Numeric Usage and Stack Comments

• Numeric I/O defaults to hexadecimal.

• Switch to decimal with decimal, switch to hexadecimal with hex.

• Use 10 .d to see which base is currently active.

A numeric stack is used for all numeric parameters. Typing any integer puts that value on top of the stack. (Previous values are "pushed" down.) The right-hand item in a set always indicates the topmost stack item.

• The command "." removes and displays the top stack value.

• The command .s non-destructively shows the entire stack contents.

A stack comment such as (n1 n2 -- n3) or (adr len --) or (--) listed after each command name shows the effect on the stack of executing that command. Items before the -- are used by the command and removed from the stack. These items must be present on the stack before the command can properly execute. Items after the -- are left on the stack after the command completes execution, and are available for use by subsequent commands.

Table 1-18 Numeric Usage and Stack Commands

|	Alternate stack results. Example: ( input -- adr len false | result true ).
?	Unknown stack items (changed from ???).
???	Unknown stack items.
acf	Code field address.
adr	Memory address (generally a virtual address).
adr16	Memory address, must be 16-bit aligned.
adr32	Memory address, must be 32-bit aligned.
adr64	Memory address, must be 64-bit aligned.
byte bxxx	8-bit value (smallest byte in a 32-bit word).
char	7-bit value (smallest byte), high bit unspecified.
cnt/len/size	Count or length.
flag xxx?	0 = false; any other value = true (usually -1).
long Lxxx	32-bit value.
n n1 n2 n3	Normal signed values (32-bit).
+n u	Unsigned, positive values (32-bit).
n[64] or (n.low n.hi)	Extended-precision (64-bit) numbers (2 stack items).
phys	Physical address (actual hardware address).
pstr	Packed string (adr len means unpacked string).
virt	Virtual address (address used by software).
word wxxx	16-bit value (smallest two bytes in a 32-bit word).