./kryten/letters/b
      7554      ./kryten/letters/letter1
      7555      ./kryten/letters/letter2
      7556      ./kryten/letters/letter3
     11328      ./kryten/reports
     11329      ./kryten/reports/reportA
     11330      ./kryten/reports/reportB
     11331      ./kryten/reports/reportC
                .
                .
                .
#

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 8 Data to SunOS 4.1.4 System)

The following example shows a full backup of a local /export/home file system on a Solaris 8 system to a tape device on a remote SunOS 4.1.4 system (mars).

Note -

Notice the SunOS 4.x-style device name (/dev/rst0) used with the ufsdump command.

# ufsdump 0ucf mars:/dev/rst0 /export/home
  DUMP: Writing 63 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Thu Jul 15 09:13:01 1999
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 (starbug:/export/home) to mars:/dev/rst0.
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: Estimated 5690 blocks (2.78MB).
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Tape rewinding
  DUMP: 5542 blocks (2.71MB) on 1 volume at 77 KB/sec
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
  DUMP: Level 0 dump on Thu Jul 15 09:13:01 1999
# ufsrestore tf mars:/dev/rst0
         2      .
         3      ./lost+found
      2688      ./kryten
      5409      ./kryten/letters
      5410      ./kryten/letters/letter1
      5411      ./kryten/letters/letter2
      5412      ./kryten/letters/letter3
      2689      ./kryten/.profile
      8096      ./kryten/memos
        30      ./kryten/reports
        31      ./kryten/reports/reportA
        32      ./kryten/reports/reportB
        33      ./kryten/reports/reportC
                .
                .
                .
#

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (SunOS 4.1.4 Data to Solaris 8)

The following example shows a full backup of a local root (/) file system on a Sun 4.1.4 system (mars) to a remote tape device on a Solaris 8 system called starbug.

Note -

When you back up data on a system running SunOS 4.1.4 or a compatible version, you must use the dump command--not the ufsdump command.

# dump 0ucf starbug:/dev/rmt/0 /
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Wed Jul  7 06:19:33 1999   
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rsd0a (/) to /dev/rmt/0 on host starbug
  DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: estimated 123706 blocks (60.40MB) on 1.41 tape(s).
  DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: level 0 dump on Wed Jul  7 06:19:33 1999
  DUMP: Tape rewinding
  DUMP: 123680 blocks (60.39MB) on 2 volumes
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE
# restore tf starbug:/dev/rmt/0
         2      .
         3      ./lost+found
      3776      ./export
      7552      ./home
     11328      ./usr
     15104      ./pcfs
      3777      ./tftpboot
      3778      ./tftpboot/tftpboot
      3794      ./tftpboot/boot.sun4c.sunos.4.1.4
      7553      ./etc
      7554      ./etc/sendmail.cf
      7555      ./etc/aliases
      7556      ./etc/aliases.dir
      7557      ./etc/aliases.pag
      7558      ./etc/holidays
      7559      ./etc/dumpdates
                .
                .
                .
#

Chapter 43 Backing Up Files and File Systems (Tasks)

Preparing to Do Backups

How to Find File System Names

Example--Finding File System Names

How to Determine the Number of Tapes for a Full Backup

Example--Determining Number of Tapes

Doing Backups

How to Do Backups to Tape

Example--Full Backup, root (/)

Example--Incremental Backup, root (/)

Example--Full Backup, Individual Home Directory

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 8 Data to Solaris 8 System)

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (Solaris 8 Data to SunOS 4.1.4 System)

Example--Full Backup to Remote System (SunOS 4.1.4 Data to Solaris 8)

Example--Full Backup, root (`/`)

Example--Incremental Backup, root (`/`)