Chapter 2 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities
This chapter describes the network utilities of SunFDDI. While some examples show only pf or nf, unless otherwise noted, all instructions apply to both the SunFDDI PCI adapter (pf) and the SunFDDI SBus adapter (nf).
Throughout this chapter, it is assumed that you have installed the SunFDDI software under the default base directory <basedir> for your operating system:
The default base directory <basedir> is:
/opt/SUNWconn/bin
Changing the Default MAC Address
Each attachment to an FDDI network is identified by a unique 48-bit MAC address. By default, the first SunFDDI card takes the host-resident MAC address, which is stored in nonvolatile memory (NVRAM) on the motherboard of the machine. Each subsequent SunFDDI card adopts the card-resident MAC address stored in its own IDPROM.
In general, this convention is sufficient to ensure that each SunFDDI card installed in the machine has a unique MAC address. However, there may be a conflict with other LAN interfaces that also take the host-resident MAC address--for example, an Ethernet (le) interface or a SunFDDI 2.0 (bf) interface. In this event, change the default MAC address assigned to the first SunFDDI card installed in the system.
To Change the Default MAC Address with pf_macid or nf_macid
Use the pf_macid(1M) or the nf_macid(1M) utility to recover the card-resident MAC address, and then modify the system files to override the default MAC address:
-
Become superuser.
-
Use the pf_macid(1M)or nf_macid(1M)utility to recover the MAC address from the IDPROM on the SunFDDI interface identified by the instance number <inst>.
# <basedir>/nf_macid nf<inst> <mac_address>
-
Modify the start-up file on your machine so that the MAC address is assigned correctly when the system is rebooted.
-
Edit the /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh file to add the following if statement immediately after the ifconfig command that initializes the interface nf<inst>.
If you are changing the MAC address of more than one interface, add one if statement for each interface.
ifconfig $1 plumb if [ $1 = "nf<inst>" ]; then ifconfig nf<inst> ether <mac_address> fi
On most systems, the /etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh file is a hard link to the /etc/rootusr file.
-
-
Reboot your machine to assign the new MAC address to the SunFDDI interface.
When a SunFDDI card takes the host-resident MAC address, it can be swapped to another system without affecting the existing network. However, once a station starts sending packets on the network, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) updates the ARP tables on other stations to include the MAC address of its interface. The ES-IS protocol performs the same function for SunFDDI OSI running over FDDI. If you swap SunFDDI cards that use the card-resident MAC address, you must wait until the ARP entries time-out, or remove the ARP entries from every active station manually before packets can be routed correctly.
Displaying SunFDDI Statistics
The pf_stat(1M)or nf_stat utility interrogates a specified SunFDDI interface and displays the accumulated statistics. This command must be executed as root and has the general form:
# <basedir>/pf_stat [-m] pf<inst> [<interval>] [<count>]
pf<inst> specifies the SunFDDI interface
<interval> is the elapsed time (in seconds) between interrogations
<count> the total number of interrogations
The pf_stat utility displays information using column headings that conform to SMT revision 7.3, which differ from SMT revision 5.1 and 4.2 headings in the following cases:
-
The ECM heading corresponds to the 5.1 MIM heading.
-
The RMT heading does not have an analog in SMT revision 4.2. If you run SunFDDI at revision level 4.2, ignore any data displayed under the RMT heading of pf_stat.
Displaying Local Interface Statistics
When you enter the pf_stat command without the -m option, it displays statistics recovered from the local interface pf<inst>.
For example, to display the accumulated statistics for the interface pf0, type:
# <basedir>/pf_stat pf0 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE c 16fde 1862d
You can also monitor the interface dynamically (active monitor), by specifying the interval (the elapsed time between interrogations) and count (the total number of interrogations). This displays the incremental difference between the current state and the previous state. The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics are displayed after every tenth interrogation.
For example, to monitor the interface pf0 once every 60 seconds for 3 minutes (a total of 3 interrogations), type:
# <basedir>/pf_stat pf0 60 3 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE c 131a0 131aa UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1
Interpreting Local Statistics
Running the pf_stat utility without the -m option displays information about the various SMT state machines and the network to which the local station is attached:
Ring (Ring Status)
The Ring status shows the current state of the physical connection to the FDDI network. The following states may be returned by pf_stat under the Ring heading
-
UP-SunFDDI interface physically connected to the active network
-
DOWN-SunFDDI interface disconnected, or connected to the inactive network
ECM (Entity Coordination Management)
ECM shows the current state of the Entity Coordination Management state machine, which controls the following features and facilities:
-
Media availability
-
Trace
-
Path Test
-
Optical Bypass (optional)
-
Hold Policy (optional)
Table 2-1 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the ECM heading.
Table 2-1 pf_stat States Under the ECM Heading|
State |
Meaning |
|
OUT |
ECM is inactive and is waiting for a connect request (initial state). |
|
IN |
ECM is active; normal state after successful connection request. |
|
TRACE |
ECM is propagating a trace request to the appropriate entity. |
|
LEAVE |
ECM is closing all connections prior to the station leaving the ring. |
|
PATH_TEST |
ECM is entering a path test state following trace completion. |
|
INSERT |
ECM is sending a request to the optical bypass switch to indicate that the station is entering the ring. This disengages the switch. |
|
CHECK |
ECM is verifying that symbols are being received from the network. |
|
DEINSERT |
ECM is sending a request to the optical bypass switch, to indicate that the station is leaving the ring. This engages the switch. |
RMT (Ring Management)
RMT shows the current state of the Ring Management state machine, which controls the following features and facilities:
-
MAC availability
-
Detection and resolution of duplicate addresses
-
Identification of stuck beacon and initiation of trace
Table 2-2 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the RMT heading.
Table 2-2 pf_stat States Under the RMT Heading|
State |
Meaning |
|
ISOLATED |
RMT is inactive (initial state). |
|
NON_OP |
RMT is waiting for an operational ring. |
|
RING_OP |
RMT is operating normally. |
|
DETECT |
RMT is checking for duplicate addresses (transient state during initialization). |
|
NON_OP_DUP |
RMT has detected that its address is duplicated and is initiating recovery. The ring is not operational in this state. |
|
RING_OP_DUP |
RMT has detected that the MAC address is duplicated and flagged the error. The ring is operational in this state. |
|
DIRECTED |
RMT has been beaconing for an extended period of time and is transmitting a stream of directed beacons prior to initiating recovery. |
|
TRACE |
RMT has initiated a trace to recover a stuck beacon. |
PCM (Physical Connection Management)
PCM shows the current state of the Physical Connection Management state machine that controls the following features and facilities:
-
Connection initialization
-
Maintenance support
This heading is modified to indicate the type of port that is being managed:
-
PCMS: single-attached station, S-port
-
PCMA: dual-attached station, A-port
-
PCMB: dual-attached station, B-port
TABLE 2-3 lists the states that may be returned by pf_stat under the PCM heading.
Table 2-3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading|
State |
Meaning |
|
OFF |
PCM is inactive (initial state). |
|
BREAK |
PCM is starting the connection synchronization phase. |
|
CONNECT |
PCM is synchronizing the connection end-points prior to the signaling sequence. |
|
NEXT |
PCM is transmitting PDUs prior to entering SIGNAL state. |
|
SIGNAL |
PCM is transmitting and receiving signal bits (information) following a NEXT state. |
|
JOIN |
First state in the sequence leading to a synchronized connection. |
|
VERIFY |
Second state in the sequence leading to a synchronized connection. |
|
ACTIVE |
Final state indicating that the port is successfully incorporated in the token path. |
|
TRACE |
PCM is localizing a stuck beacon condition. |
The normal sequence of PCM states leading to a fully synchronized connection and incorporation of the port into the token path is shown in Figure 2-1. Note that the minimum interval between interrogations is one second and that this is not always fast enough to recover and display the complete sequence of PCM states.
Figure 2-1 Normal Sequence of PCM States
Ring_OP (Ring Operational)
Ring_OP shows the number of Ring_OP (Ring Operational) signals received. This signal is generated when the station is incorporated into an operational network.
XmitP (Transmit Packets)
Running pf_stat without an interval and count, displays the total number of packets transmitted since the interface was activated. Running pf_stat with an interval and count, displays the number of packets transmitted since the last interrogation.
RecvP (Receive Packets)
Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of packets received since the interface was activated. Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of packets received since the last interrogation.
Example Local Statistics
The following output was recovered from a single-attached station using the command shown. A temporary fault condition was simulated by disconnecting the FDDI cable from the SunFDDI card and then reconnecting it.
# <basedir>/pf_stat pf0 1 20 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 2 26 1d UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 DOWN IN ISOLATED CONNECT 0 1 1 DOWN IN ISOLATED CONNECT 0 0 0 DOWN IN ISOLATED NEXT 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 1 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 3 29 20 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 1 1
Note the following observations regarding this example:
-
Accumulated statistics are displayed automatically after every tenth interrogation.
-
The combination of Ring=DOWN and RMT=ISOLATED indicate that the station is disconnected from the network.
-
The minimum interval of one second is not fast enough to recover and display the complete sequence of PCM states during the path re-establishment phase.
-
A Ring_OP signal is received when the path is re-established indicating that the ring is operational.
The link status indicator mounted on the SunFDDI card displays the following sequence of events:
Green (connected) -> Amber (disconnected) --> Green (connected)
Displaying Statistics from Neighboring Stations
When you use the pf_stat or nf_stat command with the -m option, it displays information about the neighboring stations attached to the local interface pf<inst> and the frames received from the network.
For example, to display information about the neighboring stations attached to the interface pf0, type:
# <basedir>/pf_stat --m pf0 PhyS Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M b43eb2 0 3 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3>
You can also monitor the neighboring stations dynamically (active monitor), by specifying the interval (the elapsed time in seconds between interrogations) and count (the total number of interrogations). The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics are displayed after every tenth interrogation.
For example, to monitor the stations attached to pf0 once every 10 seconds for 1 minute (a total of 6 interrogations), type:
# <basedir>/pf_stat --m pf0 10 6 PhyS Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M c460a6d 0 3 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27224 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27227 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27220 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 2722e 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27223 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3>
Interpreting Statistics from Neighboring Stations
Running the pf_stat utility with the -m option displays information about the neighboring stations attached to the local interface pf<inst>.
Phy (Physical Connection)
PHY shows the type of physical connection to the FDDI network. This heading is modified to indicate the type of port being managed:
-
PhyS: single-attached station, port S
-
PhyA: dual-attached station, port A
-
PhyB: dual-attached station, port B
The following states may be returned by pf_stat under the Phy heading:
Table 2-4 pf_stat States Under the PHY Heading|
State |
Meaning |
|
NONE |
Port disconnected |
|
M |
Port connected to Port M on a concentrator |
|
S |
Port connected to Port S on a single-attached station |
|
A |
Port connected to Port A on a dual-attached station |
|
B |
Port connected to Port B on a dual-attached station |
Frame (Frames Received)
Running pf_stat or nf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of SMT frames received since the interface was activated. Running pf_stat or nf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of SMT frames received since the last interrogation.
More detailed information about the SMT frames can be recovered using the pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) utility described in "Monitoring SMT Frames".
Error (Error Frames)
Running pf_stat or nf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of error frames received since the interface was activated. Running pf_stat or nf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of error frames received since the last interrogation. An error frame is defined as an SMT frame whose E (error) bit is set, and whose E bit is first detected by the local station. It does not indicate the location of the cause of the error. Frequent error frames can indicate a noise problem on the network, either dirt (optical fiber) or electrical interference (UTP).
Lost (Lost Frames)
Running pf_stat or nf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of lost frames since the interface was activated. Running pf_stat or nf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of lost frames since the last interrogation. A lost frame is defined as an SMT frame whose reception is aborted by the local station. It does not indicate the location of the cause of the error. A large number of lost frames can indicate a noise problem on the network, either dirt (optical fiber) or electrical interference (UTP).
SA (Station Address)
Displays the MAC address for the local station.
UNA (Upstream Neighbor Address)
Displays the MAC address for the neighboring station, connected upstream on the ring from the local station.
DNA (Downstream Neighbor Address)
Displays the MAC address for the neighboring station, connected downstream on the ring from the local station.
Example Neighbor Statistics
The following output was recovered from a single-attached station using the command shown. A temporary fault condition was simulated by disconnecting the FDDI cable from the SunFDDI card and then reconnecting it.
# <basedir>/pf_stat --m pf0 1 20 PhyS Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M c45d5463 1 1b <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27437 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27427 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27435 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> NONE 182f1 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> NONE 0 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> NONE 0 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M d432 0 7 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 2707e 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> PhyS Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M c46e5ce7 1 22 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27228 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27230 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27227 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 2722e 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 2722c 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27228 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27231 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 2722b 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3> M 27227 0 0 <mac_addr1> <mac_addr2> <mac_addr3>
Note the following observations regarding this example:
-
Accumulated statistics are displayed automatically after every tenth interrogation.
-
The combination of PhyS=NONE and the loss of frame activity indicates that the station is disconnected from the network.
Monitoring SMT Frames
The pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) utility is an active monitor that displays the SMT frames received by the local station. It is particularly useful for diagnosing communication problems with the SunNet Manager proxy agent.
This command must be executed as root (or superuser) and has the general form:
# <basedir>/pf_smtmon [-i pf<inst>] [--x] [--h] [<frameclass>]
-i pf<inst> specifies the SunFDDI interface
-x displays the received SMT frames in hexadecimal
-h displays help information, including a list of valid frame classes
<frameclass> specifies one or more SMT frame classes (used to filter output)
If you do not specify an interface, pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) returns the SMT frames received by pf0. If you do not specify a frame type, pf_smtmon displays all the SMT frames that it receives. Use Ctrl-C to stop pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M).
To display the encoded SMT frames received by interface pf1, type:
# <basedir>/pf_smtmon -i pf1 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0xfc03e781 s=10-0-4-48-6f-a5 i=0x28 pf1: nif_response v=0x1 t=0xfc03e781 s=10-0-4-8-24-5c i=0x28 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0xfc00dec6 s=10-0-4-b8-6e-ab i=0x28 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0xfc03e787 s=10-0-4-48-6f-a5 i=0x28 pf1: nif_response v=0x1 t=0xfc03e787 s=10-0-4-8-24-5c i=0x28
The elements of the SMT frames are defined as follows:
Table 2-5 Elements of the SMT Frames| Element | Definition |
|
class_type |
Identifies the SMT frame class and type (see "SMT Frame Classes and Types") |
|
v |
Version ID; identifies the structure of the SMT information field |
|
t |
Transaction ID; used to pair SMT response and request frames |
|
s |
Station ID; uniquely identifies the station transmitting the frame |
|
i |
InfoField Length; defines the length of the SMT information field |
-
To display the SMT frames received by interface pf1 in hexadecimal format, type:
# <basedir>/pf_smtmon -i pf1 -x pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x170 s=10-0-4-8-24-5c i=0x28 004DC000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 0408245C 01020001 00000170 00001000 0408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 76C467A0 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x5e0f s=10-0-d4-78-42-4d i=0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E0F 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 A522BBA1 pf1: nif_response v=0x1 t=0xfc00d94a s=10-0-4-8-24-5c i=0x28 004D0000 00000041 100004B8 6EAB1000 0408245C 01030001 FC00D94A 00001000 0408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 865549E2 0049C020 F0154E4F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 04B86EAB 01020001 FC00D94A 00001000 04B86EAB 00000028 00010008 00001000 D478424D 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002000 200B0008 00000001 00000001 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x5e13 s=10-0-d4-78-42-4d i=0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E13 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 4AD75A79 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x5e17 s=10-0-d4-78-42-4d i=0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E17 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 DCEBADA2 pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x171 s=10-0-4-8-24-5c i=0x28 004DC000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 0408245C 01020001 00000171 00001000 0408245C 00000028 00010008 00001000 04B86EAB 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002100 200B0008 00000001 00000001 127B1D3B pf1: nif_request v=0x1 t=0x5e1b s=10-0-d4-78-42-4d i=0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E1B 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 626FA878
SMT Frame Classes and Types
SMT frames are used for peer-to-peer (station-to-station) management. They are divided into classes, which define the function of the frame. Each class is then divided into up to three types, which define whether the frame is an announcement (information only), a request for service, or a response to a request. Refer to the ANSI/FDDI Station Management (SMT) X3.299 R7.3 Specification for a detailed description of SMT frames and their functions.
The pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) utility is used to monitor the following SMT frame classes:
NIF (Neighbor Information Frames)
These are the most common frames displayed when you run pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M). As the name suggests, they carry information about a neighboring station (for example, address, description, state, MAC capabilities) and are used as keep-alive notifications that a station is still attached to the ring and functioning. An NIF frame can be an announcement, a request, or a response.
SIF (Status Information Frames)
These frames carry more detailed information about a station. SIF configuration frames describe the station configuration (for example, number of ports, number of MAC entities, connection policy). SIF operation frames describe the current status of the station. A SIF frame can be either a request or a response.
ECF (Echo Frames)
These frames are equivalent to ICMP ping packets and are used to test connectivity between stations. An ECF frame can be either a request or a response.
RDF (Request Denied Frame)
These frames are used to indicate that the request is rejected. If an SMT agent (such as the SunNet Manager proxy agent delivered with SunFDDI) receives an unsupported or unrecognized request, it issues an RDF frame to indicate that the request is rejected. An RDF frame is always a response.
ESF (Extended Service Frame)
These frames are implementation dependent. An ESF frame can be an announcement, a request, or a response.
PMF (Parameter Management Frame)
These frames are used to access remote station attributes. The Parameter Management Protocol supports both get (display) and set (modify) functions. However, the pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) utility can display only PMF_get frames. A PMF_get frame can be either a request or a response.
Filtering Output from pf_smtmon
By default, pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) displays all of the SMT frames received by the local station. You can filter the output generated by pf_smtmon(1M) or nf_smtmon(1M) by specifying one or more frame classes on the command-line: nif, sif_config, sif_operat, ecf, rdf, esf, pmf_get.
For example:
-
To display the SIF configuration and SIF operation frames received by interface pf1, type:
# <basedir>/pf_smtmon -i pf1 sif_config sif_operat
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