history(1) (man pages section 1: User Commands)

man pages section 1: User Commands

history(1)

NAME

history, fc– process command history list

SYNOPSIS

/usr/bin/fc

first

last

/usr/bin/fc

-l

-nr

first

last

/usr/bin/fc

-s

old

new

first

csh

history

-hr

n

ksh

fc

-e

-

old

new

command

fc

-e

ename

-nlr

first

last

DESCRIPTION

/usr/bin/fc

The fc utility lists or edits and reexecutes, commands previously entered to an interactive sh.

The command history list references commands by number. The first number in the list is selected arbitrarily. The relationship of a number to its command will not change except when the user logs in and no other process is accessing the list, at which time the system may reset the numbering to start the oldest retained command at another number (usually 1). When the number reaches the value in HISTSIZE or 128 (whichever is greater), the shell may wrap the numbers, starting the next command with a lower number (usually 1). However, despite this optional wrapping of numbers, fc will maintain the time-ordering sequence of the commands. For example, if four commands in sequence are given the numbers 32 766, 32 767, 1 (wrapped), and 2 as they are executed, command 32 767 is considered the command previous to 1, even though its number is higher.

When commands are edited (when the -l option is not specified), the resulting lines will be entered at the end of the history list and then reexecuted by sh. The fc command that caused the editing will not be entered into the history list. If the editor returns a non-zero exit status, this will suppress the entry into the history list and the command reexecution. Any command-line variable assignments or redirection operators used with fc will affect both the fc command itself as well as the command that results, for example:

fc -s -- -1 2>/dev/null

fc

csh

Display the history list; if n is given, display only the n most recent events.

-r: Reverse the order of printout to be most recent first rather than oldest first.
-h: Display the history list without leading numbers. This is used to produce files suitable for sourcing using the -h option to the csh built-in command, source(1).

History Substitution

History substitution allows you to use words from previous command lines in the command line you are typing. This simplifies spelling corrections and the repetition of complicated commands or arguments. Command lines are saved in the history list, the size of which is controlled by the history variable. The history shell variable may be set to the maximum number of command lines that will be saved in the history file; i.e.:

set history = 200

A history substitution begins with a ! (although you can change this with the histchars variable) and may occur anywhere on the command line; history substitutions do not nest. The ! can be escaped with \ to suppress its special meaning.

Input lines containing history substitutions are echoed on the terminal after being expanded, but before any other substitutions take place or the command gets executed.

Event Designators:

An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list.

!

Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space character, tab, newline, = or (.

!!

Refer to the previous command. By itself, this substitution repeats the previous command.

!n

Refer to command line n.

!-n

Refer to the current command line minus n.

!str

Refer to the most recent command starting with str.

!?str?

Refer to the most recent command containing str.

!?str? additional

Refer to the most recent command containing str and append additional to that referenced command.

!{command} additional

Refer to the most recent command beginning with command and append additional to that referenced command.

‸previous_word‸replacement‸

Repeat the previous command line replacing the string previous_word with the string replacement. This is equivalent to the history substitution:

!:s/previous_word/replacement/.

To re-execute a specific previous command AND make such a substitution, say, re-executing command #6,

!:6s/previous_word/replacement/.

Word Designators:

A `:' (colon) separates the event specification from the word designator. 2It can be omitted if the word designator begins with a ‸, $, *, - or %. If the word is to be selected from the previous command, the second ! character can be omitted from the event specification. For instance, !!:1 and !:1 both refer to the first word of the previous command, while !!$ and !$ both refer to the last word in the previous command. Word designators include:

#: The entire command line typed so far.
0: The first input word (command).
n: The n'th argument.
‸: The first argument, that is, 1.
$: The last argument.
%: The word matched by (the most recent) ?s search.
x-y: A range of words; -y abbreviates 0-y.
*: All the arguments, or a null value if there is just one word in the event.
x*: Abbreviates x-$.
x-: Like x* but omitting word $.

Modifiers:

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a :.

h

Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.

r

Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.xxx', leaving the basename.

e

Remove all but the suffix, leaving the extension.

s/oldchars/replacements/ Substitute

replacements for oldchars. oldchars is a string that may contain embedded blank spaces, whereas previous_word in the event designator

‸oldchars‸replacements‸

may not.

t

Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.

&

Repeat the previous substitution.

g

Apply the change to the first occurrence of a match in each word, by prefixing the above (for example, g&).

p

Print the new command but do not execute it.

q

Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.

x

Like q, but break into words at each space character, tab or newline.

Unless preceded by a g, the modification is applied only to the first string that matches oldchars; an error results if no string matches.

The left-hand side of substitutions are not regular expressions, but character strings. Any character can be used as the delimiter in place of /. A backslash quotes the delimiter character. The character &, in the right hand side, is replaced by the text from the left-hand-side. The & can be quoted with a backslash. A null oldchars uses the previous string either from a oldchars or from a contextual scan string s from !?s. You can omit the rightmost delimiter if a newline immediately follows replacements; the rightmost ? in a context scan can similarly be omitted.

Without an event specification, a history reference refers either to the previous command, or to a previous history reference on the command line (if any).

ksh

Using fc, in the form of

fc -e - [ old=new ] [ command ],

command

old

=

new

command

Using fc in the form of

fc [ -e ename ] [ -nlr ] [ first [ last ] ],

first

last

HISTSIZE

first

last

-l

-e

name

ename

FCEDIT

/bin/ed

last

first

-r

-n

ksh(1)

HISTFILE: If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the value is the pathname of the file that will be used to store the command history.
HISTSIZE: If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the number of previously entered commands that are accessible by this shell will be greater than or equal to this number. The default is 128.

Command Re-entry:

The text of the last HISTSIZE (default 128) commands entered from a terminal device is saved in a history file. The file $HOME/.sh_history is used if the HISTFILE variable is not set or if the file it names is not writable. A shell can access the commands of all interactive shells which use the same named HISTFILE. The special command fc is used to list or edit a portion of this file. The portion of the file to be edited or listed can be selected by number or by giving the first character or characters of the command. A single command or range of commands can be specified. If you do not specify an editor program as an argument to fc then the value of the variable FCEDIT is used. If FCEDIT is not defined then /bin/ed is used. The edited command(s) is printed and re-executed upon leaving the editor. The editor name - is used to skip the editing phase and to re-execute the command. In this case a substitution parameter of the form old=new can be used to modify the command before execution. For example, if r is aliased to ´fc -e - ´ then typing `r bad=good c' will re-execute the most recent command which starts with the letter c, replacing the first occurrence of the string bad with the string good.

Using the fc built-in command within a compound command will cause the whole command to disappear from the history file.

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

-e editor: Use the editor named by editor to edit the commands. The editor string is a utility name, subject to search via the PATH variable. The value in the FCEDIT variable is used as a default when -e is not specified. If FCEDIT is null or unset, ed will be used as the editor.
-l: (The letter ell.) List the commands rather than invoking an editor on them. The commands will be written in the sequence indicated by the first and last operands, as affected by -r, with each command preceded by the command number.
-n: Suppress command numbers when listing with -l.
-r: Reverse the order of the commands listed (with -l ) or edited (with neither -l nor -s).
-s: Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.

OPERANDS

The following operands are supported:

first last

Select the commands to list or edit. The number of previous commands that can be accessed is determined by the value of the HISTSIZE variable. The value of first or last or both will be one of the following:

[+]number

A positive number representing a command number; command numbers can be displayed with the -l option.

-number

A negative decimal number representing the command that was executed number of commands previously. For example, -1 is the immediately previous command.

string

A string indicating the most recently entered command that begins with that string. If the old=new operand is not also specified with -s, the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.

When the synopsis form with -s is used:

If first is omitted, the previous command will be used.

For the synopsis forms without -s :

If last is omitted, last defaults to the previous command when -l is specified; otherwise, it defaults to first.
If first and last are both omitted, the previous 16 commands will be listed or the previous single command will be edited (based on the -l option).
If first and last are both present, all of the commands from first to last will be edited (without -l ) or listed (with -l). Editing multiple commands will be accomplished by presenting to the editor all of the commands at one time, each command starting on a new line. If first represents a newer command than last, the commands will be listed or edited in reverse sequence, equivalent to using -r . For example, the following commands on the first line are equivalent to the corresponding commands on the second:
```
fc -r 10 20     fc    30 40 
fc   20 10      fc -r 40 30
```
When a range of commands is used, it will not be an error to specify first or last values that are not in the history list; fc will substitute the value representing the oldest or newest command in the list, as appropriate. For example, if there are only ten commands in the history list, numbered 1 to 10:
```
fc -l 
fc 1 99
```
will list and edit, respectively, all ten commands.

old=new

Replace the first occurrence of string old in the commands to be reexecuted by the string new.

OUTPUT

When the -l option is used to list commands, the format of each command in the list is as follows:

"%d\t%s\n", <line number>, <command>

If both the -l and -n options are specified, the format of each command is:

"\t%s\n", <command>

If the commandcommand consists of more than one line, the lines after the first are displayed as:

"\t%s\n", <continued-command>

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Using `history` and `fc`

             csh                                     ksh

% history                               $ fc -l
  1   cd /etc                             1   cd /etc
  2   vi passwd                           2   vi passwd
  3   date                                3   date
  4   cd                                  4   cd
  5   du .                                5   du .
  6   ls -t                               6   ls -t
  7   history                             7   fc -l

% !d                                    $ fc -e - d
  du .                                    du .
  262   ./SCCS                            262   ./SCCS
  336   .                                 336   .

% !da                                   $ fc -e - da
  Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994            Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994

%                                       $ alias \!='fc -e -'

% !!                                    $ !
  date                                    alias ='fc -e -'
  Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of fc: LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.

FCEDIT: This variable, when expanded by the shell, determines the default value for the e editor option's editor option-argument. If FCEDIT is null or unset, ed will be used as the editor.
HISTFILE: Determine a pathname naming a command history file. If the HISTFILE variable is not set, the shell may attempt to access or create a file .sh_history in the user's home directory. If the shell cannot obtain both read and write access to, or create, the history file, it will use an unspecified mechanism that allows the history to operate properly. (References to history ``file'' in this section are understood to mean this unspecified mechanism in such cases.) fc may choose to access this variable only when initializing the history file; this initialization will occur when fc or sh first attempt to retrieve entries from, or add entries to, the file, as the result of commands issued by the user, the file named by the ENV variable, or a system startup file such as /etc/profile. (The initialization process for the history file can be dependent on the system startup files, in that they may contain commands that will effectively preempt the user's settings of HISTFILE and HISTSIZE. For example, function definition commands are recorded in the history file, unless the set -o nolog option is set. If the system administrator includes function definitions in some system startup file called before the ENV file, the history file will be initialized before the user gets a chance to influence its characteristics.) The variable HISTFILE is accessed initially when the shell is invoked. Any changes to HISTFILE will not take effect until another shell is invoked.
HISTSIZE: Determine a decimal number representing the limit to the number of previous commands that are accessible. If this variable is unset, an unspecified default greater than or equal to 128 will be used. The variable HISTSIZE is accessed initially when the shell is invoked. Any changes to HISTSIZE will not take effect until another shell is invoked.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0: Successful completion of the listing.
>0: An error occurred.

Otherwise, the exit status will be that of the commands executed by fc.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Availability	SUNWcsu

history(1)

NAME

SYNOPSIS

csh

ksh

DESCRIPTION

/usr/bin/fc

csh

History Substitution

Event Designators:

Word Designators:

Modifiers:

ksh

Command Re-entry:

OPTIONS

OPERANDS

OUTPUT

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Using history and fc

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

EXIT STATUS

ATTRIBUTES

SEE ALSO

Example 1 Using `history` and `fc`