ctgsen - reorder the generalized Schur decomposition of a complex matrix pair (A, B) (in terms of an unitary equivalence trans- formation Q' * (A, B) * Z), so that a selected cluster of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the pair (A,B)
SUBROUTINE CTGSEN( IJOB, WANTQ, WANTZ, SELECT, N, A, LDA, B, LDB, * ALPHA, BETA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, M, PL, PR, DIF, WORK, LWORK, IWORK, * LIWORK, INFO) COMPLEX A(LDA,*), B(LDB,*), ALPHA(*), BETA(*), Q(LDQ,*), Z(LDZ,*), WORK(*) INTEGER IJOB, N, LDA, LDB, LDQ, LDZ, M, LWORK, LIWORK, INFO INTEGER IWORK(*) LOGICAL WANTQ, WANTZ LOGICAL SELECT(*) REAL PL, PR REAL DIF(*)
SUBROUTINE CTGSEN_64( IJOB, WANTQ, WANTZ, SELECT, N, A, LDA, B, LDB, * ALPHA, BETA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, M, PL, PR, DIF, WORK, LWORK, IWORK, * LIWORK, INFO) COMPLEX A(LDA,*), B(LDB,*), ALPHA(*), BETA(*), Q(LDQ,*), Z(LDZ,*), WORK(*) INTEGER*8 IJOB, N, LDA, LDB, LDQ, LDZ, M, LWORK, LIWORK, INFO INTEGER*8 IWORK(*) LOGICAL*8 WANTQ, WANTZ LOGICAL*8 SELECT(*) REAL PL, PR REAL DIF(*)
SUBROUTINE TGSEN( IJOB, WANTQ, WANTZ, SELECT, [N], A, [LDA], B, [LDB], * ALPHA, BETA, Q, [LDQ], Z, [LDZ], M, PL, PR, DIF, [WORK], [LWORK], * [IWORK], [LIWORK], [INFO]) COMPLEX, DIMENSION(:) :: ALPHA, BETA, WORK COMPLEX, DIMENSION(:,:) :: A, B, Q, Z INTEGER :: IJOB, N, LDA, LDB, LDQ, LDZ, M, LWORK, LIWORK, INFO INTEGER, DIMENSION(:) :: IWORK LOGICAL :: WANTQ, WANTZ LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:) :: SELECT REAL :: PL, PR REAL, DIMENSION(:) :: DIF
SUBROUTINE TGSEN_64( IJOB, WANTQ, WANTZ, SELECT, [N], A, [LDA], B, * [LDB], ALPHA, BETA, Q, [LDQ], Z, [LDZ], M, PL, PR, DIF, [WORK], * [LWORK], [IWORK], [LIWORK], [INFO]) COMPLEX, DIMENSION(:) :: ALPHA, BETA, WORK COMPLEX, DIMENSION(:,:) :: A, B, Q, Z INTEGER(8) :: IJOB, N, LDA, LDB, LDQ, LDZ, M, LWORK, LIWORK, INFO INTEGER(8), DIMENSION(:) :: IWORK LOGICAL(8) :: WANTQ, WANTZ LOGICAL(8), DIMENSION(:) :: SELECT REAL :: PL, PR REAL, DIMENSION(:) :: DIF
#include <sunperf.h>
void ctgsen(int ijob, logical wantq, logical wantz, logical *select, int n, complex *a, int lda, complex *b, int ldb, complex *alpha, complex *beta, complex *q, int ldq, complex *z, int ldz, int *m, float *pl, float *pr, float *dif, int *info);
void ctgsen_64(long ijob, logical wantq, logical wantz, logical *select, long n, complex *a, long lda, complex *b, long ldb, complex *alpha, complex *beta, complex *q, long ldq, complex *z, long ldz, long *m, float *pl, float *pr, float *dif, long *info);
ctgsen reorders the generalized Schur decomposition of a complex matrix pair (A, B) (in terms of an unitary equivalence trans- formation Q' * (A, B) * Z), so that a selected cluster of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the pair (A,B). The leading columns of Q and Z form unitary bases of the corresponding left and right eigenspaces (deflating subspaces). (A, B) must be in generalized Schur canonical form, that is, A and B are both upper triangular.
CTGSEN also computes the generalized eigenvalues
w(j)= ALPHA(j) / BETA(j)
of the reordered matrix pair (A, B).
Optionally, the routine computes estimates of reciprocal condition
numbers for eigenvalues and eigenspaces. These are Difu[(A11,B11),
(A22,B22)] and Difl[(A11,B11), (A22,B22)], i.e. the separation(s)
between the matrix pairs (A11, B11) and (A22,B22) that correspond to
the selected cluster and the eigenvalues outside the cluster, resp.,
and norms of ``projections'' onto left and right eigenspaces w.r.t.
the selected cluster in the (1,1)-block.
=0: Only reorder w.r.t. SELECT. No extras.
=1: Reciprocal of norms of "projections" onto left and right eigenspaces w.r.t. the selected cluster (PL and PR). =2: Upper bounds on Difu and Difl. F-norm-based estimate
(DIF(1:2)).
=3: Estimate of Difu and Difl. 1-norm-based estimate
(DIF(1:2)). About 5 times as expensive as IJOB = 2. =4: Compute PL, PR and DIF (i.e. 0, 1 and 2 above): Economic version to get it all. =5: Compute PL, PR and DIF (i.e. 0, 1 and 3 above)
.FALSE.: do not update Q.
.FALSE.: do not update Z.
SELECT(j) must be set to
.TRUE..
ALPHA(i)/BETA(i) i =1,...,N are the generalized
eigenvalues.
0 < PL, PR < = 1. If M = 0 or M = N, PL = PR = 1. If IJOB = 0, 2, or 3 PL, PR are not referenced.
DIF(1:2) store the estimates of Difu and Difl.
If IJOB = 2 or 4, DIF(1:2) are F-norm-based upper bounds on
Difu and Difl. If IJOB = 3 or 5, DIF(1:2) are 1-norm-based
estimates of Difu and Difl, computed using reversed
communication with CLACON.
If M = 0 or N, DIF(1:2) = F-norm([A, B]).
If IJOB = 0 or 1, DIF is not referenced.
WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK.
If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA.
IWORK(1) returns the optimal LIWORK.
If LIWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the IWORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the IWORK array, and no error message related to LIWORK is issued by XERBLA.
=0: Successful exit.
<0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
=1: Reordering of (A, B) failed because the transformed matrix pair (A, B) would be too far from generalized Schur form; the problem is very ill-conditioned. (A, B) may have been partially reordered. If requested, 0 is returned in DIF(*), PL and PR.
CTGSEN first collects the selected eigenvalues by computing unitary U and W that move them to the top left corner of (A, B). In other words, the selected eigenvalues are the eigenvalues of (A11, B11) in
U'*(A, B)*W = (A11 A12) (B11 B12) n1
( 0 A22),( 0 B22) n2
n1 n2 n1 n2
where N = n1+n2 and U' means the conjugate transpose of U. The first n1 columns of U and W span the specified pair of left and right eigenspaces (deflating subspaces) of (A, B).
If (A, B) has been obtained from the generalized real Schur decomposition of a matrix pair (C, D) = Q*(A, B)*Z', then the reordered generalized Schur form of (C, D) is given by
(C, D) = (Q*U)*(U'*(A, B)*W)*(Z*W)',
and the first n1 columns of Q*U and Z*W span the corresponding deflating subspaces of (C, D) (Q and Z store Q*U and Z*W, resp.).
Note that if the selected eigenvalue is sufficiently ill-conditioned, then its value may differ significantly from its value before reordering.
The reciprocal condition numbers of the left and right eigenspaces spanned by the first n1 columns of U and W (or Q*U and Z*W) may be returned in DIF(1:2), corresponding to Difu and Difl, resp.
The Difu and Difl are defined as:
ifu[(A11, B11), (A22, B22)] = sigma-min( Zu )
and ifl[(A11, B11), (A22, B22)] = Difu[(A22, B22), (A11, B11)],
where sigma-min(Zu) is the smallest singular value of the (2*n1*n2)-by-(2*n1*n2) matrix
u = [ kron(In2, A11) -kron(A22', In1) ]
[ kron(In2, B11) -kron(B22', In1) ].
Here, Inx is the identity matrix of size nx and A22' is the transpose of A22. kron(X, Y) is the Kronecker product between the matrices X and Y.
When DIF(2) is small, small changes in (A, B) can cause large changes
in the deflating subspace. An approximate (asymptotic) bound on the
maximum angular error in the computed deflating subspaces is
PS * norm((A, B)) / DIF(2),
where EPS is the machine precision.
The reciprocal norm of the projectors on the left and right eigenspaces associated with (A11, B11) may be returned in PL and PR. They are computed as follows. First we compute L and R so that P*(A, B)*Q is block diagonal, where
= ( I -L ) n1 Q = ( I R ) n1
( 0 I ) n2 and ( 0 I ) n2
n1 n2 n1 n2
and (L, R) is the solution to the generalized Sylvester equation 11*R - L*A22 = -A12 11*R - L*B22 = -B12
Then PL = (F-norm(L)**2+1)**(-1/2) and PR = (F-norm(R)**2+1)**(-1/2). An approximate (asymptotic) bound on the average absolute error of the selected eigenvalues is
EPS * norm((A, B)) / PL.
There are also global error bounds which valid for perturbations up to a certain restriction: A lower bound (x) on the smallest F-norm(E,F) for which an eigenvalue of (A11, B11) may move and coalesce with an eigenvalue of (A22, B22) under perturbation (E,F), (i.e. (A + E, B + F), is
x = min(Difu,Difl)/((1/(PL*PL)+1/(PR*PR))**(1/2)+2*max(1/PL,1/PR)).
An approximate bound on x can be computed from DIF(1:2), PL and PL.
If y = ( F-norm(E,F) / x) < = 1, the angles between the perturbed (L', R') and unperturbed (L, R) left and right deflating subspaces associated with the selected cluster in the (1,1)-blocks can be bounded as
max-angle(L, L') < = arctan( y * PL / (1 - y * (1 - PL * PL)**(1/2)) max-angle(R, R') < = arctan( y * PR / (1 - y * (1 - PR * PR)**(1/2))
See LAPACK User's Guide section 4.11 or the following references for more information.
Note that if the default method for computing the Frobenius-norm- based estimate DIF is not wanted (see CLATDF), then the parameter IDIFJB (see below) should be changed from 3 to 4 (routine CLATDF (IJOB = 2 will be used)). See CTGSYL for more details.
Based on contributions by
Bo Kagstrom and Peter Poromaa, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
References
= = = = = = = = = =
[1] B. Kagstrom; A Direct Method for Reordering Eigenvalues in the Generalized Real Schur Form of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B), in M.S. Moonen et al (eds), Linear Algebra for Large Scale and Real-Time Applications, Kluwer Academic Publ. 1993, pp 195-218.
[2] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa; Computing Eigenspaces with Specified Eigenvalues of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B) and Condition Estimation: Theory, Algorithms and Software, Report
UMINF - 94.04, Department of Computing Science, Umea University,
S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, 1994. Also as LAPACK Working Note 87.
To appear in Numerical Algorithms, 1996.
[3] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa, LAPACK-Style Algorithms and Software for Solving the Generalized Sylvester Equation and Estimating the Separation between Regular Matrix Pairs, Report UMINF - 93.23, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, December 1993, Revised April 1994, Also as LAPACK working Note 75. To appear in ACM Trans. on Math. Software, Vol 22, No 1, 1996.