A logging mechanism is provided in the PortletContext, accessable from GenericPortlet.getPortletContext() method. The PortletContext.log() method will print a time-stamped message to the web container log. There are many places to find logs for the portlet, depending on where the error occured:
Includes any kind of exception from the portlet code or JSPs and/or taglibraries
Includes problems with portlet and window states
Includes channel configuration issues
Includes PortalContext.log() messages