Oracle Database SQL Language Quick Reference, 11g Release 2 (11.2)

11g Release 2 (11.2)

E17119-05

Contents

Title and Copyright Information

Preface

- Audience

- Documentation Accessibility

- Related Documents

- Conventions

1 SQL Statements

- Syntax for SQL Statements

2 SQL Functions

- Syntax for SQL Functions

3 SQL Expressions

- Syntax for SQL Expression Types

4 SQL Conditions

- Syntax for SQL Condition Types

5 Subclauses

- Syntax for Subclauses

6 Data Types

- Overview of Data Types

- Oracle Built-In Data Types

- Oracle-Supplied Data Types

- Converting to Oracle Data Types

7 Format Models

- Overview of Format Models

- Number Format Models

- Number Format Elements

- Datetime Format Models

- Datetime Format Elements

A SQL*Plus Commands

- SQL*Plus Commands

Index

Oracle® Database

SQL Language Quick Reference

11g Release 2 (11.2)

E17119-05

August 2011

Oracle Database SQL Language Quick Reference, 11g Release 2 (11.2)

E17119-05

Copyright © 2003, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Primary Authors: Diana Lorentz, Mary Beth Roeser, Simon Watt

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Preface

This reference contains a complete description of the Structured Query Language (SQL) used to manage information in an Oracle Database. Oracle SQL is a superset of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) SQL:1999 standard.

This Preface contains these topics:

- Audience

- Documentation Accessibility

- Related Documents

- Conventions

Audience

The Oracle Database SQL Language Quick Reference is intended for all users of Oracle SQL.

Documentation Accessibility

For information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.

Access to Oracle Support

Oracle customers have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.

Related Documents

For more information, see these Oracle resources:

- Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference for information on PL/SQL, the procedural language extension to Oracle SQL

- Pro*C/C++ Programmer's Guide, Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, and the Pro*COBOL Programmer's Guide for detailed descriptions of Oracle embedded SQL

Many of the examples in this book use the sample schemas, which are installed by default when you select the Basic Installation option with an Oracle Database installation. Refer to Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use them yourself.

Conventions

The following text conventions are used in this document:

Convention

Meaning

boldface

Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.

italic

Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for which you supply particular values.

monospace

Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.

1 SQL Statements

This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.

This chapter includes the following section:

- Syntax for SQL Statements

Syntax for SQL Statements

SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an Oracle database.

The sections that follow show each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses listed in the syntax for the statements.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

ALTER CLUSTER

ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
{ physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
} ...
[ parallel_clause ] ;

ALTER DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
{ startup_clauses
| recovery_clauses
| database_file_clauses
| logfile_clauses
| controlfile_clauses
| standby_database_clauses
| default_settings_clauses
| instance_clauses
| security_clause
} ;

ALTER DATABASE LINK

ALTER DATABASE LINK dblink
{ CONNECT TO user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
| dblink_authentication
};

ALTER DIMENSION

ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
{ ADD { level_clause
| hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
| extended_attribute_clause
}
} ...
|
{ DROP { LEVEL level [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
| HIERARCHY hierarchy
| ATTRIBUTE attribute [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column ] ]...
}
} ...
|
COMPILE
;

ALTER DISKGROUP

ALTER DISKGROUP
{ { diskgroup_name
{ { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause }
[, { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause } ]...
| resize_disk_clauses
} [ rebalance_diskgroup_clause ]
| { disk_online_clause
| disk_offline_clause
| rebalance_diskgroup_clause
| check_diskgroup_clause
| diskgroup_template_clauses
| diskgroup_directory_clauses
| diskgroup_alias_clauses
| diskgroup_volume_clauses
| diskgroup_attributes
| modify_diskgroup_file
| drop_diskgroup_file_clause
| usergroup_clauses
| user_clauses
| file_permissions_clause
| file_owner_clause
}
| { diskgroup_name [, diskgroup_name ] ...
| ALL
} { undrop_disk_clause
| diskgroup_availability
| enable_disable_volume
}
}

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive
{ SET DEFAULT
| { ADD | MODIFY } TABLESPACE tablespace [flashback_archive_quota]
| REMOVE TABLESPACE tablespace_name
| MODIFY RETENTION flashback_archive_retention
| PURGE { ALL
| BEFORE { SCN expr | TIMESTAMP expr}
}
};

ALTER FUNCTION

ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ] function function_compile_clause

ALTER INDEX

ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| parallel_clause
| physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
} ...
| rebuild_clause
| PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
)
| COMPILE
| { ENABLE | DISABLE }
| UNUSABLE
| VISIBLE | INVISIBLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| COALESCE
| { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| alter_index_partitioning
}
;

ALTER INDEXTYPE

ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
{ { ADD | DROP } [ schema. ] operator ( parameter_types )
[ , { ADD | DROP } [schema. ] operator ( parameter_types ) ]... [ using_type_clause ]
| COMPILE
}
[ WITH LOCAL [ RANGE ] PARTITION ] [ storage_table_clause ]
;

ALTER JAVA

ALTER JAVA
{ SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name
[ RESOLVER
( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )... )
]
{ { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
| invoker_rights_clause
} ;

ALTER LIBRARY

ALTER LIBRARY [ schema. ] library_name library_compile_clause

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
[ schema. ] materialized_view
[ physical_attributes_clause
| modify_mv_column_clause
| table_compression
| LOB_storage_clause [, LOB_storage_clause ]...
| modify_LOB_storage_clause [, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
| alter_table_partitioning
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
]
[ alter_iot_clauses ]
[ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
[ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
| alter_mv_refresh
]
[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE
| COMPILE
| CONSIDER FRESH
] ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
ON [ schema. ]table
[ physical_attributes_clause
| add_mv_log_column_clause
| alter_table_partitioning
| parallel_clause
| logging_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| move_mv_log_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
] [ mv_log_augmentation ] [  mv_log_purge_clause ]
;

ALTER OPERATOR

ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
{ add_binding_clause
| drop_binding_clause
| COMPILE
} ;

ALTER OUTLINE

ALTER OUTLINE [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
{ REBUILD
| RENAME TO new_outline_name
| CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
| { ENABLE | DISABLE }
} ...
;

ALTER PACKAGE

ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ] package package_compile_clause

ALTER PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure procedure_compile_clause

ALTER PROFILE

ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
{ resource_parameters | password_parameters } ...
;

ALTER RESOURCE COST

ALTER RESOURCE COST
{ { CPU_PER_SESSION
| CONNECT_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
| PRIVATE_SGA
} integer
} ...
;

ALTER ROLE

ALTER ROLE role
{ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED
{ BY password
| USING [ schema. ] package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
} ;

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE
| storage_clause
| SHRINK [ TO size_clause ]
};

ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence
{ INCREMENT BY integer
| { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
| { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
| { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
| { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
| { ORDER | NOORDER }
} ...
;

ALTER SESSION

ALTER SESSION
{ ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
| CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
| { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
{ DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
| { ENABLE RESUMABLE [ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
| DISABLE RESUMABLE
}
| SYNC WITH PRIMARY
| alter_session_set_clause
} ;

ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER SYSTEM
{ archive_log_clause
| checkpoint_clause
| check_datafiles_clause
| distributed_recov_clauses
| FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE | REDO TO target_db_name [ [ NO ] CONFIRM APPLY ] }
| end_session_clauses
| SWITCH LOGFILE
| { SUSPEND | RESUME }
| quiesce_clauses
| rolling_migration_clauses
| security_clauses
| shutdown_dispatcher_clause
| REGISTER
| SET alter_system_set_clause
[ alter_system_set_clause ]...
| RESET alter_system_reset_clause
[ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
} ;

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE [ schema. ] table
[ alter_table_properties
| column_clauses
| constraint_clauses
| alter_table_partitioning
| alter_external_table
| move_table_clause
]
[ enable_disable_clause
| { ENABLE | DISABLE } { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
] ...
;

ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
{ DEFAULT [ table_compression ] storage_clause
| MINIMUM EXTENT size_clause
| RESIZE size_clause
| COALESCE
| SHRINK SPACE [ KEEP size_clause]
| RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
| { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
| datafile_tempfile_clauses
| tablespace_logging_clauses
| tablespace_group_clause
| tablespace_state_clauses
| autoextend_clause
| flashback_mode_clause
| tablespace_retention_clause
} ;

ALTER TRIGGER

ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ] trigger
{ ENABLE
| DISABLE
| RENAME TO new_name
| trigger_compile_clause
} ;

ALTER TYPE

ALTER TYPE [ schema. ]type alter_type_clauses

ALTER USER

ALTER USER
{ user
{ IDENTIFIED
{ BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
| EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
| GLOBALLY [ AS '[directory_DN]' ]
}
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| { QUOTA { size_clause
| UNLIMITED
} ON tablespace
} ...
| PROFILE profile
| DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ] ... ]
| NONE
}
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
| ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
| ENABLE EDITIONS [ FORCE ]
} ...
| user [, user ]... proxy_clause
} ;

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW [ schema. ] view
{ ADD out_of_line_constraint
| MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
{ RELY | NORELY }
| DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
}
| COMPILE
| { READ ONLY | READ WRITE }
} ;

ANALYZE

ANALYZE
{ { TABLE [ schema. ] table
| INDEX [ schema. ] index
} [ partition_extension_clause ]
| CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
}
{ validation_clauses
| LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
| DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
} ;

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
{ column_association | function_association }
[ storage_table_clause ] ;

AUDIT

AUDIT
{ audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause | IN SESSION CURRENT ]
| audit_schema_object_clause
| NETWORK
} [ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
;

CALL

CALL
{ routine_clause
| object_access_expression
}
[ INTO :host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;

COMMENT

COMMENT ON
{ COLUMN [ schema. ]
{ table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
| EDITION edition_name
| INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
| MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
| MINING MODEL [ schema. ] model
| OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
| TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
}
IS string ;

COMMIT

COMMIT [ WORK ]
[ [ COMMENT string ]
| [ WRITE [ WAIT | NOWAIT ] [ IMMEDIATE | BATCH ]
]
| FORCE { string [, integer ]
| CORRUPT_XID string
| CORRUPT_XID_ALL
}
] ;

CREATE CLUSTER

CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
(column datatype [ SORT ]
[, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
)
[ { physical_attributes_clause
| SIZE size_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| { INDEX
| [ SINGLE TABLE ]
HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
}
}...
]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ] ;

CREATE CONTEXT

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
USING [ schema. ] package
[ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
| ACCESSED GLOBALLY
] ;

CREATE CONTROLFILE

CREATE CONTROLFILE
[ REUSE ] [ SET ] DATABASE database
[ logfile_clause ]
{ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
[ DATAFILE file_specification
[, file_specification ]... ]
[ MAXLOGFILES integer
| MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
| MAXLOGHISTORY integer
| MAXDATAFILES integer
| MAXINSTANCES integer
| { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
| FORCE LOGGING
]...
[ character_set_clause ] ;

CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
{ USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
| USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
| CONTROLFILE REUSE
| MAXDATAFILES integer
| MAXINSTANCES integer
| CHARACTER SET charset
| NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
| SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| database_logging_clauses
| tablespace_clauses
| set_time_zone_clause
}... ;

CREATE DATABASE LINK

CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
[ CONNECT TO
{ CURRENT_USER
| user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
}
| dblink_authentication
]...
[ USING connect_string ] ;

CREATE DIMENSION

CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
level_clause ...
{ hierarchy_clause
| attribute_clause
| extended_attribute_clause
}...
;

CREATE DIRECTORY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
AS 'path_name' ;

CREATE DISKGROUP

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
{ [ QUORUM | REGULAR ][  FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
DISK qualified_disk_clause [, qualified_disk_clause]...
} ...
[ ATTRIBUTE { 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value' }... ]
;

CREATE EDITION

CREATE EDITION edition
[ AS CHILD OF parent_edition ] ;

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE [DEFAULT] flashback_archive
TABLESPACE tablespace
[flashback_archive_quota] flashback_archive_retention
;

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION plsql_source

CREATE INDEX

CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ] index
ON { cluster_index_clause
| table_index_clause
| bitmap_join_index_clause
}
[ UNUSABLE ] ;

CREATE INDEXTYPE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
FOR [ schema. ] operator (paramater_type [, paramater_type ]...)
[, [ schema. ] operator (paramater_type [, paramater_type ]...)
]...
using_type_clause
[WITH LOCAL [RANGE] PARTITION ]
[ storage_table_clause ]
;

CREATE JAVA

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ] [ NOFORCE ]
JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE } NAMED [ schema. ] primary_name
| CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
}
[ invoker_rights_clause ]
[ RESOLVER ( (match_string [,] { schema_name | - })...) ]
{ USING { BFILE (directory_object_name, server_file_name)
| { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE } subquery
| 'key_for_BLOB'
}
| AS source_char
}

CREATE LIBRARY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] LIBRARY plsql_source

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW [ schema. ] materialized_view
[ column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]] [, column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]] ]... ]
[ OF [ schema. ] object_type ]
[ (scoped_table_ref_constraint) ]
{ ON PREBUILT TABLE
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
| physical_properties materialized_view_props
}
[ USING INDEX
[ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
]...
| USING NO INDEX
]
[ create_mv_refresh ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
[ { DISABLE | ENABLE } QUERY REWRITE ]
AS subquery ;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON [ schema. ] table
[ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| logging_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
]...
[ parallel_clause ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ WITH { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
| COMMIT SCN
| (column [, column ]...)
}
[ { , OBJECT ID
| , PRIMARY KEY
| , ROWID
| , SEQUENCE
| , COMMIT SCN
| (column [, column ]...)
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]
] [ mv_log_purge_clause ]
;

CREATE OPERATOR

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
[ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;

CREATE OUTLINE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
[ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
[ FOR CATEGORY category ]
[ ON statement ] ;

CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE plsql_source

CREATE PACKAGE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE BODY plsql_source

CREATE PFILE

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
FROM { SPFILE [= 'spfile_name']
| MEMORY
} ;

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE plsql_source

CREATE PROFILE

CREATE PROFILE profile
LIMIT { resource_parameters
| password_parameters
}...
;

CREATE RESTORE POINT

CREATE RESTORE POINT restore_point
[ AS OF {TIMESTAMP | SCN} expr ]
[ PRESERVE
| GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE
];

CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE role
[ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED { BY password
| USING [ schema. ] package
| EXTERNALLY
| GLOBALLY
}
] ;

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
[ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...];

CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
{ create_table_statement
| create_view_statement
| grant_statement
}...
;

CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence
[ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
| { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
| { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
| { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
| { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
| { ORDER | NOORDER }
]...
;

CREATE SPFILE

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
FROM { PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
| MEMORY
} ;

CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
[ schema. ] synonym
FOR [ schema. ] object [ @ dblink ] ;

CREATE TABLE

CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE [ schema. ] table
{ relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }

CREATE TABLESPACE

CREATE
[ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
{ permanent_tablespace_clause
| temporary_tablespace_clause
| undo_tablespace_clause
} ;

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER plsql_source

CREATE TYPE

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TYPE plsql_source

CREATE TYPE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE BODY plsql_source

CREATE USER

CREATE USER user
IDENTIFIED { BY password
| EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
| GLOBALLY [ AS '[ directory_DN ]' ]
}
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
{ tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
| ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
[ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
{ tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
| PROFILE profile
| PASSWORD EXPIRE
| ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
| ENABLE EDITIONS
]...
] ;

CREATE VIEW

CREATE [OR REPLACE]
[[NO] FORCE] [EDITIONING] VIEW [schema.] view
[ ( { alias [ inline_constraint... ]
| out_of_line_constraint
}
[, { alias [ inline_constraint...]
| out_of_line_constraint
}
]
)
| object_view_clause
| XMLType_view_clause
]
AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;

DELETE

DELETE [ hint ]
[ FROM ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
} [ t_alias ]
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ]
[error_logging_clause];

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
{ COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
| FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
[, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
[, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES [ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES [ schema. ]index
[, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
[, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
[ FORCE ] ;

DROP CLUSTER

DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
[ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;

DROP CONTEXT

DROP CONTEXT namespace ;

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE ;

DROP DATABASE LINK

DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;

DROP DIMENSION

DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension ;

DROP DIRECTORY

DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;

DROP DISKGROUP

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
[  FORCE INCLUDING CONTENTS
| { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } CONTENTS
];

DROP EDITION

DROP EDITION edition [CASCADE];

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive;

DROP FUNCTION

DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ] function_name ;

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [ schema. ] index [ FORCE ] ;

DROP INDEXTYPE

DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype [ FORCE ] ;

DROP JAVA

DROP JAVA { SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
[ schema. ] object_name ;

DROP LIBRARY

DROP LIBRARY library_name ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW [ schema. ] materialized_view
[ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON [ schema. ] table ;

DROP OPERATOR

DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator [ FORCE ] ;

DROP OUTLINE

DROP OUTLINE outline ;

DROP PACKAGE

DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ] package ;

DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure ;

DROP PROFILE

DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP RESTORE POINT

DROP RESTORE POINT restore_point ;

DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE role ;

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;

DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence_name ;

DROP SYNONYM

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [ schema. ] synonym [FORCE] ;

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [ schema. ] table
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] [ PURGE ] ;

DROP TABLESPACE

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
[ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ {AND | KEEP} DATAFILES ]
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
] ;

DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ] trigger ;

DROP TYPE

DROP TYPE [ schema. ] type_name [ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;

DROP TYPE BODY

DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ] type_name ;

DROP USER

DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN
[ SET STATEMENT_ID = string ]
[ INTO [ schema. ] table [ @ dblink ] ]
FOR statement ;

FLASHBACK DATABASE

FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
{ TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
| RESTORE POINT restore_point
}
| TO BEFORE { SCN | TIMESTAMP} expr
| RESETLOGS
}
}

FLASHBACK TABLE

FLASHBACK TABLE
[ schema. ] table
[, [ schema. ] table ]...
TO { { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
| RESTORE POINT restore_point
} [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
| BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
} ;

GRANT

GRANT { grant_system_privileges
| grant_object_privileges
} ;

INSERT

INSERT [ hint ]
{ single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;

LOCK TABLE

LOCK TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
[ partition_extension_clause
| @ dblink
] [, [ schema. ] { table | view }
[ partition_extension_clause
| @ dblink
]
]...
IN lockmode MODE
[ NOWAIT
| WAIT integer
] ;

MERGE

MERGE [ hint ]
INTO [ schema. ] { table | view } [ t_alias ]
USING { [ schema. ] { table | view }
| subquery
} [ t_alias ]
ON ( condition )
[ merge_update_clause ]
[ merge_insert_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ] ;

NOAUDIT

NOAUDIT
{ audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause ]
| audit_schema_object_clause
| NETWORK
}
[ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;

PURGE

PURGE { { TABLE table | INDEX index }
| { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
| TABLESPACE tablespace [ USER username ]
} ;

RENAME

RENAME old_name TO new_name ;

REVOKE

REVOKE { revoke_system_privileges
| revoke_object_privileges
} ;

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
[ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
| FORCE string
] ;

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint ;

SELECT

[ subquery_factoring_clause ] subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;

SET CONSTRAINT[S]

SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
{ constraint [, constraint ]...
| ALL
}
{ IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;

SET ROLE

SET ROLE
{ role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
| ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
| NONE
} ;

SET TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION
{ { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| ISOLATION LEVEL
{ SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
| USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
} [ NAME string ]
| NAME string
} ;

TRUNCATE_CLUSTER

TRUNCATE CLUSTER [schema.] cluster
[ {DROP | REUSE} STORAGE ] ;

TRUNCATE_TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE [schema.] table
[ {PRESERVE | PURGE} MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
[ {DROP [ ALL ] | REUSE} STORAGE ] ;

Note:

You can specify the ALL keyword in this statement starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

UPDATE

UPDATE [ hint ]
{ dml_table_expression_clause
| ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
} [ t_alias ]
update_set_clause
[ where_clause ]
[ returning_clause ]
[error_logging_clause] ;

2 SQL Functions

This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.

This chapter includes the following section:

- Syntax for SQL Functions

Syntax for SQL Functions

A function is a command that manipulates data items and returns a single value.

The sections that follow show each SQL function and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Functions in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL functions

ABS

ABS(n)

ACOS

ACOS(n)

ADD_MONTHS

ADD_MONTHS(date, integer)

aggregate_function

Aggregate functions return a single result row based on groups of rows, rather than on single rows.

analytic_function

analytic_function([ arguments ])
OVER (analytic_clause)

APPENDCHILDXML

APPENDCHILDXML
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ])

ASCII

ASCII(char)

ASCIISTR

ASCIISTR(char)

ASIN

ASIN(n)

ATAN

ATAN(n)

ATAN2

ATAN2(n1 , n2)

AVG

AVG([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER(analytic_clause) ]

BFILENAME

BFILENAME('directory', 'filename')

BIN_TO_NUM

BIN_TO_NUM(expr [, expr ]... )

BITAND

BITAND(expr1, expr2)

CARDINALITY

CARDINALITY(nested_table)

CAST

CAST({ expr | MULTISET (subquery) } AS type_name)

CEIL

CEIL(n)

CHARTOROWID

CHARTOROWID(char)

CHR

CHR(n [ USING NCHAR_CS ])

CLUSTER_ID

CLUSTER_ID ( [ schema . ] model mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY ( [ schema . ] model
[ , cluster_id ] mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_SET

CLUSTER_SET ( [ schema . ] model [ , topN [ , cutoff ] ] mining_attribute_clause )

COALESCE

COALESCE(expr [, expr ]...)

COLLECT

COLLECT( [ DISTINCT | UNIQUE ] column [ ORDER BY expr ] )

COMPOSE

COMPOSE(char)

CONCAT

CONCAT(char1, char2)

CONVERT

CONVERT(char, dest_char_set[, source_char_set ])

CORR

CORR(expr1, expr2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

CORR_K, CORR_S

{ CORR_K | CORR_S }
(expr1, expr2
[, { COEFFICIENT
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| ONE_SIDED_SIG_POS
| ONE_SIDED_SIG_NEG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

COS

COS(n)

COSH

COSH(n)

COUNT

COUNT({ * | [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr }) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

COVAR_POP

COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

COVAR_SAMP

COVAR_SAMP(expr1, expr2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

CUBE_TABLE

CUBE_TABLE
( ' { schema.cube [ {HIERARCHY | HRR} dimension hierarchy ]...
| schema.dimension [ {HIERARCHY | HRR} [dimension] hierarchy ]
}
'
)

CUME_DIST (aggregate)

CUME_DIST(expr[,expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)

CUME_DIST (analytic)

CUME_DIST() OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ (precision) ]

CV

CV([ dimension_column ])

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION( table, partition_id )

DBTIMEZONE

DBTIMEZONE

DECODE

DECODE(expr, search, result [, search, result ]... [, default ])

DECOMPOSE

DECOMPOSE( string [ CANONICAL | COMPATIBILITY ] )

DELETEXML

DELETEXML( XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

DENSE_RANK (aggregate)

DENSE_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[,expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)

DENSE_RANK (analytic)

DENSE_RANK( ) OVER([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

DEPTH

DEPTH(correlation_integer)

DEREF

DEREF(expr)

DUMP

DUMP(expr[, return_fmt [, start_position [, length ] ]])

EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB

{ EMPTY_BLOB | EMPTY_CLOB }( )

EXISTSNODE

EXISTSNODE
(XMLType_instance, XPath_string
[, namespace_string ]
)

EXP

EXP(n)

EXTRACT (datetime)

EXTRACT( { YEAR
| MONTH
| DAY
| HOUR
| MINUTE
| SECOND
| TIMEZONE_HOUR
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE
| TIMEZONE_REGION
| TIMEZONE_ABBR
}
FROM { expr }
)

EXTRACT (XML)

EXTRACT(XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

EXTRACTVALUE

EXTRACTVALUE(XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

FEATURE_ID

FEATURE_ID( [ schema . ] model mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_SET

FEATURE_SET( [ schema . ] model [, topN [, cutoff ]] mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_VALUE

FEATURE_VALUE( [ schema . ] model [, feature_id ] mining_attribute_clause )

FIRST

aggregate_function
KEEP
(DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)
[ OVER ( [query_partition_clause] ) ]

FIRST_VALUE

FIRST_VALUE
{ (expr) [ {RESPECT | IGNORE} NULLS ]
| (expr [ {RESPECT | IGNORE} NULLS ])
}
OVER (analytic_clause)

FLOOR

FLOOR(n)

FROM_TZ

FROM_TZ (timestamp_value, time_zone_value)

GREATEST

GREATEST(expr [, expr ]...)

GROUP_ID

GROUP_ID( )

GROUPING

GROUPING(expr)

GROUPING_ID

GROUPING_ID(expr [, expr ]...)

HEXTORAW

HEXTORAW(char)

INITCAP

INITCAP(char)

INSERTCHILDXML

INSERTCHILDXML
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTXMLAFTER

INSERTXMLAFTER
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTXMLBEFORE

INSERTXMLBEFORE
( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSTR

{ INSTR
| INSTRB
| INSTRC
| INSTR2
| INSTR4
}
(string , substring [, position [, occurrence ] ])

ITERATION_NUMBER

ITERATION_NUMBER

LAG

LAG
{ ( value_expr [, offset [, default]]) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
| ( value_expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ] [, offset [, default]] )
}
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

LAST

aggregate_function KEEP
(DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)
[ OVER ( [query_partition_clause] ) ]

LAST_DAY

LAST_DAY(date)

LAST_VALUE

LAST_VALUE
{ (expr) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
| (expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ])
OVER (analytic_clause)

LEAD

LEAD
{ ( value_expr [, offset [, default]] ) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
| ( value_expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ] [, offset [, default]] )
}
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

LEAST

LEAST(expr [, expr ]...)

LENGTH

{ LENGTH
| LENGTHB
| LENGTHC
| LENGTH2
| LENGTH4
}
(char)

LISTAGG

LISTAGG(measure_expr [, 'delimiter'])
WITHIN GROUP (order_by_clause) [OVER query_partition_clause]

LN

LN(n)

LNNVL

LNNVL(condition)

LOCALTIMESTAMP

LOCALTIMESTAMP [ (timestamp_precision) ]

LOG

LOG(n2, n1)

LOWER

LOWER(char)

LPAD

LPAD(expr1, n [, expr2 ])

LTRIM

LTRIM(char [, set ])

MAKE_REF

MAKE_REF({ table | view } , key [, key ]...)

MAX

MAX([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

MEDIAN

MEDIAN(expr) [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

MIN

MIN([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

MOD

MOD(n2, n1)

MONTHS_BETWEEN

MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)

NANVL

NANVL(n2, n1)

NCHR

NCHR(number)

NEW_TIME

NEW_TIME(date, timezone1, timezone2)

NEXT_DAY

NEXT_DAY(date, char)

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN(byte_count, 'char_set_id')

NLS_CHARSET_ID

NLS_CHARSET_ID(string)

NLS_CHARSET_NAME

NLS_CHARSET_NAME(number)

NLS_INITCAP

NLS_INITCAP(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_LOWER

NLS_LOWER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_UPPER

NLS_UPPER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLSSORT

NLSSORT(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NTH_VALUE

NTH_VALUE(measure_expr, n)
[ FROM { FIRST | LAST } ][ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
OVER (analytic_clause)

NTILE

NTILE(expr) OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

NULLIF

NULLIF(expr1, expr2)

NUMTODSINTERVAL

NUMTODSINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NUMTOYMINTERVAL

NUMTOYMINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NVL

NVL(expr1, expr2)

NVL2

NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3)

ORA_DST_AFFECTED

ORA_DST_AFFECTED(datetime_expr)

ORA_DST_CONVERT

ORA_DST_CONVERT(datetime_expr [, integer [, integer ]])

ORA_DST_ERROR

ORA_DST_ERROR(datetime_expr)

ORA_HASH

ORA_HASH(expr [, max_bucket [, seed_value ] ])

PATH

PATH(correlation_integer)

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate)

PERCENT_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)

PERCENT_RANK (analytic)

PERCENT_RANK( ) OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

PERCENTILE_CONT

PERCENTILE_CONT(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

PERCENTILE_DISC

PERCENTILE_DISC(expr) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
[ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

POWER

POWER(n2, n1)

POWERMULTISET

POWERMULTISET(expr)

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY(expr, cardinality)

PREDICTION

PREDICTION ( [ schema . ] model [ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_BOUNDS

PREDICTION_BOUNDS
( [schema.] model
[, confidence_level [, class_value]]
mining_attribute_clause
)

PREDICTION_COST

PREDICTION_COST ( [ schema . ] model [ , class ] cost_matrix_clause
mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_DETAILS

PREDICTION_DETAILS ( [ schema . ] model mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY ( [ schema . ] model [ , class ]
mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_SET

PREDICTION_SET ( [ schema . ] model [ , bestN [ , cutoff ] ]
[ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )

PRESENTNNV

PRESENTNNV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PRESENTV

PRESENTV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS(cell_reference)

RANK (aggregate)

RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
(ORDER BY
expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
[, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
[ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
]...
)

RANK (analytic)

RANK( )
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

RATIO_TO_REPORT

RATIO_TO_REPORT(expr)
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ])

RAWTOHEX

RAWTOHEX(raw)

RAWTONHEX

RAWTONHEX(raw)

REF

REF (correlation_variable)

REFTOHEX

REFTOHEX (expr)

REGEXP_COUNT

REGEXP_COUNT (source_char, pattern [, position [, match_param]])

REGEXP_INSTR

REGEXP_INSTR (source_char, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
[, return_opt
[, match_param
[, subexpr]
]
]
]
]

REGEXP_REPLACE

REGEXP_REPLACE(source_char, pattern
[, replace_string
[, position
[, occurrence
[, match_param ]
]
]
]
)

REGEXP_SUBSTR

REGEXP_SUBSTR(source_char, pattern
[, position
[, occurrence
[, match_param
[, subexpr
]
]
]
]
)

REGR_AVGX, REGR_AVGY, REGR_COUNT, REGR_INTERCEPT, REGR_R2, REGR_SLOPE, REGR_SXX, REGR_SXY, REGR_SYY

{ REGR_SLOPE
| REGR_INTERCEPT
| REGR_COUNT
| REGR_R2
| REGR_AVGX
| REGR_AVGY
| REGR_SXX
| REGR_SYY
| REGR_SXY
}
(expr1 , expr2)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

REMAINDER

REMAINDER(n2, n1)

REPLACE

REPLACE(char, search_string
[, replacement_string ]
)

ROUND (date)

ROUND(date [, fmt ])

ROUND (number)

ROUND(n [, integer ])

ROW_NUMBER

ROW_NUMBER( )
OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

ROWIDTOCHAR

ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)

ROWIDTONCHAR

ROWIDTONCHAR(rowid)

RPAD

RPAD(expr1 , n [, expr2 ])

RTRIM

RTRIM(char [, set ])

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(number)

SESSIONTIMEZONE

SESSIONTIMEZONE

SET

SET (nested_table)

SIGN

SIGN(n)

SIN

SIN(n)

SINH

SINH(n)

SOUNDEX

SOUNDEX(char)

SQRT

SQRT(n)

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST(expr1, expr2, p
[, { TWO_SIDED_PROB
| EXACT_PROB
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_MORE
| ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_LESS
}
]
)

STATS_CROSSTAB

STATS_CROSSTAB(expr1, expr2
[, { CHISQ_OBS
| CHISQ_SIG
| CHISQ_DF
| PHI_COEFFICIENT
| CRAMERS_V
| CONT_COEFFICIENT
| COHENS_K
}
]
)

STATS_F_TEST

STATS_F_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { { STATISTIC
| DF_NUM
| DF_DEN
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
} , expr3
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STATS_KS_TEST

STATS_KS_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC | SIG } ]
)

STATS_MODE

STATS_MODE(expr)

STATS_MW_TEST

STATS_MW_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| U_STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG , expr3
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA(expr1, expr2
[, { SUM_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| SUM_SQUARES_WITHIN
| DF_BETWEEN
| DF_WITHIN
| MEAN_SQUARES_BETWEEN
| MEAN_SQUARES_WITHIN
| F_RATIO
| SIG
}
]
)

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, STATS_T_TEST_ONE, STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED

{ STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
| STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
| STATS_T_TEST_ONE
| STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
}
(expr1, expr2
[, { { STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
} , expr3
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
| DF
}
]
)

STATS_WSR_TEST

STATS_WSR_TEST(expr1, expr2
[, { STATISTIC
| ONE_SIDED_SIG
| TWO_SIDED_SIG
}
]
)

STDDEV

STDDEV([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

STDDEV_POP

STDDEV_POP(expr)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

STDDEV_SAMP

STDDEV_SAMP(expr)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

SUBSTR

{ SUBSTR
| SUBSTRB
| SUBSTRC
| SUBSTR2
| SUBSTR4
}
(char, position [, substring_length ])

SUM

SUM([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column, char)

SYS_CONTEXT

SYS_CONTEXT('namespace', 'parameter' [, length ])

SYS_DBURIGEN

SYS_DBURIGEN({ column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
[, { column | attribute }
[ rowid ]
]...
[, 'text ( )' ]
)

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(datetime_with_timezone)

SYS_GUID

SYS_GUID( )

SYS_TYPEID

SYS_TYPEID(object_type_value)

SYS_XMLAGG

SYS_XMLAGG(expr [, fmt ])

SYS_XMLGEN

SYS_XMLGEN(expr [, fmt ])

SYSDATE

SYSDATE

SYSTIMESTAMP

SYSTIMESTAMP

TAN

TAN(n)

TANH

TANH(n)

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(timestamp)

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_BINARY_FLOAT

TO_BINARY_FLOAT(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_BLOB

TO_BLOB ( raw_value )

TO_CHAR (character)

TO_CHAR(nchar | clob | nclob)

TO_CHAR (datetime)

TO_CHAR({ datetime | interval } [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CHAR (number)

TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CLOB

TO_CLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_DATE

TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_DSINTERVAL

TO_DSINTERVAL ( ' { sql_format | ds_iso_format } ' )

TO_LOB

TO_LOB(long_column)

TO_MULTI_BYTE

TO_MULTI_BYTE(char)

TO_NCHAR (character)

TO_NCHAR({char | clob | nclob})

TO_NCHAR (datetime)

TO_NCHAR({ datetime | interval }
[, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
)

TO_NCHAR (number)

TO_NCHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_NCLOB

TO_NCLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_NUMBER

TO_NUMBER(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_SINGLE_BYTE

TO_SINGLE_BYTE(char)

TO_TIMESTAMP

TO_TIMESTAMP(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_YMINTERVAL

TO_YMINTERVAL
( '  { [+|-] years - months
| ym_iso_format
} ' )

TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE(expr, from_string, to_string)

TRANSLATE ... USING

TRANSLATE ( char USING
{ CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS }
)

TREAT

TREAT(expr AS [ REF ] [ schema. ]type)

TRIM

TRIM([ { { LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH }
[ trim_character ]
| trim_character
}
FROM
]
trim_source
)

TRUNC (date)

TRUNC(date [, fmt ])

TRUNC (number)

TRUNC(n1 [, n2 ])

TZ_OFFSET

TZ_OFFSET({ 'time_zone_name'
| '{ + | - } hh : mi'
| SESSIONTIMEZONE
| DBTMEZONE
}
)

UID

UID

UNISTR

UNISTR( string )

UPDATEXML

UPDATEXML
(XMLType_instance,
XPath_string, value_expr
[, XPath_string, value_expr ]...
[, namespace_string ]
)

UPPER

UPPER(char)

USER

USER

user-defined function

[ schema. ]
{ [ package. ]function | user_defined_operator }
[ @ dblink. ]
[ ( [ [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr [, expr ]... ] ) ]

USERENV

USERENV('parameter')

VALUE

VALUE(correlation_variable)

VAR_POP

VAR_POP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VAR_SAMP

VAR_SAMP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VARIANCE

VARIANCE([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VSIZE

VSIZE(expr)

WIDTH_BUCKET

WIDTH_BUCKET
(expr, min_value, max_value, num_buckets)

XMLAGG

XMLAGG(XMLType_instance [ order_by_clause ])

XMLCAST

XMLCAST ( value_expression AS datatype )

XMLCDATA

XMLCDATA ( value_expr )

XMLCOLATTVAL

XMLCOLATTVAL
(value_expr [ AS { c_alias  | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
[, value_expr [ AS { c_alias  | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
]...
)

XMLCOMMENT

XMLCOMMENT ( value_expr )

XMLCONCAT

XMLCONCAT(XMLType_instance [, XMLType_instance ]...)

XMLDIFF

XMLDIFF ( XMLType_document, XMLType_document [ , integer, string ] )

XMLELEMENT

XMLELEMENT
( [ ENTITYESCAPING | NOENTITYESCAPING ]
[ NAME ]
{ identifier
| EVALNAME value_expr
}
[, XML_attributes_clause ]
[, value_expr [ [AS] c_alias ]]...
)

XMLEXISTS

XMLEXISTS ( XQuery_string [ XML_passing_clause ] )

XMLFOREST

XMLFOREST
( value_expr [ AS { c_alias | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
[, value_expr [ AS { c_alias | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
]...
)

XMLISVALID

XMLISVALID ( XMLType_instance [, XMLSchema_URL [, element ]] )

XMLPARSE

XMLPARSE
({ DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value_expr [ WELLFORMED ]
)

XMLPATCH

XMLPATCH ( XMLType_document, XMLType_document )

XMLPI

XMLPI
( { [ NAME ] identifier
| EVALNAME value_expr
} [, value_expr ]
)

XMLQUERY

XMLQUERY
( XQuery_string
[ XML_passing_clause ]
RETURNING CONTENT [NULL ON EMPTY]
)

XMLROOT

XMLROOT
( value_expr, VERSION
{ value_expr | NO VALUE }
[, STANDALONE { YES | NO | NO VALUE } ]
)

XMLSEQUENCE

XMLSEQUENCE( XMLType_instance
| sys_refcursor_instance [, fmt ]
)

XMLSERIALIZE

XMLSERIALIZE
( { DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value_expr [ AS datatype ]
[ ENCODING xml_encoding_spec ]
[ VERSION string_literal ]
[ NO INDENT | { INDENT [SIZE = number] } ]
[ { HIDE | SHOW } DEFAULTS ]
)

XMLTABLE

XMLTABLE
(
[ XMLnamespaces_clause , ] XQuery_string XMLTABLE_options
)

XMLTRANSFORM

XMLTRANSFORM(XMLType_instance, { XMLType_instance
| string
}
)

3 SQL Expressions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining values, operators, and functions into expressions.

This chapter includes the following section:

- Syntax for SQL Expression Types

Syntax for SQL Expression Types

An expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions that evaluate to a value. An expression generally assumes the data type of its components.

Expressions have several forms. The sections that follow show the syntax for each form of expression. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Expressions in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL expressions

CASE expressions

CASE { simple_case_expression
| searched_case_expression
}
[ else_clause ]
END

Column expressions

A column expression can be a simple expression, compound expression, function expression, or expression list, containing only columns of the subject table, constants, and deterministic functions.

Compound expressions

{ (expr)
| { + | - | PRIOR } expr
| expr { * | / | + | - | || } expr
}

Note: The double vertical bars are part of the syntax
(indicating concatenation) rather than BNF notation.

CURSOR expressions

CURSOR (subquery)

Datetime expressions

expr AT
{ LOCAL
| TIME ZONE { ' [ + | - ] hh:mm'
| DBTIMEZONE
| 'time_zone_name'
| expr
}
}

Function expressions

You can use any built-in SQL function or user-defined function as an expression.

Interval expressions

( expr1 - expr2 )
{ DAY [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
SECOND [ (fractional_second_precision) ]
| YEAR [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
MONTH
}

Model expressions

{ measure_column [ { condition | expr }[ , { condition | expr } ...] ]
| aggregate_function
{ [ { condition | expr }[ , { condition | expr } ...] ]
| [ single_column_for_loop [, single_column_for_loop] ... ]
| [ multi_column_for_loop ]
}
| analytic_function
}

Note:

The outside square brackets shown in boldface type are part of the syntax. In this case, they do not represent optionality.

Object access expressions

{ table_alias.column.
| object_table_alias.
| (expr).
}
{ attribute [.attribute ]...
[.method ([ argument [, argument ]... ]) ]
| method ([ argument [, argument ]... ])
}

Placeholder expressions

:host_variable
[ [ INDICATOR ]
:indicator_variable
]

Scalar subquery expressions

A scalar subquery expression is a subquery that returns exactly one column value from one row.

Simple expressions

{ [ query_name.
| [schema.]
{ table. | view. | materialized view. }
] { column | ROWID }
| ROWNUM
| string
| number
| sequence. { CURRVAL | NEXTVAL }
| NULL
}

Type constructor expressions

[ NEW ] [ schema. ]type_name
([ expr [, expr ]... ])

4 SQL Conditions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining one or more expressions and logical (Boolean) operators to specify a condition.

This chapter includes the following section:

- Syntax for SQL Condition Types

Syntax for SQL Condition Types

A condition specifies a combination of one or more expressions and logical (Boolean) operators and returns a value of TRUE, FALSE, or unknown.

Conditions have several forms. The sections that follow show the syntax for each form of condition. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Conditions in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL conditions

BETWEEN condition

expr1 [ NOT ] BETWEEN expr2 AND expr3

Compound conditions

{ (condition)
| NOT condition
| condition { AND | OR } condition
}

EQUALS_PATH condition

EQUALS_PATH
(column, path_string [, correlation_integer ])

EXISTS condition

EXISTS (subquery)

Floating-point conditions

expr IS [ NOT ] { NAN | INFINITE }

Group comparison conditions

{ expr
{ = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr [, expr ]... )
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
{ ANY | SOME | ALL }
({ expression_list
[, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
}

where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality

IN condition

{ expr [ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr [, expr ]... )
[ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list [, expression_list ]...
| subquery
}
)
}

IS A SET condition

nested_table IS [ NOT ] A SET

IS ANY condition

[ dimension_column IS ] ANY

IS EMPTY condition

nested_table IS [ NOT ] EMPTY

IS OF type condition

expr IS [ NOT ] OF [ TYPE ]
([ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type
[, [ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type ]...
)

IS PRESENT condition

cell_reference IS PRESENT

LIKE condition

char1 [ NOT ] { LIKE | LIKEC | LIKE2 | LIKE4 }
char2 [ ESCAPE esc_char ]

Logical conditions

{ NOT | AND | OR }

MEMBER condition

expr [ NOT ] MEMBER [ OF ] nested_table

Null conditions

expr IS [ NOT ] NULL

REGEXP_LIKE condition

REGEXP_LIKE(source_char, pattern
[, match_param ]
)

Simple comparison conditions

{ expr
{ = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
expr
| (expr [, expr ]...)
{ = | != | ^= | <> }
(subquery)
}

where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality

SUBMULTISET condition

nested_table1
[ NOT ] SUBMULTISET [ OF ]
nested_table2

UNDER_PATH condition

UNDER_PATH (column [, levels ], path_string
[, correlation_integer ]
)

5 Subclauses

This chapter presents the syntax for the subclauses found in the syntax for SQL statements, functions, expressions and conditions.

This chapter includes the following section:

- Syntax for Subclauses

Syntax for Subclauses

The sections that follow show the syntax for each subclause found in:

- Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"

- Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"

- Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"

- Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

activate_standby_db_clause

ACTIVATE
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
STANDBY DATABASE
[ FINISH APPLY ]

add_binding_clause

ADD BINDING
(parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN (return_type)
[ implementation_clause ]
using_function_clause

add_column_clause

ADD
{column_definition | virtual_column_definition
[, column_definition | virtual_column_definition] ...
}
[ column_properties ]
[ out_of_line_part_storage [, out_of_line_part_storage]...]

add_disk_clause

ADD
{ [ QUORUM | REGULAR ] [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
DISK qualified_disk_clause [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
}...

add_hash_index_partition

ADD PARTITION
[ partition_name ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
[ key_compression ]
[ parallel_clause ]

add_hash_partition_clause

ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
partitioning_storage_clause
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

add_hash_subpartition

ADD hash_subpartition_desc
[ dependent_tables_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

add_list_partition_clause

ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]
[ { range_subpartition_desc
| list_subpartition_desc
| hash_subpartition_desc
}
]
[ update_index_clauses ]

add_list_subpartition

ADD list_subpartition_desc [ dependent_tables_clause ] [ update_index_clauses ]

add_logfile_clauses

ADD [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{
{ [ INSTANCE 'instance_name' ] | [ THREAD 'integer' ] }
[ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec
[, [ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec ]...
| MEMBER 'filename' [ REUSE ] [, 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]...
TO logfile_descriptor [, logfile_descriptor ]...
}

add_mv_log_column_clause

ADD (column)

add_overflow_clause

ADD OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ ( PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ]
[, PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]...
)
]

add_range_partition_clause

ADD PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]
[ ( { range_subpartition_desc
| list_subpartition_desc
| hash_subpartition_desc
}
)
]
[ update_index_clauses ]

add_range_subpartition

ADD range_subpartition_desc [ dependent_tables_clause ] [ update_index_clauses ]

add_system_partition_clause

[BEFORE { partition_name | partition_number }]
[table_partition_description]
[update_index_clauses]

add_table_partition

{ add_range_partition_clause
| add_hash_partition_clause
| add_list_partition_clause
} [ dependent_tables_clause ]

add_volume_clause

ADD VOLUME asm_volume SIZE size_clause [redundancy_clause]
[ STRIPE_WIDTH integer {K | M} ]
[ STRIPE_COLUMNS integer ]
[ ATTRIBUTE disk_region_clause ]

alias_file_name

+diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ] /alias_name

allocate_extent_clause

ALLOCATE EXTENT
[ ( { SIZE size_clause
| DATAFILE 'filename'
| INSTANCE integer
} ...
)
]

alter_datafile_clause

DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
[, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}
{ ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ FOR DROP ]
| RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| END BACKUP
}

alter_external_table

{ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
}
[ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
]...

alter_index_partitioning

{ modify_index_default_attrs
| add_hash_index_partition
| modify_index_partition
| rename_index_partition
| drop_index_partition
| split_index_partition
| coalesce_index_partition
| modify_index_subpartition
}

alter_interval_partitioning

{ SET INTERVAL ( [ expr ] )
| SET STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... )
}

alter_iot_clauses

{ index_org_table_clause
| alter_overflow_clause
| alter_mapping_table_clauses
| COALESCE
}

alter_mapping_table_clauses

MAPPING TABLE
{ allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
}

alter_mv_refresh

REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| ON { DEMAND | COMMIT }
| { START WITH | NEXT } date
| WITH PRIMARY KEY
| USING
{ DEFAULT MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}
| USING { ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
}

alter_overflow_clause

{ add_overflow_clause
| OVERFLOW
{ segment_attributes_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
}...
}

alter_session_set_clause

SET { { parameter_name = parameter_value }...
| EDITION = edition_name
}

alter_system_reset_clause

parameter_name
[ { SCOPE = SPFILE
| SID = { 'sid' | '*' }
}...
]

alter_system_set_clause

{ set_parameter_clause
| USE_STORED_OUTLINES = (TRUE | FALSE | category_name)
| GLOBAL_TOPIC_ENABLED = (TRUE | FALSE)
}

alter_table_partitioning

{ modify_table_default_attrs
| alter_interval_partitioning
| set_subpartition_template
| modify_table_partition
| modify_table_subpartition
| move_table_partition
| move_table_subpartition
| add_table_partition
| coalesce_table_partition
| coalesce_table_subpartition
| drop_table_partition
| drop_table_subpartition
| rename_partition_subpart
| truncate_partition_subpart
| split_table_partition
| split_table_subpartition
| merge_table_partitions
| merge_table_subpartitions
| exchange_partition_subpart
}

alter_table_properties

{ { { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| table_compression
| supplemental_table_logging
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
| RESULT_CACHE ( MODE {DEFAULT | FORCE} )
| upgrade_table_clause
| records_per_block_clause
| parallel_clause
| row_movement_clause
| flashback_archive_clause
}...
| RENAME TO new_table_name
} [ alter_iot_clauses ] [ alter_XMLSchema_clause ]
| { shrink_clause
| READ ONLY
| READ WRITE
| REKEY encryption_spec
}
}

alter_tempfile_clause

TEMPFILE
{ 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| filenumber [, filenumber ]...
}
{ RESIZE size_clause
| autoextend_clause
| DROP [ INCLUDING DATAFILES ]
| ONLINE
| OFFLINE
}

alter_varray_col_properties

MODIFY VARRAY varray_item
( modify_LOB_parameters )

alter_XMLSchema_clause

{ ALLOW ANYSCHEMA
| ALLOW NONSCHEMA
| DISALLOW NONSCHEMA
}

analytic_clause

[ query_partition_clause ]
[ order_by_clause [ windowing_clause ] ]

archive_log_clause

ARCHIVE LOG
[  INSTANCE 'instance_name' ]
{ { SEQUENCE integer
| CHANGE integer
| CURRENT [ NOSWITCH ]
| GROUP integer
| LOGFILE 'filename'
[ USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE ]
| NEXT
| ALL
}
[ TO 'location' ]
}

array_DML_clause

[ WITH | WITHOUT ]
ARRAY DML
[ ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])
[, ([ schema. ]type
[, [ schema. ]varray_type ])...
]

ASM_filename

{ fully_qualified_file_name
| numeric_file_name
| incomplete_file_name
| alias_file_name
}

attribute_clause

ATTRIBUTE level DETERMINES
{ dependent_column
| ( dependent_column
[, dependent_column ]... )
}

audit_operation_clause

{ { sql_statement_shortcut
| ALL
| ALL STATEMENTS
} [, { sql_statement_shortcut
| ALL
}
]
| { system_privilege
| ALL PRIVILEGES
} [, { system_privilege
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]
}

audit_schema_object_clause

{ sql_operation [, object_option]
| ALL
} auditing_on_clause

auditing_by_clause

BY user [, user ]...

auditing_on_clause

ON { [ schema. ] object
| DIRECTORY directory_name
| MINING MODEL [ schema. ] model
| DEFAULT
}

autoextend_clause

AUTOEXTEND
{ OFF
| ON [ NEXT size_clause ]
[ maxsize_clause ]
}

binding_clause

BINDING
(parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
[ implementation_clause ]
using_function_clause
[, (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
RETURN return_type
[ implementation_clause ]
using_function_clause
]...

bitmap_join_index_clause

[ schema.]table
( [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC  ]
[, [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
[ ASC | DESC ]
]...
)
FROM [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
[, [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
]...
WHERE condition
[ local_partitioned_index ] index_attributes

build_clause

BUILD { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

cell_assignment

measure_column [ { { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
[, { condition
| expr
| single_column_for_loop
}
]...
| multi_column_for_loop
}
]

Note: The outer square brackets are part of the syntax.
In this case, they do not indicate optionality.

cell_reference_options

[ { IGNORE | KEEP } NAV ]
[ UNIQUE { DIMENSION | SINGLE REFERENCE } ]

character_set_clause

CHARACTER SET character_set

check_datafiles_clause

CHECK DATAFILES [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]

check_diskgroup_clause

CHECK [ REPAIR | NOREPAIR ]

checkpoint_clause

CHECKPOINT [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]

cluster_index_clause

CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster index_attributes

coalesce_index_partition

COALESCE PARTITION [ parallel_clause ]

coalesce_table_partition

COALESCE PARTITION [ update_index_clauses ] [ parallel_clause ]

coalesce_table_subpartition

COALESCE SUBPARTITION subpartition [update_index_clauses] [parallel_clause]

column_association

COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
[, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
using_statistics_type

column_clauses

{ { add_column_clause
| modify_column_clause
| drop_column_clause
}...
| rename_column_clause
| { modify_collection_retrieval }...
| { modify_LOB_storage_clause }...
| { alter_varray_col_properties }...
}

column_definition

column datatype [ SORT ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ ENCRYPT encryption_spec ]
[ ( { inline_constraint }... )
| inline_ref_constraint
]

column_properties

{ object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
[ (LOB_partition_storage [, LOB_partition_storage ]...) ]
| XMLType_column_properties
}...

commit_switchover_clause

{ PREPARE | COMMIT } TO SWITCHOVER
[ TO { { [ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ] PRIMARY
| [ PHYSICAL ] STANDBY
} [ { WITH | WITHOUT } SESSION SHUTDOWN
{ WAIT | NOWAIT }
]
| LOGICAL STANDBY
}
| CANCEL
]

composite_hash_partitions

PARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ] ...)
{ subpartition_by_range
| subpartition_by_hash
| subpartition_by_list
}
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}

composite_list_partitions

PARTITION BY LIST ( column )
{ subpartition_by_range
| subpartition_by_hash
| subpartition_by_list
}
( { PARTITION [partition] list_partition_desc }... )

composite_range_partitions

PARTITION BY RANGE ( column [, column]... )
[ INTERVAL ( expr ) [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... ) ]]
{ subpartition_by_range
| subpartition_by_list
| subpartition_by_hash
}
( { PARTITION [partition] range_partition_desc }... )

conditional_insert_clause

[ ALL | FIRST ]
WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ]
[ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
[ WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ]
[ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
]...
[ ELSE insert_into_clause
[ values_clause ]
[ error_logging_clause ]
[ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
]

constraint

{ inline_constraint
| out_of_line_constraint
| inline_ref_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
}

constraint_clauses

{ ADD { { out_of_line_constraint }...
| out_of_line_REF_constraint
}
| MODIFY { CONSTRAINT constraint
| PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
} constraint_state
| RENAME CONSTRAINT old_name TO new_name
| drop_constraint_clause
}

constraint_state

[ [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
[ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
| [ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
]
[ RELY | NORELY ]
[ using_index_clause ]
[ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
[ exceptions_clause ]

context_clause

[ WITH INDEX CONTEXT,
SCAN CONTEXT implementation_type
[ COMPUTE ANCILLARY DATA ]
]
[ WITH COLUMN CONTEXT ]

controlfile_clauses

{ CREATE [ LOGICAL | PHYSICAL ]
STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS
'filename' [ REUSE ]
| BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO
{ 'filename' [ REUSE ]
| trace_file_clause
}
}

convert_database_clause

CONVERT TO ( PHYSICAL | SNAPSHOT ) STANDBY

cost_matrix_clause

COST
{ MODEL [AUTO]
| ( class_value [, class_value]... )
VALUES ( ( cost_value [, cost_value]...)
[ , (cost_value [, cost_value]... ) ]...
)
}

create_datafile_clause

CREATE DATAFILE
{ 'filename' | filenumber }
[, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}
[ AS { file_specification
[, file_specification ]...
| NEW
}
]

create_mv_refresh

{ REFRESH
{ { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
| { ON DEMAND
| ON COMMIT
}
| { START WITH date |
NEXT date
}...
| WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
| USING
{ DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT
| [ MASTER | LOCAL ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
}...
| USING
{ ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
}...
| NEVER REFRESH
}

cycle_clause

{CYCLE c_alias [, c_alias]...
SET cycle_mark_c_alias TO cycle_value
DEFAULT no_cycle_value
}

database_file_clauses

{ RENAME FILE  'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| create_datafile_clause
| alter_datafile_clause
| alter_tempfile_clause
}

database_logging_clauses

{ LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...
| MAXLOGFILES integer
| MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
| MAXLOGHISTORY integer
| { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
| FORCE LOGGING
}

datafile_tempfile_clauses

{ ADD { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE }
[ file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
| DROP {DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { 'filename' | file_number }
| SHRINK TEMPFILE { 'filename' | file_number } [KEEP size_clause]
| RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
}

datafile_tempfile_spec

[ 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ REUSE ]
[ autoextend_clause ]

db_user_proxy_clauses

[ WITH
{ ROLE { role_name [, role_name]...
| ALL EXCEPT role_name [, role_name]...
}
| NO ROLES
}
]
[ AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED ]

dblink

database[.domain [.domain ]... ] [ @ connection_qualifier ]

dblink_authentication

AUTHENTICATED BY user IDENTIFIED BY password

deallocate_unused_clause

DEALLOCATE UNUSED [ KEEP size_clause ]

default_cost_clause

DEFAULT COST (cpu_cost, io_cost, network_cost)

default_selectivity_clause

DEFAULT SELECTIVITY default_selectivity

default_settings_clauses

{ DEFAULT EDITION = edition_name
| SET DEFAULT
{ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
{ tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO
database.domain [.domain ]...
| { ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
[ USING FILE 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
| DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
}
| flashback_mode_clause
| set_time_zone_clause
}

default_tablespace

DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec ]
extent_management_clause

default_temp_tablespace

[ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...]
extent_management_clause

deferred_segment_creation

SEGMENT CREATION { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

dependent_tables_clause

DEPENDENT TABLES
( table ( partition_spec [, partition_spec]...
[, table ( partition_spec [, partition_spec]... ]
)
)

dimension_join_clause

{ JOIN KEY
{ child_key_column
| (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
}
REFERENCES parent_level
}...

disk_offline_clause

OFFLINE
{ [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK disk_name [, disk_name ] ...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP failgroup_name [, failgroup_name ]...
} ... [timeout_clause]

disk_online_clause

ONLINE
{ { [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK disk_name [, disk_name]...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP failgroup_name [, failgroup_name]...
} ...
| ALL
} [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]

disk_region_clause

[ HOT | COLD ] [ MIRRORHOT | MIRRORCOLD ]

diskgroup_alias_clauses

{ ADD ALIAS
'alias_name' FOR 'filename'
[, 'alias_name' FOR 'filename' ]...
| DROP ALIAS 'alias_name' [, 'alias_name' ]...
| RENAME ALIAS
'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name'
[, 'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name' ]...
}

diskgroup_attributes

SET ATTRIBUTE 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value'

diskgroup_availability

{ MOUNT [ RESTRICTED | NORMAL ]
[ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
| DISMOUNT [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
}

diskgroup_directory_clauses

{ ADD DIRECTORY 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| DROP DIRECTORY
'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, 'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| RENAME DIRECTORY
'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name'
[, 'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name' ]...
}

diskgroup_template_clauses

{ { ADD | MODIFY } TEMPLATE template_name qualified_template_clause
[, template_name qualified_template_clause ]...
| DROP TEMPLATE template_name [, template_name ]...
}

diskgroup_volume_clauses

{ add_volume_clause
| modify_volume_clause
| RESIZE VOLUME asm_volume SIZE size_clause
| DROP VOLUME asm_volume
}

distributed_recov_clauses

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } DISTRIBUTED RECOVERY

dml_table_expression_clause

{ [ schema. ]
{ table
[ partition_extension_clause
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
}
| ( subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] )
| table_collection_expression
}

domain_index_clause

indextype
[ local_domain_index_clause ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]

drop_binding_clause

DROP BINDING (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
[ FORCE ]

drop_column_clause

{ SET UNUSED { COLUMN column
| (column [, column ]...)
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }... ]
| DROP { COLUMN column
| (column [, column ]...)
}
[ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }... ]
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
| DROP { UNUSED COLUMNS
| COLUMNS CONTINUE
}
[ CHECKPOINT integer ]
}

drop_constraint_clause

DROP
{ { PRIMARY KEY
| UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
}
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]
| CONSTRAINT constraint
[ CASCADE ]
}

drop_disk_clauses

DROP
{ [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK
disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP
failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
[, failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
}

drop_diskgroup_file_clause

DROP FILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...

drop_index_partition

DROP PARTITION partition_name

drop_logfile_clauses

DROP [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
{ logfile_descriptor
[, logfile_descriptor ]...
| MEMBER 'filename'
[, 'filename' ]...
}

drop_table_partition

DROP partition_extended_name
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

drop_table_subpartition

DROP subpartition_extended_name
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

ds_iso_format

[-] P [days D]
[T [hours H] [minutes M] [seconds [. frac_secs] S ] ]

else_clause

ELSE else_expr

enable_disable_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE }
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY
| CONSTRAINT constraint
}
[ using_index_clause ]
[ exceptions_clause ]
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]

enable_disable_volumes

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } VOLUME
{ asm_volume [, asm_volume]...
| ALL
}

encryption_spec

[ USING 'encrypt_algorithm' ]
[ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
[ 'integrity_algorithm' ]
[ [ NO ] SALT ]

end_session_clauses

{ DISCONNECT SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
[ POST_TRANSACTION ]
| KILL SESSION 'integer1, integer2 [, @integer3]'
}
[ IMMEDIATE ]

error_logging_clause

LOG ERRORS
[ INTO [schema.] table ]
[ (simple_expression) ]
[ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]

exceptions_clause

EXCEPTIONS INTO [ schema. ] table

exchange_partition_subpart

EXCHANGE { partition_extended_name
| subpartition_extended_name
}
WITH TABLE [ schema. ] table
[ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } INDEXES ]
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } VALIDATION ]
[ exceptions_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

expr

{ simple_expression
| compound_expression
| case_expression
| cursor_expression
| datetime_expression
| function_expression
| interval_expression
| object_access_expression
| scalar_subquery_expression
| model_expression
| type_constructor_expression
| variable_expression
}

expression_list

{ expr [, expr ]...
| ( [expr [, expr ]] ...)
}

extended_attribute_clause

ATTRIBUTE attribute
{ LEVEL level
DETERMINES { dependent_column
| (dependent_column [, dependent_column ]... )
}
}...

extent_management_clause

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
[ AUTOALLOCATE
| UNIFORM [ SIZE size_clause ]
]

external_data_properties

DEFAULT DIRECTORY directory
[ ACCESS PARAMETERS
{ (opaque_format_spec)
| USING CLOB subquery
}
]
LOCATION
([ directory: ] 'location_specifier'
[, [ directory: ] 'location_specifier' ]...
)

external_table_clause

([ TYPE access_driver_type ]
external_data_properties
)
[ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]

file_owner_clause

SET OWNERSHIP { OWNER = user | GROUP = usergroup
[, OWNER = user | GROUP = usergroup ]...
} FOR FILE 'filename' [, 'filename']...

file_permissions_clause

SET PERMISSION { OWNER | GROUP | OTHER }
= { NONE | READ ONLY | READ WRITE }
[, { OWNER | GROUP | OTHER | ALL }
= { NONE | READ ONLY | READ WRITE } ]...
FOR FILE 'filename' [, 'filename']...

file_specification

{ datafile_tempfile_spec
| redo_log_file_spec
}

flashback_archive_clause

FLASHBACK ARCHIVE [flashback_archive] | NO FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

flashback_archive_quota

QUOTA integer { M | G | T | P | E }

flashback_archive_retention

RETENTION integer {YEAR | MONTH | DAY}

flashback_mode_clause

FLASHBACK { ON | OFF }

flashback_query_clause

{ VERSIONS BETWEEN
{ SCN | TIMESTAMP }
{ expr | MINVALUE } AND { expr | MAXVALUE }
| AS OF { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
}

for_update_clause

FOR UPDATE
[ OF [ [ schema. ] { table | view } . ] column
[, [ [ schema. ] { table | view } . ] column
]...
]
[ { NOWAIT | WAIT integer
|  SKIP LOCKED
}
]

full_database_recovery

[ STANDBY ] DATABASE
[ { UNTIL { CANCEL
| TIME date
| CHANGE integer
| CONSISTENT
}
| USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
}...
]

fully_qualified_file_name

+diskgroup_name/db_name/file_type/
file_type_tag.filenumber.incarnation_number

function_association

{ FUNCTIONS
[ schema. ]function [, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES
[ schema. ]package [, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES
[ schema. ]type [, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES
[ schema. ]index [, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES
[ schema. ]indextype [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
{ using_statistics_type
| { default_cost_clause [, default_selectivity_clause ]
| default_selectivity_clause [, default_cost_clause ]
}
}

general_recovery

RECOVER
[ AUTOMATIC ]
[ FROM 'location' ]
{ { full_database_recovery
| partial_database_recovery
| LOGFILE 'filename'
}
[ { TEST
| ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
| parallel_clause
}...
]
| CONTINUE [ DEFAULT ]
| CANCEL
}

global_partitioned_index

GLOBAL PARTITION BY
{ RANGE (column_list)
(index_partitioning_clause)
| HASH (column_list)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}
}

grant_object_privileges

{ object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
]...
on_object_clause
TO grantee_clause
[ WITH HIERARCHY OPTION ]
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

grant_system_privileges

{ system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
TO grantee_clause
[ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]

grantee_clause

{ user [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
| role
| PUBLIC
}
[, { user [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
| role
| PUBLIC
}
]...

group_by_clause

GROUP BY
{ expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
[, { expr
| rollup_cube_clause
| grouping_sets_clause
}
]...
[ HAVING condition ]

grouping_expression_list

expression_list [, expression_list ]...

grouping_sets_clause

GROUPING SETS
({ rollup_cube_clause | grouping_expression_list })

hash_partitions

PARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ] ...)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}

hash_partitions_by_quantity

PARTITIONS hash_partition_quantity
[ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
[ key_compression | table_compression ]
[ OVERFLOW STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]

hash_subparts_by_quantity

SUBPARTITIONS integer [STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... )]

hierarchical_query_clause

{ CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition [AND condition]... [ START WITH condition ]
| START WITH condition CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition [AND condition]...
}

hierarchy_clause

HIERARCHY hierarchy
(child_level { CHILD OF parent_level }...
[ dimension_join_clause ]
)

implementation_clause

{ ANCILLARY TO primary_operator
( parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
[, primary_operator
( parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
]...
| context_clause
}

incomplete_file_name

+diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ]

index_attributes

[ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| ONLINE
| TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
| key_compression
| { SORT | NOSORT }
| REVERSE
| VISIBLE | INVISIBLE
| parallel_clause
}...
]

index_expr

{ column | column_expression }

index_org_overflow_clause

[ INCLUDING column_name ]
OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]

index_org_table_clause

[ { mapping_table_clause
| PCTTHRESHOLD integer
| key_compression
}...
]
[ index_org_overflow_clause ]

index_partition_description

PARTITION
[ partition
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
| ( PARAMETERS 'ODCI_parameters' )
] [ UNUSABLE ]
]

index_partitioning_clause

PARTITION [ partition ]
VALUES LESS THAN (literal[, literal]... )
[ segment_attributes_clause ]

index_properties

[ { { global_partitioned_index
| local_partitioned_index
}
| index_attributes
}...
| INDEXTYPE IS { domain_index_clause
| XMLTable_index_clause
| XMLIndex_clause
}
]

index_subpartition_clause

{ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition ][ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ key_compression ] [ UNUSABLE ]
[, SUBPARTITION
[ subpartition ][ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ key_compression ] [ UNUSABLE ]
]...
)
}

individual_hash_partitions

( PARTITION
[partition] [partitioning_storage_clause  ]]]
[, [partition] [partitioning_storage_clause  ]]]]...
)

individual_hash_subparts

SUBPARTITION [subpartition] [partitioning_storage_clause]

inline_constraint

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ [ NOT ] NULL
| UNIQUE
| PRIMARY KEY
| references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}
[ constraint_state ]

inline_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE  IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
references_clause
[ constraint_state ]
}

inner_cross_join_clause

{ [ INNER ] JOIN table_reference
{ ON condition
| USING (column [, column ]...)
}
| { CROSS
| NATURAL [ INNER ]
}
JOIN table_reference
}

insert_into_clause

INTO dml_table_expression_clause [ t_alias ]
[ (column [, column ]...) ]

instance_clauses

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } INSTANCE 'instance_name'

integer

[ + | - ] digit [ digit ]...

interval_day_to_second

INTERVAL '{ integer | integer time_expr | time_expr }'
{ { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE } [ (leading_precision) ]
| SECOND [ (leading_precision [, fractional_seconds_precision ]) ]
}
[ TO { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ] } ]

interval_year_to_month

INTERVAL 'integer [- integer ]'
{ YEAR | MONTH } [ (precision) ] [ TO { YEAR | MONTH } ]

into_clause

INTO [ schema. ] table

invoker_rights_clause

AUTHID { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER }

join_clause

table_reference
{ inner_cross_join_clause | outer_join_clause }...

key_compression

{ COMPRESS [ integer ]
| NOCOMPRESS
}

level_clause

LEVEL level IS
{ level_table.level_column
| (level_table.level_column
[, level_table.level_column ]...
)
}

list_partition_desc

list_values_clause
table_partition_description
[ ( "(" ( ("range_subpartition_desc"/",")
| ("list_subpartition_desc"/",")
| ("individual_hash_subparts"/",")
)
")"
) | "hash_subparts_by_quantity"
]

list_partitions

PARTITION BY LIST (column)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause table_partition_description
[, PARTITION [ partition ]
list_values_clause table_partition_description
]...
)

list_subpartition_desc

SUBPARTITION [subpartition]
list_values_clause
[partitioning_storage_clause]

list_values_clause

VALUES ({ literal | NULL }
[, { literal | NULL }]...
| DEFAULT
)

LOB_compression_clause

{ COMPRESS [HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW ]
| NOCOMPRESS
}

LOB_deduplicate_clause

{ DEDUPLICATE
| KEEP_DUPLICATES
}

LOB_parameters

{ { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
| CHUNK integer
| PCTVERSION integer
| FREEPOOLS integer
| LOB_retention_clause
| LOB_deduplicate_clause
| LOB_compression_clause
| { ENCRYPT encryption_spec | DECRYPT }
| { CACHE | NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
}...

LOB_partition_storage

PARTITION partition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }...
[ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ LOB_partitioning_storage | varray_col_properties }...
)
]

LOB_partitioning_storage

LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS [BASICFILE | SECUREFILE]
[ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
| (TABLESPACE tablespace)
]

LOB_retention_storage

RETENTION [ MAX | MIN integer | AUTO | NONE ]

LOB_storage_clause

LOB
{ (LOB_item [, LOB_item ]...)
STORE AS { {SECUREFILE | BASICFILE}
| (LOB_storage_parameters)
}...
| (LOB_item)
STORE AS { {SECUREFILE | BASICFILE}
| LOB_segname
| (LOB_storage_parameters)
}...
}

LOB_storage_parameters

{ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| LOB_parameters [storage_clause]
}...
| storage_clauase
}

local_domain_index_clause

LOCAL
[ ( PARTITION partition [ PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' ) ]
[,  PARTITION partition [ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]]...
)
]

local_partitioned_index

LOCAL
[ on_range_partitioned_table
| on_list_partitioned_table
| on_hash_partitioned_table
| on_comp_partitioned_table
]

local_XMLIndex_clause

LOCAL
[ ( PARTITION partition [ XMLIndex_parameters_clause ]
[, PARTITION partition [ XMLIndex_parameters)clause ]]...
)
]

logfile_clause

LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
[, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...

logfile_clauses

{ { ARCHIVELOG [ MANUAL ]
| NOARCHIVELOG
}
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
| RENAME FILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
TO 'filename'
| CLEAR [ UNARCHIVED ]
LOGFILE logfile_descriptor [, logfile_descriptor ]...
[ UNRECOVERABLE DATAFILE ]
| add_logfile_clauses
| drop_logfile_clauses
| switch_logfile_clause
| supplemental_db_logging
}

logfile_descriptor

{ GROUP integer
| ('filename' [, 'filename' ]...)
| 'filename'
}

logging_clause

{ LOGGING | NOLOGGING |  FILESYSTEM_LIKE_LOGGING }

main_model

[ MAIN main_model_name ]
model_column_clauses
[ cell_reference_options ]
model_rules_clause

managed_standby_recovery

RECOVER
{ MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE
[ { USING CURRENT LOGFILE
| DISCONNECT [FROM SESSION]
| NODELAY
| UNTIL CHANGE integer
| UNTIL CONSISTENT
| parallel_clause
}...
| FINISH
| CANCEL
]
| TO LOGICAL STANDBY { db_name | KEEP IDENTITY }
}

mapping_table_clauses

{ MAPPING TABLE | NOMAPPING }

materialized_view_props

[ column_properties ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ build_clause ]

maximize_standby_db_clause

SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE
{ PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE }

maxsize_clause

MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }

merge_insert_clause

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT [ (column [, column ]...) ]
VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
[, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
)
[ where_clause ]

merge_table_partitions

MERGE PARTITIONS partition_extended_name, partition_extended_name
[ INTO partition_spec ]
[ dependent_tables_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

merge_table_subpartitions

MERGE SUBPARTITIONS partition_extended_name, partition_extended_name
[ INTO { range_subpartition_desc
| list_subpartition_desc
}
]
[ dependent_tables_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

merge_update_clause

WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET column = { expr | DEFAULT }
[, column = { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ DELETE where_clause ]

mining_attribute_clause

USING
{ *
| { [ schema . ] table . *
| expr [ AS alias ]
}
[, { [ schema . ] table . *
| expr [ AS alias ]
}
]...
}

model_clause

MODEL
[ cell_reference_options ]
[ return_rows_clause ]
[ reference_model ]...
main_model

model_column

expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]

model_column_clauses

[ PARTITION BY expr [ c_alias ] [, expr [c_alias] ]...
DIMENSION BY (expr [c_alias] [, expr [c_alias] ]...)
MEASURES (expr [c_alias] [, expr [c_alias] ]...)

model_iterate_clause

ITERATE ( number ) [ UNTIL ( condition ) ]

model_rules_clause

[ RULES
[ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
[ { AUTOMATIC | SEQUENTIAL } ORDER ]
[ model_iterate_clause ]
]
( [ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
[,  [ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
]...
)

modify_col_properties

column [ datatype ]
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { ENCRYPT encryption_spec | DECRYPT }
[ inline_constraint ...
[ LOB_storage_clause ]
[ alter_XMLSchema_clause ]

modify_col_substitutable

COLUMN column
[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
[ FORCE ]

modify_collection_retrieval

MODIFY NESTED TABLE collection_item
RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE }

modify_column_clauses

MODIFY { (modify_col_properties [, modify_col_properties] ...)
| modify_col_substitutable
}

modify_diskgroup_file

MODIFY FILE 'filename' ATTRIBUTE ( disk_region_clause )
[, 'filename' ATTRIBUTE ( disk_region_clause ) ]...

modify_hash_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
{ partition_attributes
| alter_mapping_table_clause
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
}

modify_index_default_attrs

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR PARTITION partition ]
{ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
| logging_clause
}...

modify_index_partition

MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| key_compression
}...
| PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
| COALESCE
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| UNUSABLE
}

modify_index_subpartition

MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ UNUSABLE
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
}

modify_list_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
{ partition_attributes
| { ADD | DROP } VALUES (literal[ , literal ]...)
| { add_range_subpartition
| add_list_subpartition
| add_hash_subpartition
}
| COALESCE SUBPARTITION [ update_index_clauses ][ parallel_clause ]
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
}

modify_LOB_parameters

{ storage_clause
| PCTVERSION integer
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| LOB_retention_clause
| LOB_deduplicate_clause
| LOB_compression_clause
| { ENCRYPT encryption_spec | DECRYPT }
| { CACHE
| { NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
}
| allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
} ...

modify_LOB_storage_clause

MODIFY LOB (LOB_item)
(modify_LOB_parameters)

modify_mv_column_clause

MODIFY ( column [ ENCRYPT encryption_spec
| DECRYPT ]
)

modify_range_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
{ partition_attributes
| { add_range_subpartition
| add_hash_subpartition
| add_list_subpartition
}
| COALESCE SUBPARTITION
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]
| alter_mapping_table_clause
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
}

modify_table_default_attrs

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
[ FOR partition_extended_name ]
[ deferred_segment_creation ]
[ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression ]
[ PCTTHRESHOLD integer ]
[ key_compression ]
[ alter_overflow_clause ]
[ { LOB (LOB_item) | VARRAY varray } (LOB_parameters) ]...

Note:

You can specify deferred_segment_creation in this clause starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

modify_table_partition

{ modify_range_partition
| modify_hash_partition
| modify_list_partition
}

modify_table_subpartition

MODIFY subpartition_extended_name
{ allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_cluse
| shrink_clause
| { { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray } (modify_LOB_parameters) }...
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
| { ADD | DROP } VALUES ( literal [, literal]... )
}

modify_volume_clause

MODIFY VOLUME asm_volume
[ ATTRIBUTE disk_region_clause ]
[ MOUNTPATH 'mountpath_name' ]
[ USAGE 'usage_name' ]

move_mv_log_clause

MOVE segment_attributes_clause [parallel_clause]

move_table_clause

MOVE [ ONLINE ]
[ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression ]
[ index_org_table_clause ]
[ { LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }... ]
[ parallel_clause ]

move_table_partition

MOVE partition_extended_name
[ MAPPING TABLE ]
[ table_partition_description ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

move_table_subpartition

MOVE SUBPARTITION
{ range_subpartition_desc
| list_subpartition_desc
| hash_subpartition_desc
} [ update_index_clauses ] [ parallel_clause ]

multi_column_for_loop

FOR (dimension_column
[, dimension_column ]...)
IN ( { (literal [, literal ]...)
[ (literal [, literal ]...) ]...
| subquery
}
)

multi_table_insert

{ ALL
{ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [error_logging_clause] }...
| conditional_insert_clause
} subquery

multiset_except

nested_table1
MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_intersect

nested_table1
MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_union

nested_table1
MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

mv_log_augmentation

ADD { { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
} [ (column [, column ]...) ]
| (column [, column ]... )
} [, { { OBJECT ID
| PRIMARY KEY
| ROWID
| SEQUENCE
}
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
| (column [, column ]...)
}
]...
[ new_values_clause ]

mv_log_purge_clause

PURGE { IMMEDIATE [ SYNCHRONOUS | ASYNCHRONOUS ]  )
| START WITH datetime_expr
[ NEXT datetime_expr
| REPEAT INTERVAL interval_expr
]
| [ START WITH datetime_expr ] { NEXT datetime_expr
| REPEAT INTERVAL interval_expr
}
}

nested_table_col_properties

NESTED TABLE
{ nested_item | COLUMN_VALUE }
[ substitutable_column_clause ]
[ LOCAL | GLOBAL ]
STORE AS storage_table
[ ( { (object_properties)
| [ physical_properties ]
| [ column_properties ]
}...
)
]
[ RETURN [ AS ] { LOCATOR | VALUE } ]

nested_table_partition_spec

PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause]

new_values_clause

{ INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } NEW VALUES

number

[ + | - ]
{ digit [ digit ]... [ . ] [ digit [ digit ]... ]
| . digit [ digit ]...
}
[ [ e | E ] [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]... ] [ f | F | d | D ]

numeric_file_name

+diskgroup_name.filenumber.incarnation_number

object_properties

{ { column | attribute }
[ DEFAULT expr ]
[ { inline_constraint }...  | inline_ref_constraint ]
| { out_of_line_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
| supplemental_logging_props
}
}

object_table

OF
[ schema. ] object_type
[ object_table_substitution ]
[ (object_properties) ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ]
;

object_table_substitution

[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS

object_type_col_properties

COLUMN column substitutable_column_clause

object_view_clause

OF [ schema. ] type_name
{ WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( attribute [, attribute ]... ) }
| UNDER [ schema. ] superview
}
[ ( { out_of_line_constraint
| attribute { inline_constraint }...
}  [, { out_of_line_constraint
| attribute { inline_constraint }...
}
]...
)
]

OID_clause

OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS
{ SYSTEM GENERATED | PRIMARY KEY }

OID_index_clause

OIDINDEX [ index ]
({ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
}...
)

on_comp_partitioned_table

[ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace ]... ) ]
( PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ] [ index_subpartition_clause ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ] [ index_subpartition_clause ]
]...
)

on_hash_partitioned_table

{ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (PARTITION [ partition ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [key_compression]
[, PARTITION [ partition ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [key_compression]] ...
)
}

on_list_partitioned_table

( PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ]
]...
)

on_object_clause

ON { [ schema. ] object
| DIRECTORY directory_name
| EDITION edition_name
| MINING MODEL [schema.] mining_model_name
| JAVA { SOURCE | RESOURCE } [ schema. ] object
}

on_range_partitioned_table

( PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ]
[, PARTITION
[ partition ]
[ { segment_attributes_clause
| key_compression
}...
] [ UNUSABLE ]
]...
)

order_by_clause

ORDER [ SIBLINGS ] BY
{ expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
[, { expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
]...

out_of_line_constraint

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY (column [, column ]...)
| FOREIGN KEY (column [, column ]...) references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
} [ constraint_state ]

out_of_line_part_storage

PARTITION partition
{ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties ]...
[ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
[ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties
]...
)
]

out_of_line_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE FOR ({ ref_col | ref_attr })
IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| REF ({ ref_col | ref_attr }) WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] FOREIGN KEY
( { ref_col | ref_attr } ) references_clause
[ constraint_state ]
}

outer_join_clause

[ query_partition_clause ]
{ outer_join_type JOIN
| NATURAL [ outer_join_type ] JOIN
}
table_reference [ query_partition_clause ]
[ ON condition
| USING ( column [, column ]...)
]

outer_join_type

{ FULL | LEFT | RIGHT } [ OUTER ]

parallel_clause

{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }

partial_database_recovery

{ TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
[, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}

partition_attributes

[ { physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
| shrink_clause
}...
]
[ OVERFLOW
{ physical_attributes_clause
| logging_clause
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
}...
]
[ table_compression ]
[ { { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray } (modify_LOB_parameters) }...]

partition_extended_name

PARTITION partition
|
PARTITION FOR ( partition_key_value [, partition_key_value]... )

partition_extension_clause

{ PARTITION (partition)
| PARTITION FOR (partition_key_value [, partition_key_value]...)
| SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
| SUBPARTITION FOR (subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value]...)
}

partition_spec

PARTITION [ partition ] [ table_partition_description ]

partitioning_storage_clause

[ { TABLESPACE tablespace
| OVERFLOW [TABLESPACE tablespace]
| table_compression
| key_compression
| LOB_partitioning_storage
| VARRAY varray_item STORE AS [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE] LOB LOB_segname
}...
]

password_parameters

{ { FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
| PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME
| PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
| PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME
| PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME
}
{ expr | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION
{ function | NULL | DEFAULT }
}

permanent_tablespace_clause

TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
{ MINIMUM EXTENT size_clause
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| ENCRYPTION encryption_spec
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ]
storage_clause
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
| flashback_mode_clause
}...
;

physical_attributes_clause

[ { PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| INITRANS integer
| storage_clause
}...
]

physical_properties

{ [deferred_segment_creation] segment_attributes_clause [ table_compression ]
| [deferred_segment_creation] ORGANIZATION
{ HEAP [ segment_attributes_clause ] [ table_compression ]
| INDEX [ segment_attributes_clause ] index_org_table_clause
| EXTERNAL external_table_clause
}
| CLUSTER cluster (column [, column ]...)
}

pivot_clause

table_reference PIVOT [ XML ]
( aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ]
[, aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ] ]...
pivot_for_clause
pivot_in_clause
)

pivot_for_clause

FOR { column
| ( column [, column]... )
}

pivot_in_clause

IN ( { { { expr
| ( expr [, expr]... )
} [ [ AS] alias]
}...
| subquery
| ANY [, ANY]...
}
)

proxy_clause

{ GRANT CONNECT THROUGH { ENTERPRISE USERS | db_user_proxy db_user_proxy_clauses }
| REVOKE CONNECT THROUGH { ENTERPRISE USERS | db_user_proxy }}

qualified_disk_clause

search_string
[ NAME disk_name ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ FORCE | NOFORCE ]

qualified_template_clause

ATTRIBUTE
( redundancy_clause
striping_clause
disk_region_clause
)

query_block

SELECT
[ hint ]
[ { { DISTINCT | UNIQUE } | ALL } ]
select_list
FROM { table_reference | join_clause | ( join_clause ) }
[ , { table_reference | join_clause | (join_clause) } ] ...
[ where_clause ]
[ hierarchical_query_clause ]
[ group_by_clause ]
[ model_clause ]

query_partition_clause

PARTITION BY
{ value_expr[, value_expr ]...
| ( value_expr[, value_expr ]... )
}

query_table_expression

{ query_name
| [ schema. ]
{ table [ partition_extension_clause
| @ dblink
]
| { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
} ["sample_clause"]
| (subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ])
| table_collection_expression
}

quiesce_clauses

QUIESCE RESTRICTED | UNQUIESCE

range_partition_desc

range_values_clause
table_partition_description
[ ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
| list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
| individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
}
) | hash_subparts_by_quantity ]

range_partitions

PARTITION BY RANGE (column[, column ]...)
[ INTERVAL expr [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]...) ]]
( PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause table_partition_description
[, PARTITION [ partition ]
range_values_clause table_partition_description
]...
)

range_subpartition_desc

SUBPARTITION [subpartition] range_values_clause
[partitioning_storage_clause]

range_values_clause

VALUES LESS THAN
({ literal | MAXVALUE }
[, { literal | MAXVALUE } ]...
)

rebalance_diskgroup_clause

REBALANCE [POWER integer] [WAIT | NOWAIT]

rebuild_clause

REBUILD
[ { PARTITION partition
| SUBPARTITION subpartition
}
| { REVERSE | NOREVERSE }
]
[ parallel_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
| XMLIndex_parameters_clause
| ONLINE
| physical_attributes_clause
| key_compression
| logging_clause
]...

records_per_block_clause

{ MINIMIZE | NOMINIMIZE } RECORDS_PER_BLOCK

recovery_clauses

{ general_recovery
| managed_standby_recovery
| BEGIN BACKUP
| END BACKUP
}

redo_log_file_spec

[ 'filename | ASM_filename'
| ('filename | ASM_filename'
[, 'filename | ASM_filename' ]...)
]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ BLOCKSIZE size_clause
[ REUSE ]

redundancy_clause

[ MIRROR | HIGH | UNPROTECTED ]

reference_model

REFERENCE reference_spreadsheet_name
ON (subquery)
spreadsheet_column_clauses
[ cell_reference_options ]

reference_partition_desc

PARTITION [partition] [table_partition_description] )

reference_partitioning

PARTITION BY REFERENCE ( constraint )
[ (reference_partition_desc...) ]

references_clause

REFERENCES [ schema. ] { object_table | view }
[ (column [, column ]...) ]
[ON DELETE { CASCADE | SET NULL } ]
[ constraint_state ]

register_logfile_clause

REGISTER [ OR REPLACE ]
[ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
LOGFILE [ file_specification  [, file_specification ]...
[ FOR logminer_session_name ]

relational_properties

{ column_definition
| virtual_column_definition
| { out_of_line_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
| supplemental_logging_props
}
}
[, { column_definition
| virtual_column_definition
| { out_of_line_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
| supplemental_logging_props
}
}
]...

relational_table

[ (relational_properties) ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ]
;

rename_column_clause

RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name

rename_index_partition

RENAME
{ PARTITION partition | SUBPARTITION subpartition }
TO new_name

rename_partition_subpart

RENAME { partition_extended_name
| subpartition_extended_name
} TO new_name

resize_disk_clauses

RESIZE
{ ALL [ SIZE size_clause ]
| [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK
disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP
failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
[, failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
}

resource_parameters

{ { SESSIONS_PER_USER
| CPU_PER_SESSION
| CPU_PER_CALL
| CONNECT_TIME
| IDLE_TIME
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
| LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL
| COMPOSITE_LIMIT
}
{ integer | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PRIVATE_SGA
{ size_clause | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
}

return_rows_clause

RETURN { UPDATED | ALL } ROWS

returning_clause

{ RETURN | RETURNING } expr [, expr ]...
INTO data_item [, data_item ]...

revoke_object_privileges

{ object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
[, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ]...
on_object_clause
FROM grantee_clause
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | FORCE ]

revoke_system_privileges

{ system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
[, { system_privilege
| role
| ALL PRIVILEGES
}
]...
FROM grantee_clause

rolling_migration_clause

{ START ROLLING MIGRATION TO 'ASM_version'
| STOP ROLLING MIGRATION
}

rollup_cube_clause

{ ROLLUP | CUBE } (grouping_expression_list)

routine_clause

[ schema. ] [ type. | package. ]
{ function | procedure | method }
[ @dblink_name ]
( [ argument [, argument ]... ] )

row_movement_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT

sample_clause

SAMPLE [ BLOCK ]
(sample_percent)
[ SEED (seed_value) ]

scoped_table_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
}
[, SCOPE FOR
({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
]...

search_clause

{ SEARCH
{ DEPTH FIRST BY c_alias [, c_alias]...
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
| BREADTH FIRST BY c_alias [, c_alias]...
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
}
SET ordering_column
}

searched_case_expression

{ WHEN condition THEN return_expr }...

security_clause

GUARD { ALL | STANDBY | NONE }

security_clauses

{ { ENABLE | DISABLE } RESTRICTED SESSION
| SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN
IDENTIFIED BY { "wallet_password" | "HSM_auth_string" }
| SET ENCRYPTION WALLET CLOSE
[ IDENTIFIED BY { "wallet_password" | "HSM_auth_string" } ]
| set_encryption_key
}

segment_attributes_clause

{ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| logging_clause
}...

segment_management_clause

SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT { AUTO | MANUAL }

select_list

{ [t_alias.] *
| { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
[, { query_name.*
| [ schema. ]
{ table | view | materialized view } .*
| expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
}
]...
}

set_encryption_key

{ SET ENCRYPTION KEY
{
[ "certificate_id" ] IDENTIFIED BY "wallet_password"
|
IDENTIFIED BY "HSM_auth_string" [ MIGRATE USING "wallet_password" ]
}
}

set_parameter_clause

parameter_name =
parameter_value [, parameter_value ]...
[ COMMENT = string ]
[ DEFERRED ]
[ { SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH }
| SID = { 'sid' | '*' }
}...
]

set_subpartition_template

SET SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
{ ( range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc]... )
| ( list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc]... )
| hash_subpartition_quantity
}

set_time_zone_clause

SET TIME_ZONE =
'{ { + | - } hh : mi | time_zone_region }'

shrink_clause

SHRINK SPACE [ COMPACT ] [ CASCADE ]

shutdown_dispatcher_clause

SHUTDOWN [ IMMEDIATE ] dispatcher_name

simple_case_expression

expr
{ WHEN comparison_expr THEN return_expr }...

single_column_for_loop

FOR dimension_column
{ IN ( { literal [, literal ]...
| subquery
}
)
| [ LIKE pattern ] FROM literal TO literal
{ INCREMENT | DECREMENT } literal
}

single_table_insert

insert_into_clause
{ values_clause [ returning_clause ]
| subquery
} [ error_logging_clause ]

size_clause

integer [ K | M | G | T | P | E ]

split_index_partition

SPLIT PARTITION partition_name_old
AT (literal [, literal ]...)
[ INTO (index_partition_description,
index_partition_description
)
]
[ parallel_clause ]

split_nested_table_part

NESTED TABLE column INTO
( PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause],
PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause] [split_nested_table_part]
) [ split_nested_table_part ]

split_table_partition

SPLIT partition_extended_name
{ AT (literal [, literal]... )
[ INTO ( range_partition_desc, range_partition_desc ) ]
| VALUES (literal [, literal] ... )
[ INTO (list_partition_desc, list_partition_desc ) ]
} [ split_nested_table_part]
[ dependent_tables_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

split_table_subpartition

SPLIT subpartition_extended_name
{ AT ( literal [, literal]... )
[ INTO (range_subpartition_desc, range_subpartition_desc) ]
| VALUES ({ literal | NULL  [, literal | NULL ]...})
[ INTO (list_subpartition_desc, list_subpartition_desc) ]
} [ dependent_tables_clause ]
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]

sql_format

[+ | -] days hours : minutes : seconds [. frac_secs ]

standby_database_clauses

{ activate_standby_db_clause
| maximize_standby_db_clause
| register_logfile_clause
| commit_switchover_clause
| start_standby_clause
| stop_standby_clause
| convert_database_clause
} [ parallel_clause ]

start_standby_clause

START LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY
[ IMMEDIATE ]
[ NODELAY ]
[ NEW PRIMARY dblink
| INITIAL [ scn_value ]
| { SKIP FAILED TRANSACTION | FINISH }
]

startup_clauses

{ MOUNT [ { STANDBY | CLONE } DATABASE ]
| OPEN
{ [ READ WRITE ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]
[ UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE ]
| READ ONLY
}
}

still_image_object_types

{ SI_StillImage
| SI_AverageColor
| SI_PositionalColor
| SI_ColorHistogram
| SI_Texture
| SI_FeatureList
| SI_Color
}

stop_standby_clause

{ STOP | ABORT } LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY

storage_clause

STORAGE
({ INITIAL size_clause
| NEXT size_clause
| MINEXTENTS integer
| MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
| maxsize_clause
| PCTINCREASE integer
| FREELISTS integer
| FREELIST GROUPS integer
| OPTIMAL [ size_clause | NULL ]
| BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
| FLASH_CACHE { KEEP | NONE | DEFAULT }
| ENCRYPT
} ...
)

storage_table_clause

WITH {SYSTEM | USER} MANAGED STORAGE TABLES

string

[ {N | n} ]
{ '[ c ]...'
| { Q | q } 'quote_delimiter c [ c ]... quote_delimiter'
}

striping_clause

[ FINE | COARSE ]

subpartition_by_hash

SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ]...)
[ SUBPARTITIONS integer
[ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
| subpartition_template
]

subpartition_by_list

SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column) [ subpartition_template ]

subpartition_by_range

SUBPARTITION BY RANGE ( column [, column]... ) [subpartition_template]

subpartition_extended_name

SUBPARTITION subpartition
|
SUBPARTITION FOR ( subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value]... )

subpartition_template

SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
| list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
| individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
}
) | hash_subpartition_quantity

subquery

{ query_block
| subquery { UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | MINUS } subquery
[ { UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | MINUS } subquery ]...
| ( subquery )
} [ order_by_clause ]

subquery_factoring_clause

WITH
query_name ([c_alias [, c_alias]...]) AS (subquery) [search_clause ] [cycle_clause]
[, query_name ([c_alias [, c_alias]...]) AS (subquery) [search_clause] [cycle_clause]]...

subquery_restriction_clause

WITH { READ ONLY
| CHECK OPTION
} [ CONSTRAINT constraint ]

substitutable_column_clause

{ [ ELEMENT ] IS OF [ TYPE ] ( [ONLY] type)
| [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
}

supplemental_db_logging

{ ADD | DROP } SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ DATA
| supplemental_id_key_clause
| supplemental_plsql_clause
}

supplemental_id_key_clause

DATA
( { ALL | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY }
[, { ALL | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY } ]...
)
COLUMNS

supplemental_log_grp_clause

GROUP log_group
(column [ NO LOG ]
[, column [ NO LOG ] ]...)
[ ALWAYS ]

supplemental_logging_props

SUPPLEMENTAL LOG { supplemental_log_grp_clause
| supplemental_id_key_clause
}

supplemental_plsql_clause

DATA FOR PROCEDURAL REPLICATION

supplemental_table_logging

{ ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause | supplemental_id_key_clause }
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_log_grp_clause | supplemental_id_key_clause }
]...
| DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause | GROUP log_group }
[, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ supplemental_id_key_clause | GROUP log_group }
]...
}

switch_logfile_clause

SWITCH ALL LOGFILES TO BLOCKSIZE integer

system_partitioning

PARTITION BY SYSTEM [ PARTITIONS integer
| reference_partition_desc
[, reference_partition_desc ...]
]

table_collection_expression

TABLE (collection_expression) [ (+) ]

table_compression

{ COMPRESS [ BASIC
| FOR { OLTP
| { QUERY | ARCHIVE } [ LOW | HIGH ]
}
]
| NOCOMPRESS
}

table_index_clause

[ schema. ] table [ t_alias ]
(index_expr [ ASC | DESC ]
[, index_expr [ ASC | DESC ] ]...)
[ index_properties ]

table_partition_description

[ deferred_segment_creation ]
[ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression | key_compression ]
[ OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]
[ { LOB_storage_clause
| varray_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
}...
]

Note:

You can specify deferred_segment_creation in this clause starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

table_partitioning_clauses

{ range_partitions
| hash_partitions
| list_partitions
| reference_partitioning
| composite_range_partitions
| composite_hash_partitions
| composite_list_partitions
| system_partitioning
}

table_properties

[ column_properties ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ RESULT_CACHE ( MODE {DEFAULT | FORCE } ) ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ ROWDEPENDENCIES | NOROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]...
[ row_movement_clause ]
[ flashback_archive_clause ]
[ AS subquery ]

table_reference

{ ONLY (query_table_expression)
| query_table_expression [ pivot_clause | unpivot_clause ]
} [ flashback_query_clause ]
[ t_alias ]

tablespace_clauses

{ EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
| DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...
| SYSAUX DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...
| default_tablespace
| default_temp_tablespace
| undo_tablespace
}

tablespace_group_clause

TABLESPACE GROUP { tablespace_group_name | '' }

tablespace_logging_clauses

{ logging_clause
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
}

tablespace_retention_clause

RETENTION { GUARANTEE | NOGUARANTEE }

tablespace_state_clauses

{ { ONLINE
| OFFLINE [ NORMAL | TEMPORARY | IMMEDIATE ]
}
| READ { ONLY | WRITE }
| { PERMANENT | TEMPORARY }
}

temporary_tablespace_clause

TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TEMPFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
[ tablespace_group_clause ]
[ extent_management_clause ]

timeout_clause

DROP AFTER integer { M | H }

trace_file_clause

TRACE
[ AS 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
[ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]

truncate_partition_subpart

TRUNCATE { partition_extended_name
| subpartition_extended_name
}
[ { DROP [ ALL ] | REUSE } STORAGE ]
[ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

Note:

You can specify the ALL keyword in this clause starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

undo_tablespace

[ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ TABLESPACE file_specification [, file_specification ]...]

undo_tablespace_clause

UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
[ extent_management_clause ]
[ tablespace_retention_clause ]

undrop_disk_clause

UNDROP DISKS

unpivot_clause

table_reference UNPIVOT [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} NULLS ]
( { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
pivot_for_clause
unpivot_in_clause
)

unpivot_in_clause

IN
( { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
[  AS { literal | ( literal [, literal]... ) } ]
[, { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
[  AS {literal | ( literal [, literal]... ) } ]
]...
)

update_all_indexes_clause

UPDATE INDEXES
[ (index ( update_index_partition
| update_index_subpartition
)
[, (index ( update_index_partition
| update_index_subpartition
)
)
]...
)

update_global_index_clause

{ UPDATE | INVALIDATE } GLOBAL INDEXES

update_index_clauses

{ update_global_index_clause
| update_all_indexes_clause
}

update_index_partition

index_partition_description
[ index_subpartition_clause ]
[, index_partition_description
[ index_subpartition_clause ] ...

update_index_subpartition

SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[, SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
]...

update_set_clause

SET
{ { (column [, column ]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
[, { (column [, column]...) = (subquery)
| column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
}
]...
| VALUE (t_alias) = { expr | (subquery) }
}

upgrade_table_clause

UPGRADE [ [NOT ] INCLUDING DATA ]
[ column_properties ]

user_clauses

{ ADD USER user [, user]...
| DROP USER user [, user]... [CASCADE]
}

usergroup_clauses

{ ADD USERGROUP usergroup WITH MEMBER user [, user]...
| MODIFY USERGROUP usergroup { ADD | DROP } MEMBER user [, user]...
| DROP USERGROUP usergroup
}

using_function_clause

USING [ schema. ] [ package. | type. ] function_name

using_index_clause

USING INDEX
{ [ schema. ] index
| (create_index_statement)
| index_properties
}

using_statistics_type

USING { [ schema. ] statistics_type | NULL }

using_type_clause

USING [ schema. ] implementation_type [ array_DML_clause ]

validation_clauses

{ VALIDATE REF UPDATE [ SET DANGLING TO NULL ]
| VALIDATE STRUCTURE
[ CASCADE { FAST | COMPLETE [ into_clause ] { OFFLINE | ONLINE } } ]
}

values_clause

VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
[, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
)

varray_col_properties

VARRAY varray_item
{ [ substitutable_column_clause ] varray_storage_clause
| substitutable_column_clause
}

varray_storage_clause

STORE AS [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE] LOB
{ [LOB_segname] ( LOB_storage_parameters )
| LOB_segname
}

virtual_column_definition

column [datatype] [GENERATED ALWAYS] AS (column_expression)
[VIRTUAL]
[ inline_constraint [inline_constraint]... ]

where_clause

WHERE condition

windowing_clause

{ ROWS | RANGE }
{ BETWEEN
{ UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
AND
{ UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
}
| { UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
| CURRENT ROW
| value_expr PRECEDING
}
}

XML_attributes_clause

XMLATTRIBUTES
[ ENTITYESCAPING | NOENTITYESCAPING ]
[ SCHEMACHECK | NOSCHEMACHECK ]
value_expr [ { [AS] c_alias } | { AS EVALNAME value_expr } ]
[, value_expr [ { [AS] c_alias } | { AS EVALNAME value_expr } ]
]...

XML_namespaces_clause

XMLNAMESPACES
( [ string AS identifier ]
[ [, string AS identifier ]
]...
[ DEFAULT string ]
)

XML_passing_clause

PASSING [ BY VALUE ]
expr [ AS identifier ]
[, expr [ AS identifier ]
]...

XML_table_column

column
{ FOR ORDINALITY
| datatype [ PATH string ] [ DEFAULT expr ]
}

XMLindex_clause

[XDB.] XMLINDEX [ local_XMLIndex_clause ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ XMLIndex_parameters_clause ]

XMLSchema_spec

[ XMLSCHEMA XMLSchema_URL ]
ELEMENT { element | XMLSchema_URL # element }
[ ALLOW ANYSCHEMA
| ALLOW NONSCHEMA
| DISALLOW NONSCHEMA
]

XMLTABLE_options

[ XML_passing_clause ]
[ COLUMNS XML_table_column [, XML_table_column]...]

XMLType_column_properties

XMLTYPE [ COLUMN ] column
[ XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]

XMLType_storage

STORE
{ AS
{ OBJECT RELATIONAL
| [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE]
{ CLOB | BINARY XML }
[ { LOB_segname [ (LOB_parameters) ]
| (LOB_parameters)
}
]
}
| { ALL VARRAYS AS { LOBS | TABLES } }
}

XMLType_table

OF XMLTYPE
[ (oject_properties) ]
[ XMLTYPE XMLType_storage ]
[ XMLSchema_spec ]
[ XMLType_virtual_columns ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ OID_clause ]
[ OID_index_clause ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ]

XMLType_view_clause

OF XMLTYPE [ XMLSchema_spec ]
WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
{ DEFAULT | ( expr [, expr ]...) }

XMLType_virtual_columns

VIRTUAL COLUMNS ( column AS (expr) [, column AS (expr) ]... )

ym_iso_format

[-] P [ years Y ] [months M] [days D]
[T [hours H] [minutes M] [seconds [. frac_secs] S ] ]

6 Data Types

This chapter presents data types that are recognized by Oracle and available for use within SQL.

This chapter includes the following sections:

- Overview of Data Types

- Oracle Built-In Data Types

- Oracle-Supplied Data Types

- Converting to Oracle Data Types

Overview of Data Types

A data type is a classification of a particular type of information or data. Each value manipulated by Oracle has a data type. The data type of a value associates a fixed set of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one data type differently from values of another.

The data types recognized by Oracle are:

ANSI-supported data types

{ CHARACTER [VARYING] (size)
| { CHAR | NCHAR } VARYING (size)
| VARCHAR (size)
| NATIONAL { CHARACTER | CHAR }
[VARYING] (size)
| { NUMERIC | DECIMAL | DEC }
[ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| { INTEGER | INT | SMALLINT }
| FLOAT [ (size) ]
| DOUBLE PRECISION
| REAL
}

Oracle built-in data types

{ character_datatypes
| number_datatypes
| long_and_raw_datatypes
| datetime_datatypes
| large_object_datatypes
| rowid_datatypes
}

Oracle-supplied data types

{ any_types
| XML_types
| spatial_types
| media_types
| expression_filter_type
}

User-defined data types

User-defined data types use Oracle built-in data types and other user-defined data types to model the structure and behavior of data in applications.

See Also:

Data types in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

Oracle Built-In Data Types

This section describes the kinds of Oracle built-in data types.

character_datatypes

{ CHAR [ (size [ BYTE | CHAR ]) ]
| VARCHAR2 (size [ BYTE | CHAR ])
| NCHAR [ (size) ]
| NVARCHAR2 (size)
}

datetime_datatypes

{ DATE
| TIMESTAMP [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
[ WITH [ LOCAL ] TIME ZONE ])
| INTERVAL YEAR [ (year_precision) ] TO MONTH
| INTERVAL DAY [ (day_precision) ] TO SECOND
[ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}

large_object_datatypes

{ BLOB | CLOB | NCLOB | BFILE }

long_and_raw_datatypes

{ LONG | LONG RAW | RAW (size) }

number_datatypes

{ NUMBER [ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| FLOAT [ (precision) ]
| BINARY_FLOAT
| BINARY_DOUBLE
}

rowid_datatypes

{ ROWID | UROWID [ (size) ] }

The codes listed for the data types are used internally by Oracle Database. The data type code of a column or object attribute is returned by the DUMP function.

Table 6-1 Built-in Data Type Summary

Code

Data Type

Description

1

VARCHAR2(size [BYTE | CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length size bytes or characters. Maximum size is 4000 bytes or characters, and minimum is 1 byte or 1 character. You must specify size for VARCHAR2.

BYTE indicates that the column will have byte length semantics. CHAR indicates that the column will have character semantics.

1

NVARCHAR2(size)

Variable-length Unicode character string having maximum length size characters. The number of bytes can be up to two times size for AL16UTF16 encoding and three times size for UTF8 encoding. Maximum size is determined by the national character set definition, with an upper limit of 4000 bytes. You must specify size for NVARCHAR2.

2

NUMBER [ (p [, s]) ]

Number having precision p and scale s. The precision p can range from 1 to 38. The scale s can range from -84 to 127. Both precision and scale are in decimal digits. A NUMBER value requires from 1 to 22 bytes.

2

FLOAT [(p)]

A subtype of the NUMBER data type having precision p. A FLOAT value is represented internally as NUMBER. The precision p can range from 1 to 126 binary digits. A FLOAT value requires from 1 to 22 bytes.

8

LONG

Character data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes, or 2^31 -1 bytes. Provided for backward compatibility.

12

DATE

Valid date range from January 1, 4712 BC, to December 31, 9999 AD. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is fixed at 7 bytes. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. It does not have fractional seconds or a time zone.

21

BINARY_FLOAT

32-bit floating point number. This data type requires 4 bytes.

22

BINARY_DOUBLE

64-bit floating point number. This data type requires 8 bytes.

180

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds_precision)]

Year, month, and day values of date, as well as hour, minute, and second values of time, where fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values of fractional_seconds_precision are 0 to 9. The default is 6. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The sizes varies from 7 or 11 bytes, depending on the precision. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. It contains fractional seconds but does not have a time zone.

181

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds)] WITH TIME ZONE

All values of TIMESTAMP as well as time zone displacement value, where fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 6. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is fixed at 13 bytes. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, TIMEZONE_HOUR, and TIMEZONE_MINUTE. It has fractional seconds and an explicit time zone.

231

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds)] WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE

All values of TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, with the following exceptions:

- Data is normalized to the database time zone when it is stored in the database.

- When the data is retrieved, users see the data in the session time zone.

The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The sizes varies from 7 or 11 bytes, depending on the precision.

182

INTERVAL YEAR [(year_precision)] TO MONTH

Stores a period of time in years and months, where year_precision is the number of digits in the YEAR datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 2. The size is fixed at 5 bytes.

183

INTERVAL DAY [(day_precision)] TO SECOND [(fractional_seconds)]

Stores a period of time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds, where

- day_precision is the maximum number of digits in the DAY datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 2.

- fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 6.

The size is fixed at 11 bytes.

23

RAW(size)

Raw binary data of length size bytes. Maximum size is 2000 bytes. You must specify size for a RAW value.

24

LONG RAW

Raw binary data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes.

69

ROWID

Base 64 string representing the unique address of a row in its table. This data type is primarily for values returned by the ROWID pseudocolumn.

208

UROWID [(size)]

Base 64 string representing the logical address of a row of an index-organized table. The optional size is the size of a column of type UROWID. The maximum size and default is 4000 bytes.

96

CHAR [(size [BYTE | CHAR])]

Fixed-length character data of length size bytes or characters. Maximum size is 2000 bytes or characters. Default and minimum size is 1 byte.

BYTE and CHAR have the same semantics as for VARCHAR2.

96

NCHAR[(size)]

Fixed-length character data of length size characters. The number of bytes can be up to two times size for AL16UTF16 encoding and three times size for UTF8 encoding. Maximum size is determined by the national character set definition, with an upper limit of 2000 bytes. Default and minimum size is 1 character.

112

CLOB

A character large object containing single-byte or multibyte characters. Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are supported, both using the database character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size).

112

NCLOB

A character large object containing Unicode characters. Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are supported, both using the database national character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size). Stores national character set data.

113

BLOB

A binary large object. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size).

114

BFILE

Contains a locator to a large binary file stored outside the database. Enables byte stream I/O access to external LOBs residing on the database server. Maximum size is 4 gigabytes.

See Also:

Data types in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

Oracle-Supplied Data Types

This section shows the syntax for the Oracle-supplied data types.

any_types

{ SYS.AnyData | SYS.AnyType | SYS.AnyDataSet }

XML_types

{ XMLType | URIType }

spatial_types

{ SDO_Geometry | SDO_Topo_Geometry |SDO_GeoRaster }

media_types

{ ORDAudio
| ORDImage
| ORDVideo
| ORDDoc
| ORDDicom
| still_image_object_types
}

expression_filter_type

Expression

Converting to Oracle Data Types

SQL statements that create tables and clusters can also use ANSI data types and data types from the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. Oracle recognizes the ANSI or IBM data type name that differs from the Oracle data type name, records it as the name of the data type of the column, and then stores the column data in an Oracle data type based on the conversions shown in the following table.

Table 6-2 ANSI Data Types Converted to Oracle Data Types

ANSI SQL Data Type

Oracle Data Type

CHARACTER(n)

CHAR(n)

CHAR(n)

CHARACTER VARYING(n)

CHAR VARYING(n)

VARCHAR2(n)

NATIONAL CHARACTER(n)

NATIONAL CHAR(n)

NCHAR(n)

NCHAR(n)

NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING(n)

NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n)

NCHAR VARYING(n)

NVARCHAR2(n)

NUMERIC[(p,s)]

DECIMAL[(p,s)] (Note 1)

NUMBER(p,s)

INTEGER

INT

SMALLINT

NUMBER(38)

FLOAT (Note 2)

DOUBLE PRECISION (Note 3)

REAL (Note 4)

FLOAT(126)

FLOAT(126)

FLOAT(63)

Notes:

1. The NUMERIC and DECIMAL data types can specify only fixed-point numbers. For those data types, the scale (s) defaults to 0.

2. The FLOAT data type is a floating-point number with a binary precision b. The default precision for this data type is 126 binary, or 38 decimal.

3. The DOUBLE PRECISION data type is a floating-point number with binary precision 126.

4. The REAL data type is a floating-point number with a binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.

Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:

- GRAPHIC

- LONG VARGRAPHIC

- VARGRAPHIC

- TIME

Note that data of type TIME can also be expressed as Oracle datetime data.

See Also:

Data types in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

7 Format Models

This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in character strings.

This chapter includes the following sections:

- Overview of Format Models

- Number Format Models

- Datetime Format Models

Overview of Format Models

A format model is a character literal that describes the format of DATETIME or NUMBER data stored in a character string. When you convert a character string into a datetime or number, a format model tells Oracle how to interpret the string.

See Also:

Format Models in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

Number Format Models

You can use number format models:

- In the TO_CHAR function to translate a value of NUMBER data type to VARCHAR2 data type

- In the TO_NUMBER function to translate a value of CHAR or VARCHAR2 data type to NUMBER data type

Number Format Elements

A number format model is composed of one or more number format elements. The following table lists the elements of a number format model.

Table 7-1 Number Format Elements

Element

Example

Description

, (comma)

9,999

Returns a comma in the specified position. You can specify multiple commas in a number format model.

Restrictions:

- A comma element cannot begin a number format model.

- A comma cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.

. (period)

99.99

Returns a decimal point, which is a period (.) in the specified position.

Restriction: You can specify only one period in a number format model.

$

$9999

Returns value with a leading dollar sign.

0

0999

9990

Returns leading zeros.

Returns trailing zeros.

9

9999

Returns value with the specified number of digits with a leading space if positive or with a leading minus if negative. Leading zeros are blank, except for a zero value, which returns a zero for the integer part of the fixed-point number.

B

B9999

Returns blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part is zero (regardless of zeros in the format model).

C

C999

Returns in the specified position the ISO currency symbol (the current value of the NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter).

D

99D99

Returns in the specified position the decimal character, which is the current value of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter. The default is a period (.).

Restriction: You can specify only one decimal character in a number format model.

EEEE

9.9EEEE

Returns a value using in scientific notation.

G

9G999

Returns in the specified position the group separator (the current value of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter). You can specify multiple group separators in a number format model.

Restriction: A group separator cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.

L

L999

Returns in the specified position the local currency symbol (the current value of the NLS_CURRENCY parameter).

MI

9999MI

Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a trailing blank.

Restriction: The MI format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.

PR

9999PR

Returns negative value in <angle brackets>.

Returns positive value with a leading and trailing blank.

Restriction: The PR format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.

RN

rn

RN

rn

Returns a value as Roman numerals in uppercase.

Returns a value as Roman numerals in lowercase.

Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.

S

S9999

9999S

Returns negative value with a leading minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a leading plus sign (+).

Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a trailing plus sign (+).

Restriction: The S format element can appear only in the first or last position of a number format model.

TM

TM

The text minimum number format model returns (in decimal output) the smallest number of characters possible. This element is case insensitive.

The default is TM9, which returns the number in fixed notation unless the output exceeds 64 characters. If the output exceeds 64 characters, then Oracle Database automatically returns the number in scientific notation.

Restrictions:

- You cannot precede this element with any other element.

- You can follow this element only with one 9 or one E (or e), but not with any combination of these. The following statement returns an error:
SELECT TO_CHAR(1234, 'TM9e') FROM DUAL;

U

U9999

Returns in the specified position the Euro (or other) dual currency symbol, determined by the current value of the NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY parameter.

V

999V99

Returns a value multiplied by 10n (and if necessary, round it up), where n is the number of 9's after the V.

X

XXXX

xxxx

Returns the hexadecimal value of the specified number of digits. If the specified number is not an integer, then Oracle Database rounds it to an integer.

Restrictions:

- This element accepts only positive values or 0. Negative values return an error.

- You can precede this element only with 0 (which returns leading zeroes) or FM. Any other elements return an error. If you specify neither 0 nor FM with X, then the return always has one leading blank.

See Also:

Number Format Models in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

Datetime Format Models

You can use datetime format models:

- In the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, TO_YMINTERVAL, and TO_DSINTERVAL datetime functions to translate a character string that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a DATETIME value

- In the TO_CHAR function to translate a DATETIME value that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a character string

Datetime Format Elements

A datetime format model is composed of one or more datetime format elements. The following table lists the elements of a date format model.

Table 7-2 Datetime Format Elements

Element

TO_* datetime functions?

Description

-
/
,
.
;
:
"text"

Yes

Punctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.

AD
A.D.

Yes

AD indicator with or without periods.

AM
A.M.

Yes

Meridian indicator with or without periods.

BC
B.C.

Yes

BC indicator with or without periods.

CC
SCC

Century.

- If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive), then the century is one greater than the first 2 digits of that year.

- If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same as the first 2 digits of that year.

For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.

D

Yes

Day of week (1-7). This element depends on the NLS territory of the session.

DAY

Yes

Name of day.

DD

Yes

Day of month (1-31).

DDD

Yes

Day of year (1-366).

DL

Yes

Returns a value in the long date format, which is an extension of Oracle Database's DATE format, determined by the current value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, Month dd, yyyy'. In the GERMAN_GERMANY locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, dd. Month yyyy'.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.

DS

Yes

Returns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'MM/DD/RRRR'. In the ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'DD/MM/RRRR'.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.

DY

Yes

Abbreviated name of day.

E

Yes

Abbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).

EE

Yes

Full era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).

FF [1..9]

Yes

Fractional seconds; no radix character is printed. Use the X format element to add the radix character. Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the precision specified for the datetime data type or the data type's default precision. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Examples: 'HH:MI:SS.FF'

SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from dual;

FM

Yes

Returns a value with no leading or trailing blanks.

See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

FX

Yes

Requires exact matching between the character data and the format model.

See Also: Additional discussion on this format model modifier in the Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

HH
HH12

Yes

Hour of day (1-12).

HH24

Yes

Hour of day (0-23).

IW

Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.

IYY
IY
I

Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.

IYYY

4-digit year based on the ISO standard.

J

Yes

Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number specified with J must be integers.

MI

Yes

Minute (0-59).

MM

Yes

Month (01-12; January = 01).

MON

Yes

Abbreviated name of month.

MONTH

Yes

Name of month.

PM
P.M.

Yes

Meridian indicator with or without periods.

Q

Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).

RM

Yes

Roman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).

RR

Yes

Lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits.

See Also: Additional discussion on RR datetime format element in the Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

RRRR

Yes

Round year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the 4-digit year.

SS

Yes

Second (0-59).

SSSSS

Yes

Seconds past midnight (0-86399).

TS

Yes

Returns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE initialization parameters.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the DL or DS element, separated by white space.

TZD

Yes

Daylight saving information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone string with daylight saving information. It must correspond with the region specified in TZR. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: PST (for US/Pacific standard time); PDT (for US/Pacific daylight time).

TZH

Yes

Time zone hour. (See TZM format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.

TZM

Yes

Time zone minute. (See TZH format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.

TZR

Yes

Time zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone regions supported in the database. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: US/Pacific

WW

Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and continues to the seventh day of the year.

W

Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and ends on the seventh.

X

Yes

Local radix character.

Example: 'HH:MI:SSXFF'.

Y,YYY

Yes

Year with comma in this position.

YEAR
SYEAR

Year, spelled out; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).

YYYY
SYYYY

Yes

4-digit year; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.

YYY
YY
Y

Yes

Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.

See Also:

Datetime Format Models in Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

A SQL*Plus Commands

This appendix presents many of the SQL*Plus commands.

This appendix includes the following section:

- SQL*Plus Commands

SQL*Plus Commands

SQL*Plus is a command-line tool that provides access to the Oracle RDBMS. SQL*Plus enables you to:

- Enter SQL*Plus commands to configure the SQL*Plus environment

- Startup and shutdown an Oracle database

- Connect to an Oracle database

- Enter and execute SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks

- Format and print query results

SQL*Plus is available on several platforms.

The commands shown in Table A-1 are SQL*Plus commands available in the command-line interface. Not all commands or command parameters are shown.

See Also:

- SQL*Plus Quick Reference

- SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference

Table A-1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands

Database Operation

SQL*Plus Command

Log in to SQL*Plus

SQLPLUS [
[{username[/password][@connect_identifier] | / }
[AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA | SYSASM}][edition=value]]
| /NOLOG
]

List help topics available in SQL*Plus

HELP [ INDEX | topic ]

Execute host commands

HOST [ command ]

Show SQL*Plus system variables or environment settings

SHOW { ALL | ERRORS | USER | system_variable [, system_variable] ...}

Alter SQL*Plus system variables or environment settings

SET system_variable value

Start up a database

STARTUP [ PFILE = filename ]
[ MOUNT [ dbname ] | NOMOUNT ]

Connect to a database

CONNECT [{username[/password] [@connect_identifier] | /
| proxy_user [ username ] [/password] [@connect_identifier]}
[AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA | SYSASM}] [edition=value]
]

Note: Brackets in boldface are part of the syntax and do not imply optionality.

List column definitions for a table, view, or synonym, or specifications for a function or procedure

DESCRIBE [ schema. ] object

Edit contents of the SQL buffer or a file

EDIT [ filename [ .ext ] ]

Get a file and load its contents into the SQL buffer

GET filename [ .ext ] [ LIST | NOLLIST ]

Save contents of the SQL buffer to a file

SAVE filename [ .ext ] [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND ]

List contents of the SQL buffer

LIST [ n | n m | n LAST ]

Delete contents of the SQL buffer

DEL [ n | n m | n LAST ]

Add new lines following current line in the SQL buffer

INPUT [ text ]

Append text to end of current line in the SQL buffer

APPEND text

Find and replace first occurrence of a text string in current line of the SQL buffer

CHANGE sepchar old [ sepchar [ new [ sepchar ] ] ]

sepchar can be any nonalphanumeric ASCII character such as "/" or "!"

Capture query results in a file and, optionally, send contents of file to default printer

SPOOL [ filename [ .ext ]  [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND | OFF | OUT ]

Run SQL*Plus statements stored in a file

@ { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg ... ]START { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg ... ]

ext can be omitted if the filename extension is .sql

Execute commands stored in the SQL buffer

/

List and execute commands stored in the SQL buffer

RUN

Execute a single PL/SQL statement or run a stored procedure

EXECUTE statement

Disconnect from a database

DISCONNECT

Shut down a database

SHUTDOWN [ ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL ]

Log out of SQL*Plus

{ EXIT | QUIT }
[ SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING ]
[ COMMIT | ROLLBACK ]

Index

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y

Symbols

⁄ (slash) SQL*Plus command, A.1

@ (at sign) SQL*Plus command, A.1

A

ABS function, 2.1

ACOS function, 2.1

activate_standby_db_clause, 5.1

add_binding_clause, 5.1

add_column_clause, 5.1

add_disk_clause, 5.1

add_hash_index_partition, 5.1

add_hash_partition_clause, 5.1

add_hash_subpartition, 5.1

add_list_partition_clause, 5.1

add_list_subpartition, 5.1

add_logfile_clauses, 5.1

ADD_MONTHS function, 2.1

add_mv_log_column_clause, 5.1

add_overflow_clause, 5.1

add_range_partition_clause, 5.1

add_range_subpartition, 5.1

add_system_partition_clause, 5.1

add_table_partition, 5.1

add_volume_clause, 5.1

aggregate functions, 2.1

alias_file_name, 5.1

allocate_extent_clause, 5.1

ALTER CLUSTER statement, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE statement, 1.1

ALTER DIMENSION statement, 1.1

ALTER DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

ALTER FUNCTION statement, 1.1

ALTER INDEX statement, 1.1

ALTER INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

ALTER JAVA statement, 1.1

ALTER LIBRARY statement, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

ALTER OPERATOR statement, 1.1

ALTER OUTLINE statement, 1.1

ALTER PACKAGE statement, 1.1

ALTER PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

ALTER PROFILE statement, 1.1

ALTER RESOURCE COST statement, 1.1

ALTER ROLE statement, 1.1

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

ALTER SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

ALTER SESSION statement, 1.1

ALTER SYSTEM statement, 1.1

ALTER TABLE statement, 1.1

ALTER TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

ALTER TRIGGER statement, 1.1

ALTER TYPE statement, 1.1

ALTER USER statement, 1.1

ALTER VIEW statement, 1.1

alter_datafile_clause, 5.1

alter_external_table, 5.1

alter_index_partitioning, 5.1

alter_interval_partitioning, 5.1

alter_iot_clauses, 5.1

alter_mapping_table_clauses, 5.1

alter_mv_refresh, 5.1

alter_overflow_clause, 5.1

alter_session_set_clause, 5.1

alter_system_reset_clause, 5.1

alter_system_set_clause, 5.1

alter_table_partitioning, 5.1

alter_table_properties, 5.1

alter_tempfile_clause, 5.1

alter_varray_col_properties, 5.1

alter_XMLSchema_clause, 5.1

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

converting to Oracle data types, 6.4

analytic functions, 2.1

analytic_clause, 5.1

ANALYZE statement, 1.1

ANSI-supported data types, 6.1

any_types, 6.3

APPEND SQL*Plus command, A.1

APPENDCHILDXML function, 2.1

archive_log_clause, 5.1

array_DML_clause, 5.1

ASCII function, 2.1

ASCIISTR function, 2.1

ASIN function, 2.1

ASM_filename, 5.1

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS statement, 1.1

ATAN function, 2.1

ATAN2 function, 2.1

attribute_clause, 5.1

AUDIT statement, 1.1

audit_operation_clause, 5.1

audit_schema_object_clause, 5.1

auditing_by_clause, 5.1

auditing_on_clause, 5.1

autoextend_clause, 5.1

AVG function, 2.1

B

BETWEEN condition, 4.1

BFILENAME function, 2.1

BIN_TO_NUM function, 2.1

binding_clause, 5.1

BITAND function, 2.1

bitmap_join_index_clause, 5.1

build_clause, 5.1

built-in data types, 6.1, 6.2

C

CALL statement, 1.1

CARDINALITY function, 2.1

CASE expressions, 3.1

CAST function, 2.1

CEIL function, 2.1

cell_assignment, 5.1

cell_reference_options, 5.1

CHANGE SQL*Plus command, A.1

character_datatypes, 6.2

character_set_clause, 5.1

CHARTOROWID function, 2.1

check_datafiles_clause, 5.1

check_diskgroup_clause, 5.1

checkpoint_clause, 5.1

CHR function, 2.1

CLUSTER_ID function, 2.1

cluster_index_clause, 5.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY function, 2.1

CLUSTER_SET function, 2.1

COALESCE function, 2.1

coalesce_index_partition, 5.1

coalesce_table_partition, 5.1

coalesce_table_subpartition, 5.1

COLLECT function, 2.1

column expressions, 3.1

column_association, 5.1

column_clauses, 5.1

column_definition, 5.1

column_properties, 5.1

COMMENT statement, 1.1

COMMIT statement, 1.1

commit_switchover_clause, 5.1

COMPOSE function, 2.1

composite_hash_partitions, 5.1

composite_list_partitions, 5.1

composite_range_partitions, 5.1

compound conditions, 4.1

compound expressions, 3.1

CONCAT function, 2.1

conditional_insert_clause, 5.1

conditions, 4

see also SQL conditions

CONNECT SQL*Plus command, A.1

constraint, 5.1

constraint_clauses, 5.1

constraint_state, 5.1

context_clause, 5.1

controlfile_clauses, 5.1

CONVERT function, 2.1

convert_database_clause, 5.1

converting to Oracle data types, 6.4

CORR function, 2.1

CORR_K function, 2.1

CORR_S function, 2.1

COS function, 2.1

COSH function, 2.1

cost_matrix_clause, 5.1

COUNT function, 2.1

COVAR_POP function, 2.1

COVAR_SAMP function, 2.1

CREATE CLUSTER statement, 1.1

CREATE CONTEXT statement, 1.1

CREATE CONTROLFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE statement, 1.1

CREATE DIMENSION statement, 1.1

CREATE DIRECTORY statement, 1.1

CREATE DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

CREATE EDITION statement, 1.1

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

CREATE FUNCTION statement, 1.1

CREATE INDEX statement, 1.1

CREATE INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

CREATE JAVA statement, 1.1

CREATE LIBRARY statement, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

CREATE OPERATOR statement, 1.1

CREATE OUTLINE statement, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE statement, 1.1

CREATE PFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

CREATE PROFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE RESTORE POINT statement, 1.1

CREATE ROLE statement, 1.1

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

CREATE SCHEMA statement, 1.1

CREATE SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

CREATE SPFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE SYNONYM statement, 1.1

CREATE TABLE statement, 1.1

CREATE TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

CREATE TRIGGER statement, 1.1

CREATE TYPE BODY statement, 1.1

CREATE TYPE statement, 1.1

CREATE USER statement, 1.1

CREATE VIEW statement, 1.1

create_datafile_clause, 5.1

create_mv_refresh, 5.1

CUBE_TABLE function, 2.1

CUME_DIST (aggregate) function, 2.1

CUME_DIST (analytic) function, 2.1

currency

group separators, 7.1.1.1

currency symbol

ISO, 7.1.1.1

local, 7.1.1.1

union, 7.1.1.1

CURRENT_DATE function, 2.1

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

CURSOR expressions, 3.1

CV function, 2.1

cycle_clause, 5.1

D

data types

ANSI-supported, 6.1

converting to Oracle, 6.4

Oracle built-in, 6.1, 6.2

Oracle-supplied, 6.1, 6.3

overview, 6.1

user-defined, 6.1

database_file_clauses, 5.1

database_logging_clauses, 5.1

datafile_tempfile_clauses, 5.1

datafile_tempfile_spec, 5.1

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION function, 2.1

date format models, 7.1.2, 7.1.2.1

long, 7.1.2.1

short, 7.1.2.1

datetime expressions, 3.1

datetime_datatypes, 6.2

db_user_proxy_clauses, 5.1

DB2 data types

restrictions on, 6.4

dblink, 5.1

dblink_authentication, 5.1

DBTIMEZONE function, 2.1

deallocate_unused_clause, 5.1

decimal characters

specifying, 7.1.1.1

DECODE function, 2.1

DECOMPOSE function, 2.1

default_cost_clause, 5.1

default_selectivity_clause, 5.1

default_settings_clauses, 5.1

default_tablespace, 5.1

default_temp_tablespace, 5.1

deferred_segment_creation, 5.1

DEL SQL*Plus command, A.1

DELETE statement, 1.1

DELETEXML function, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

dependent_tables_clause, 5.1

DEPTH function, 2.1

DEREF function, 2.1

DESCRIBE SQL*Plus command, A.1

dimension_join_clause, 5.1

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS statement, 1.1

DISCONNECT SQL*Plus command, A.1

disk_offline_clause, 5.1

disk_online_clause, 5.1

disk_region_clause, 5.1

diskgroup_alias_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_attributes, 5.1

diskgroup_availability, 5.1

diskgroup_directory_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_template_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_volume_clauses, 5.1

distributed_recov_clauses, 5.1

dml_table_expression_clause, 5.1

domain_index_clause, 5.1

DROP CLUSTER statement, 1.1

DROP CONTEXT statement, 1.1

DROP DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

DROP DATABASE statement, 1.1

DROP DIMENSION statement, 1.1

DROP DIRECTORY statement, 1.1

DROP DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

DROP EDITION statement, 1.1

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

DROP FUNCTION statement, 1.1

DROP INDEX statement, 1.1

DROP INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

DROP JAVA statement, 1.1

DROP LIBRARY statement, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

DROP OPERATOR statement, 1.1

DROP OUTLINE statement, 1.1

DROP PACKAGE statement, 1.1

DROP PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

DROP PROFILE statement, 1.1

DROP RESTORE POINT statement, 1.1

DROP ROLE statement, 1.1

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

DROP SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

DROP SYNONYM statement, 1.1

DROP TABLE statement, 1.1

DROP TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

DROP TRIGGER statement, 1.1

DROP TYPE BODY statement, 1.1

DROP TYPE statement, 1.1

DROP USER statement, 1.1

DROP VIEW statement, 1.1

drop_binding_clause, 5.1

drop_column_clause, 5.1

drop_constraint_clause, 5.1

drop_disk_clauses, 5.1

drop_diskgroup_file_clause, 5.1

drop_index_partition, 5.1

drop_logfile_clauses, 5.1

drop_table_partition, 5.1

drop_table_subpartition, 5.1

ds_iso_format of TO_DSINTERVAL function, 5.1

DUMP function, 2.1

E

EDIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

else_clause, 5.1

EMPTY_BLOB function, 2.1

EMPTY_CLOB function, 2.1

enable_disable_clause, 5.1

enable_disable_volumes, 5.1

encryption_spec, 5.1

end_session_clauses, 5.1

EQUALS_PATH condition, 4.1

error_logging_clause, 5.1

exceptions_clause, 5.1

exchange_partition_subpart, 5.1

EXECUTE SQL*Plus command, A.1

EXISTS condition, 4.1

EXISTSNODE function, 2.1

EXIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

EXP function, 2.1

EXPLAIN PLAN statement, 1.1

expr, 5.1

expression_filter_type, 6.3

expression_list, 5.1

expressions, 3

see also SQL expressions

extended_attribute_clause, 5.1

extent_management_clause, 5.1

external_data_properties, 5.1

external_table_clause, 5.1

EXTRACT (datetime) function, 2.1

EXTRACT (XML) function, 2.1

EXTRACTVALUE function, 2.1

F

FEATURE_ID function, 2.1

FEATURE_SET function, 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE function, 2.1

file_owner_clause, 5.1

file_permissions_clause, 5.1

file_specification, 5.1

FIRST function, 2.1

FIRST_VALUE function, 2.1

FLASHBACK DATABASE statement, 1.1

FLASHBACK TABLE statement, 1.1

flashback_archive_clause, 5.1

flashback_archive_quota, 5.1

flashback_archive_retention, 5.1

flashback_mode_clause, 5.1

flashback_query_clause, 5.1

floating-point conditions, 4.1

FLOOR function, 2.1

for_update_clause, 5.1

format models, 7.1

date format models, 7.1.2

number format models, 7.1.1.1

FROM_TZ function, 2.1

full_database_recovery, 5.1

fully_qualified_file_name, 5.1

function expressions, 3.1

function_association, 5.1

functions, 2

see also SQL functions

G

general_recovery, 5.1

GET SQL*Plus command, A.1

global_partitioned_index, 5.1

GRANT statement, 1.1

grant_object_privileges, 5.1

grant_system_privileges, 5.1

grantee_clause, 5.1

GRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4

GREATEST function, 2.1

group comparison conditions, 4.1

group separator

specifying, 7.1.1.1

group_by_clause, 5.1

GROUP_ID function, 2.1

GROUPING function, 2.1

grouping_expression_list, 5.1

GROUPING_ID function, 2.1

grouping_sets_clause, 5.1

H

hash_partitions, 5.1

hash_partitions_by_quantity, 5.1

hash_subparts_by_quantity, 5.1

HELP SQL*Plus command, A.1

hexadecimal value

returning, 7.1.1.1

HEXTORAW function, 2.1

hierarchical_query_clause, 5.1

hierarchy_clause, 5.1

HOST SQL*Plus command, A.1

I

implementation_clause, 5.1

IN condition, 4.1

incomplete_file_name, 5.1

index_attributes, 5.1

index_expr, 5.1

index_org_overflow_clause, 5.1

index_org_table_clause, 5.1

index_partition_description, 5.1

index_partitioning_clause, 5.1

index_properties, 5.1

index_subpartition_clause, 5.1

individual_hash_partitions, 5.1

individual_hash_subparts, 5.1

INITCAP function, 2.1

inline_constraint, 5.1

inline_ref_constraint, 5.1

inner_cross_join_clause, 5.1

INPUT SQL*Plus command, A.1

INSERT statement, 1.1

insert_into_clause, 5.1

INSERTCHILDXML function, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER function, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE function, 2.1

INSERTXMLAFTER function, 2.1

INSERTXMLBEFORE function, 2.1

instance_clauses, 5.1

INSTR function, 2.1

integer, 5.1

INTERVAL expressions, 3.1

interval_day_to_second, 5.1

interval_year_to_month, 5.1

into_clause, 5.1

invoker_rights_clause, 5.1

IS A SET condition, 4.1

IS ANY condition, 4.1

IS EMPTY condition, 4.1

IS OF type condition, 4.1

IS PRESENT condition, 4.1

ITERATION_NUMBER function, 2.1

J

join_clause, 5.1

K

key_compression, 5.1

L

LAG function, 2.1

large_object_datatypes, 6.2

LAST function, 2.1

LAST_DAY function, 2.1

LAST_VALUE function, 2.1

LEAD function, 2.1

LEAST function, 2.1

LENGTH function, 2.1

level_clause, 5.1

LIKE condition, 4.1

LIST SQL*Plus command, A.1

list_partition_desc, 5.1

list_partitions, 5.1

list_subpartition_desc, 5.1

list_values_clause, 5.1

LISTAGG function, 2.1

LN function, 2.1

LNNVL function, 2.1

LOB_compression_clause, 5.1

LOB_deduplicate_clause, 5.1

LOB_parameters, 5.1

LOB_partition_storage, 5.1

LOB_partitioning_storage, 5.1

LOB_retention_storage, 5.1

LOB_storage_clause, 5.1

LOB_storage_parameters, 5.1

local_domain_index_clause, 5.1

local_partitioned_index, 5.1

local_XMLIndex_clause, 5.1

locale independent, 7.1.2.1

LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 2.1

LOCK TABLE statement, 1.1

LOG function, 2.1

logfile_clause, 5.1

logfile_clauses, 5.1

logfile_descriptor, 5.1

logging_clause, 5.1

logical conditions, 4.1

LONG VARGRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4

long_and_raw_datatypes, 6.2

LOWER function, 2.1

LPAD function, 2.1

LTRIM function, 2.1

M

main_model, 5.1

MAKE_REF function, 2.1

managed_standby_recovery, 5.1

mapping_table_clauses, 5.1

materialized_view_props, 5.1

MAX function, 2.1

maximize_standby_db_clause, 5.1

maxsize_clause, 5.1

media_types, 6.3

MEDIAN function, 2.1

MEMBER condition, 4.1

MERGE statement, 1.1

merge_insert_clause, 5.1

merge_table_partitions, 5.1

merge_table_subpartitions, 5.1

merge_update_clause, 5.1

MIN function, 2.1

mining_attribute_clause, 5.1

MOD function, 2.1

model expressions, 3.1

model_clause, 5.1

model_column, 5.1

model_column_clauses, 5.1

model_iterate_clause, 5.1

model_rules_clause, 5.1

modify_col_properties, 5.1

modify_col_substitutable, 5.1

modify_collection_retrieval, 5.1

modify_column_clauses, 5.1

modify_diskgroup_files, 5.1

modify_hash_partition, 5.1

modify_index_default_attrs, 5.1

modify_index_partition, 5.1

modify_index_subpartition, 5.1

modify_list_partition, 5.1

modify_LOB_parameters, 5.1

modify_LOB_storage_clause, 5.1

modify_mv_column_clause, 5.1

modify_mv_log_clause, 5.1

modify_range_partition, 5.1

modify_table_default_attrs, 5.1

modify_table_partition, 5.1

modify_table_subpartition, 5.1

modify_volume_clause, 5.1

MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 2.1

move_table_clause, 5.1

move_table_partition, 5.1

move_table_subpartition, 5.1

multi_column_for_loop, 5.1

multi_table_insert, 5.1

multiset_except, 5.1

multiset_intersect, 5.1

multiset_union, 5.1

mv_log_augmentation, 5.1

mv_log_purge_clause, 5.1

N

NANVL function, 2.1

NCHR function, 2.1

nested_table_col_properties, 5.1

nested_table_partition_spec, 5.1

NEW_TIME function, 2.1

new_values_clause, 5.1

NEXT_DAY function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_ID function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_NAME function, 2.1

NLS_INITCAP function, 2.1

NLS_LOWER function, 2.1

NLS_UPPER function, 2.1

NLSSORT function, 2.1

NOAUDIT statement, 1.1

NTH_VALUE function, 2.1

NTILE function, 2.1

null conditions, 4.1

NULLIF function, 2.1

number, 5.1

number format elements, 7.1.1.1

number format models, 7.1.1.1

number_datatypes, 6.2

numeric_file_name, 5.1

NUMTODSINTERVAL function, 2.1

NUMTOYMINTERVAL function, 2.1

NVL function, 2.1

NVL2 function, 2.1

O

object access expressions, 3.1

object_properties, 5.1

object_table, 5.1

object_table_substitution, 5.1

object_type_col_properties, 5.1

object_view_clause, 5.1

OID_clause, 5.1

OID_index_clause, 5.1

on_comp_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_hash_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_list_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_object_clause, 5.1

on_range_partitioned_table, 5.1

ORA_DST_AFFECTED function, 2.1

ORA_DST_CONVERT function, 2.1

ORA_DST_ERROR function, 2.1

ORA_HASH function, 2.1

Oracle built-in data types, 6.1, 6.2

Oracle-supplied data types, 6.1, 6.3

order_by_clause, 5.1

out_of_line_constraint, 5.1

out_of_line_part_storage, 5.1

out_of_line_ref_constraint, 5.1

outer_join_clause, 5.1

outer_join_type, 5.1

P

parallel_clause, 5.1

partial_database_recovery, 5.1

partition_attributes, 5.1

partition_extended_name, 5.1

partition_extension_clause, 5.1

partition_spec, 5.1

partitioning_storage_clause, 5.1

password_parameters, 5.1

PATH function, 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

PERCENTILE_CONT function, 2.1

PERCENTILE_DISC function, 2.1

permanent_tablespace_clause, 5.1

physical_attributes_clause, 5.1

physical_properties, 5.1

pivot_clause, 5.1

pivot_for_clause, 5.1

pivot_in_clause, 5.1

placeholder expressions, 3.1

POWER function, 2.1

POWERMULTISET function, 2.1

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY function, 2.1

PREDICTION function, 2.1

PREDICTION_BOUNDS function, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST function, 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS function, 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY function, 2.1

PREDICTION_SET function, 2.1

PRESENTNNV function, 2.1

PRESENTV function, 2.1

PREVIOUS function, 2.1

proxy_clause, 5.1

PURGE statement, 1.1

Q

qualified_disk_clause, 5.1

qualified_template_clause, 5.1

query_block, 5.1

query_partition_clause, 5.1

query_table_expression, 5.1

quiesce_clauses, 5.1

QUIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

R

range_partition_desc, 5.1

range_partitions, 5.1

range_subpartition_desc, 5.1

range_values_clause, 5.1

RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

RATIO_TO_REPORT function, 2.1

RAWTOHEX function, 2.1

RAWTONHEX function, 2.1

rebalance_diskgroup_clause, 5.1

rebuild_clause, 5.1

records_per_block_clause, 5.1

recovery_clauses, 5.1

redo_log_file_spec, 5.1

redo_thread_clauses

see instance_clauses

redundancy_clause, 5.1

REF function, 2.1

reference_model, 5.1

reference_partition_desc, 5.1

reference_partitioning, 5.1

references_clause, 5.1

REFTOHEX function, 2.1

REGEXP_COUNT function, 2.1

REGEXP_INSTR function, 2.1

REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4.1

REGEXP_REPLACE function, 2.1

REGEXP_SUBSTR function, 2.1

register_logfile_clause, 5.1

REGR_AVGX function, 2.1

REGR_AVGY function, 2.1

REGR_COUNT function, 2.1

REGR_INTERCEPT function, 2.1

REGR_R2 function, 2.1

REGR_SLOPE function, 2.1

REGR_SXX function, 2.1

REGR_SXY function, 2.1

REGR_SYY function, 2.1

relational_properties, 5.1

relational_table, 5.1

REMAINDER function, 2.1

RENAME statement, 1.1

rename_column_clause, 5.1

rename_index_partition, 5.1

rename_partition_subpart, 5.1

REPLACE function, 2.1

resize_disk_clauses, 5.1

resource_parameters, 5.1

return_rows_clause, 5.1

returning_clause, 5.1

REVOKE statement, 1.1

revoke_object_privileges, 5.1

revoke_system_privileges, 5.1

ROLLBACK statement, 1.1

rolling_migration_clause, 5.1

rollup_cube_clause, 5.1

ROUND (date) function, 2.1

ROUND (number) function, 2.1

routine_clause, 5.1

row_movement_clause, 5.1

ROW_NUMBER function, 2.1

rowid_datatypes, 6.2

ROWIDTOCHAR function, 2.1

ROWTONCHAR function, 2.1

RPAD function, 2.1

RTRIM function, 2.1

RUN SQL*Plus command, A.1

S

sample_clause, 5.1

SAVE SQL*Plus command, A.1

SAVEPOINT statement, 1.1

scalar subquery expressions, 3.1

scientific notation, 7.1.1.1

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

scoped_table_ref_constraint, 5.1

search_clause, 5.1

searched_case_expression, 5.1

security_clause, 5.1

security_clauses, 5.1

segment_attributes_clause, 5.1

segment_management_clause, 5.1

SELECT statement, 1.1

select_list, 5.1

SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 2.1

SET CONSTRAINT[S] statement, 1.1

SET function, 2.1

SET ROLE statement, 1.1

SET SQL*Plus command, A.1

SET TRANSACTION statement, 1.1

set_encryption_key, 5.1

set_parameter_clause, 5.1

set_subpartition_template, 5.1

set_time_zone_clause, 5.1

SHOW SQL*Plus command, A.1

shrink_clause, 5.1

SHUTDOWN SQL*Plus command, A.1

shutdown_dispatcher_clause, 5.1

SIGN function, 2.1

simple comparison conditions, 4.1

simple expressions, 3.1

simple_case_expression, 5.1

SIN function, 2.1

single_column_for_loop, 5.1

single_table_insert, 5.1

SINH function, 2.1

size_clause, 5.1

SOUNDEX function, 2.1

spatial_types, 6.3

split_index_partition, 5.1

split_nested_table_part, 5.1

split_table_partition, 5.1

split_table_subpartition, 5.1

SPOOL SQL*Plus command, A.1

SQL conditions, 4

BETWEEN condition, 4.1

compound conditions, 4.1

EQUALS_PATH condition, 4.1

EXISTS condition, 4.1

floating-point conditions, 4.1

group comparison conditions, 4.1

IN condition, 4.1

IS A SET condition, 4.1

IS ANY condition, 4.1

IS EMPTY condition, 4.1

IS OF type condition, 4.1

IS PRESENT condition, 4.1

LIKE condition, 4.1

logical conditions, 4.1

MEMBER condition, 4.1

null conditions, 4.1

REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4.1

simple comparison conditions, 4.1

SUBMULTISET condition, 4.1

UNDER_PATH condition, 4.1

SQL expressions, 3

CASE expressions, 3.1

column expressions, 3.1

compound expressions, 3.1

CURSOR expressions, 3.1

datetime expressions, 3.1

function expressions, 3.1

INTERVAL expressions, 3.1

model expressions, 3.1

object access expressions, 3.1

placeholder expressions, 3.1

scalar subquery expressions, 3.1

simple expressions, 3.1

type constructor expressions, 3.1

SQL functions, 2

ABS, 2.1

ACOS, 2.1

ADD_MONTHS, 2.1

aggregate functions, 2.1

analytic functions, 2.1

APPENDCHILDXML, 2.1

ASCII, 2.1

ASCIISTR, 2.1

ASIN, 2.1

ATAN, 2.1

ATAN2, 2.1

AVG, 2.1

BFILENAME, 2.1

BIN_TO_NUM, 2.1

BITAND, 2.1

CARDINALITY, 2.1

CAST, 2.1

CEIL, 2.1

CHARTOROWID, 2.1

CHR, 2.1

CLUSTER_ID, 2.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY, 2.1

CLUSTER_SET, 2.1

COALESCE, 2.1

COLLECT, 2.1

COMPOSE, 2.1

CONCAT, 2.1

CONVERT, 2.1

CORR, 2.1

CORR_K, 2.1

CORR_S, 2.1

COS, 2.1

COSH, 2.1

COUNT, 2.1

COVAR_POP, 2.1

COVAR_SAMP, 2.1

CUBE_TABLE, 2.1

CUME_DIST (aggregate), 2.1

CUME_DIST (analytic), 2.1

CURRENT_DATE, 2.1

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

CV, 2.1

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION, 2.1

DBTIMEZONE, 2.1

DECODE, 2.1

DECOMPOSE, 2.1

DELETEXML, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (aggregate), 2.1

DENSE_RANK (analytic), 2.1

DEPTH, 2.1

DEREF, 2.1

DUMP, 2.1

EMPTY_BLOB, 2.1

EMPTY_CLOB, 2.1

EXISTSNODE, 2.1

EXP, 2.1

EXTRACT (datetime), 2.1

EXTRACT (XML), 2.1

EXTRACTVALUE, 2.1

FEATURE_ID, 2.1

FEATURE_SET, 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE, 2.1

FIRST, 2.1

FIRST_VALUE, 2.1

FLOOR, 2.1

FROM_TZ, 2.1

GREATEST, 2.1

GROUP_ID, 2.1

GROUPING, 2.1

GROUPING_ID, 2.1

HEXTORAW, 2.1

INITCAP, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXML, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE, 2.1

INSERTXMLAFTER, 2.1

INSERTXMLBEFORE, 2.1

INSTR, 2.1

ITERATION_NUMBER, 2.1

LAG, 2.1

LAST, 2.1

LAST_DAY, 2.1

LAST_VALUE, 2.1

LEAD, 2.1

LEAST, 2.1

LENGTH, 2.1

LISTAGG, 2.1

LN, 2.1

LNNVL, 2.1

LOCALTIMESTAMP, 2.1

LOG, 2.1

LOWER, 2.1

LPAD, 2.1

LTRIM, 2.1

MAKE_REF, 2.1

MAX, 2.1

MEDIAN, 2.1

MIN, 2.1

MOD, 2.1

MONTHS_BETWEEN, 2.1

NANVL, 2.1

NCGR, 2.1

NEW_TIME, 2.1

NEXT_DAY, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_ID, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_NAME, 2.1

NLS_INITCAP, 2.1

NLS_LOWER, 2.1

NLS_UPPER, 2.1

NLSSORT, 2.1

NTH_VALUE, 2.1

NTILE, 2.1

NULLIF, 2.1

NUMTODSINTERVAL, 2.1

NUMTOYMINTERVAL, 2.1

NVL, 2.1

NVL2, 2.1

ORA_DST_AFFECTED, 2.1

ORA_DST_CONVERT, 2.1

ORA_DST_ERROR, 2.1

ORA_HASH, 2.1

PATH, 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate), 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (analytic), 2.1

PERCENTILE_CONT, 2.1

PERCENTILE_DISC, 2.1

POWER, 2.1

POWERMULTISET, 2.1

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY, 2.1

PREDICTION, 2.1

PREDICTION_BOUNDS, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST, 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS, 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY, 2.1

PREDICTION_SET, 2.1

PRESENTNNV, 2.1

PRESENTV, 2.1

PREVIOUS, 2.1

RANK (aggregate), 2.1

RANK (analytic), 2.1

RATIO_TO_REPORT, 2.1

RAWTOHEX, 2.1

RAWTONHEX, 2.1

REF, 2.1

REFTOHEX, 2.1

REGEXP_COUNT, 2.1

REGEXP_INSTR, 2.1

REGEXP_REPLACE, 2.1

REGEXP_SUBSTR, 2.1

REGR_AVGX, 2.1

REGR_AVGY, 2.1

REGR_COUNT, 2.1

REGR_INTERCEPT, 2.1

REGR_R2, 2.1

REGR_SLOPE, 2.1

REGR_SXX, 2.1

REGR_SXY, 2.1

REGR_SYY, 2.1

REMAINDER, 2.1

REPLACE, 2.1

ROUND (date), 2.1

ROUND (number), 2.1

ROW_NUMBER, 2.1

ROWIDTOCHAR, 2.1

ROWTONCHAR, 2.1

RPAD, 2.1

RTRIM, 2.1

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

SESSIONTIMEZONE, 2.1

SET, 2.1

SIGN, 2.1

SIN, 2.1

SINH, 2.1

SOUNDEX, 2.1

SQRT, 2.1

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST, 2.1

STATS_CROSSTAB, 2.1

STATS_F_TEST, 2.1

STATS_KS_TEST, 2.1

STATS_MODE, 2.1

STATS_MW_TEST, 2.1

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_ONE, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED, 2.1

STATS_WSR_TEST, 2.1

STDDEV, 2.1

STDDEV_POP, 2.1

STDDEV_SAMP, 2.1

SUBSTR, 2.1

SUM, 2.1

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH, 2.1

SYS_CONTEXT, 2.1

SYS_DBURIGEN, 2.1

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC, 2.1

SYS_GUID, 2.1

SYS_TYPEID, 2.1

SYS_XMLAGG, 2.1

SYS_XMLGEN, 2.1

SYSDATE, 2.1

SYSTIMESTAMP, 2.1

TAN, 2.1

TANH, 2.1

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN, 2.1

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE, 2.1

TO_BINARY_FLOAT, 2.1

TO_BLOB, 2.1

TO_CHAR (character), 2.1

TO_CHAR (datetime), 2.1

TO_CHAR (number), 2.1

TO_CLOB, 2.1

TO_DATE, 2.1

TO_DSINTERVAL, 2.1

TO_LOB, 2.1

TO_MULTI_BYTE, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (character), 2.1

TO_NCHAR (datetime), 2.1

TO_NCHAR (number), 2.1

TO_NCLOB, 2.1

TO_NUMBER, 2.1

TO_SINGLE_BYTE, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, 2.1

TO_YMINTERVAL, 2.1

TRANSLATE, 2.1

TRANSLATE...USING, 2.1

TREAT, 2.1

TRIM, 2.1

TRUNC (date), 2.1

TRUNC (number), 2.1

TZ_OFFSET, 2.1

UID, 2.1

UNISTR, 2.1

UPDATEXML, 2.1

UPPER, 2.1

USER, 2.1

user-defined functions, 2.1

USERENV, 2.1

VALUE, 2.1

VAR_POP, 2.1

VAR_SAMP, 2.1

VARIANCE, 2.1

VSIZE, 2.1

WIDTH_BUCKET, 2.1

XMLAGG, 2.1

XMLCAST, 2.1

XMLCDATA, 2.1

XMLCOLATTVAL, 2.1

XMLCOMMENT, 2.1

XMLCONCAT, 2.1

XMLDIFF, 2.1

XMLELEMENT, 2.1

XMLEXISTS, 2.1

XMLFOREST, 2.1

XMLISVALID, 2.1

XMLPARSE, 2.1

XMLPATCH, 2.1

XMLPI, 2.1

XMLQUERY, 2.1

XMLROOT, 2.1

XMLSEQUENCE, 2.1

XMLSERIALIZE, 2.1

XMLTABLE, 2.1

XMLTRANSFORM, 2.1

SQL statements, 1

ALTER CLUSTER, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE LINK, 1.1

ALTER DIMENSION, 1.1

ALTER DISKGROUP, 1.1

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

ALTER FUNCTION, 1.1

ALTER INDEX, 1.1

ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1.1

ALTER JAVA, 1.1

ALTER LIBRARY, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

ALTER OPERATOR, 1.1

ALTER OUTLINE, 1.1

ALTER PACKAGE, 1.1

ALTER PROCEDURE, 1.1

ALTER PROFILE, 1.1

ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1.1

ALTER ROLE, 1.1

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

ALTER SEQUENCE, 1.1

ALTER SESSION, 1.1

ALTER SYSTEM, 1.1

ALTER TABLE, 1.1

ALTER TABLESPACE, 1.1

ALTER TRIGGER, 1.1

ALTER TYPE, 1.1

ALTER USER, 1.1

ALTER VIEW, 1.1

ANALYZE, 1.1

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1.1

AUDIT, 1.1

CALL, 1.1

COMMENT, 1.1

COMMIT, 1.1

CREATE CLUSTER, 1.1

CREATE CONTEXT, 1.1

CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1.1

CREATE DIMENSION, 1.1

CREATE DIRECTORY, 1.1

CREATE DISKGROUP, 1.1

CREATE EDITION, 1.1

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

CREATE FUNCTION, 1.1

CREATE INDEX, 1.1

CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1.1

CREATE JAVA, 1.1

CREATE LIBRARY, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

CREATE OPERATOR, 1.1

CREATE OUTLINE, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1.1

CREATE PFILE, 1.1

CREATE PROCEDURE, 1.1

CREATE PROFILE, 1.1

CREATE RESTORE POINT, 1.1

CREATE ROLE, 1.1

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

CREATE SCHEMA, 1.1

CREATE SEQUENCE, 1.1

CREATE SPFILE, 1.1

CREATE SYNONYM, 1.1

CREATE TABLE, 1.1

CREATE TABLESPACE, 1.1

CREATE TRIGGER, 1.1

CREATE TYPE, 1.1

CREATE TYPE BODY, 1.1

CREATE USER, 1.1

CREATE VIEW, 1.1

DELETE, 1.1

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1.1

DROP CLUSTER, 1.1

DROP CONTEXT, 1.1

DROP DATABASE, 1.1

DROP DATABASE LINK, 1.1

DROP DIMENSION, 1.1

DROP DIRECTORY, 1.1

DROP DISKGROUP, 1.1

DROP EDITION, 1.1

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

DROP FUNCTION, 1.1

DROP INDEX, 1.1

DROP INDEXTYPE, 1.1

DROP JAVA, 1.1

DROP LIBRARY, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

DROP OPERATOR, 1.1

DROP OUTLINE, 1.1

DROP PACKAGE, 1.1

DROP PROCEDURE, 1.1

DROP PROFILE, 1.1

DROP RESTORE POINT, 1.1

DROP ROLE, 1.1

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

DROP SEQUENCE, 1.1

DROP SYNONYM, 1.1

DROP TABLE, 1.1

DROP TABLESPACE, 1.1

DROP TRIGGER, 1.1

DROP TYPE, 1.1

DROP TYPE BODY, 1.1

DROP USER, 1.1

DROP VIEW, 1.1

EXPLAIN PLAN, 1.1

FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1.1

FLASHBACK TABLE, 1.1

GRANT, 1.1

INSERT, 1.1

LOCK TABLE, 1.1

MERGE, 1.1

NOAUDIT, 1.1

PURGE, 1.1

RENAME, 1.1

REVOKE, 1.1

ROLLBACK, 1.1

SAVEPOINT, 1.1

SELECT, 1.1

SET CONSTRAINT[S], 1.1

SET ROLE, 1.1

SET TRANSACTION, 1.1

TRUNCATE CLUSTER, 1.1

TRUNCATE TABLE, 1.1

UPDATE, 1.1

SQL*Plus commands, A, A.1

/ (slash), A.1

@ (at sign), A.1

APPEND, A.1

CHANGE, A.1

CONNECT, A.1

DEL, A.1

DESCRIBE, A.1

DISCONNECT, A.1

EDIT, A.1

EXECUTE, A.1

EXIT, A.1

GET, A.1

HELP, A.1

HOST, A.1

INPUT, A.1

LIST, A.1

QUIT, A.1

RUN, A.1

SAVE, A.1

SET, A.1

SHOW, A.1

SHUTDOWN, A.1

SPOOL, A.1

SQLPLUS, A.1

START, A.1

STARTUP, A.1

sql_format of TO_DSINTERVAL function, 5.1

SQL/DS data types

restrictions on, 6.4

SQLPLUS SQL*Plus command, A.1

SQRT function, 2.1

standby_database_clauses, 5.1

START SQL*Plus command, A.1

start_standby_clause, 5.1

STARTUP SQL*Plus command, A.1

startup_clauses, 5.1

statements, 1

see also SQL statements

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_CROSSTAB function, 2.1

STATS_F_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_KS_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_MODE function, 2.1

STATS_MW_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_ONE function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED function, 2.1

STATS_WSR_TEST function, 2.1

STDDEV function, 2.1

STDDEV_POP function, 2.1

STDDEV_SAMP function, 2.1

still_image_object_types, 5.1

stop_standby_clause, 5.1

storage_clause, 5.1

storage_table_clause, 5.1

string, 5.1

striping_clause, 5.1

SUBMULTISET condition, 4.1

subpartition_by_hash, 5.1

subpartition_by_list, 5.1

subpartition_by_range, 5.1

subpartition_extended_name, 5.1

subpartition_template, 5.1

subquery, 5.1

subquery_factoring_clause, 5.1

subquery_restriction_clause, 5.1

substitutable_column_clause, 5.1

SUBSTR function, 2.1

SUM function, 2.1

supplemental_db_logging, 5.1

supplemental_id_key_clause, 5.1

supplemental_log_grp_clause, 5.1

supplemental_logging_props, 5.1

supplemental_plsql_clause, 5.1

supplemental_table_logging, 5.1

supplied data types, 6.1, 6.3

switch_logfile_clause, 5.1

syntax for subclauses, 5.1

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function, 2.1

SYS_CONTEXT function, 2.1

SYS_DBURIGEN function, 2.1

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function, 2.1

SYS_GUID function, 2.1

SYS_TYPEID function, 2.1

SYS_XMLAGG function, 2.1

SYS_XMLGEN function, 2.1

SYSDATE function, 2.1

system_partitioning, 5.1

SYSTIMESTAMP function, 2.1

T

table_collection_expression, 5.1

table_compression, 5.1

table_index_clause, 5.1

table_partition_description, 5.1

table_partitioning_clauses, 5.1

table_properties, 5.1

table_reference, 5.1

tablespace_clauses, 5.1

tablespace_group_clause, 5.1

tablespace_logging_clauses, 5.1

tablespace_retention_clause, 5.1

tablespace_state_clauses, 5.1

TAN function, 2.1

TANH function, 2.1

temporary_tablespace_clause, 5.1

TIME data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

time format models, 7.1.2.1

time zone formatting, 7.1.2.1

timeout_clause, 5.1

TIMESTAMP data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN function, 2.1

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function, 2.1

TO_BINARY_FLOAT function, 2.1

TO_BLOB function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (character) function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (datetime) function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (number) function, 2.1

TO_CLOB function, 2.1

TO_DATE function, 2.1

TO_DSINTERVAL function, 2.1

TO_LOB function, 2.1

TO_MULTI_BYTE function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (character) function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (datetime) function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (number) function, 2.1

TO_NCLOB function, 2.1

TO_NUMBER function, 2.1

TO_SINGLE_BYTE function, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function, 2.1

TO_YMINTERVAL function, 2.1

trace_file_clause, 5.1

TRANSLATE function, 2.1

TRANSLATE...USING function, 2.1

TREAT function, 2.1

TRIM function, 2.1

TRUNC (date) function, 2.1

TRUNC (number) function, 2.1

TRUNCATE CLUSTER statement, 1.1

TRUNCATE TABLE statement, 1.1

truncate_partition_subpart, 5.1

type constructor expressions, 3.1

TZ_OFFSET function, 2.1

U

UID function, 2.1

UNDER_PATH condition, 4.1

undo_tablespace, 5.1

undo_tablespace_clause, 5.1

undrop_disk_clause, 5.1

UNISTR function, 2.1

unpivot_clause, 5.1

unpivot_in_clause, 5.1

UPDATE statement, 1.1

update_all_indexes_clause, 5.1

update_global_index_clause, 5.1

update_index_clauses, 5.1

update_index_partition, 5.1

update_index_subpartition, 5.1

update_set_clause, 5.1

UPDATEXML function, 2.1

upgrade_table_clause, 5.1

UPPER function, 2.1

USER function, 2.1

user_clauses, 5.1

user-defined data types, 6.1

user-defined functions, 2.1

USERENV function, 2.1

usergroup_clauses, 5.1

using_function_clause, 5.1

using_index_clause, 5.1

using_statistics_type, 5.1

using_type_clause, 5.1

V

validation_clauses, 5.1

VALUE function, 2.1

values_clause, 5.1

VAR_POP function, 2.1

VAR_SAMP function, 2.1

VARGRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

VARIANCE function, 2.1

varray_col_properties, 5.1

varray_storage_clause, 5.1

virtual_column_definition, 5.1

VSIZE function, 2.1

W

where_clause, 5.1

WIDTH_BUCKET function, 2.1

windowing_clause, 5.1

X

XML_attributes_clause, 5.1

XML_namespaces_clause, 5.1

XML_passing_clause, 5.1

XML_table_column, 5.1

XML_types, 6.3

XMLAGG function, 2.1

XMLCast function, 2.1

XMLCDATA function, 2.1

XMLCOLATTVAL function, 2.1

XMLCOMMENT function, 2.1

XMLCONCAT function, 2.1

XMLDIFF function, 2.1

XMLELEMENT function, 2.1

XMLEXISTS function, 2.1

XMLFOREST function, 2.1

XMLindex_clause, 5.1

XMLISVALID function, 2.1

XMLPARSE function, 2.1

XMLPATCH function, 2.1

XMLPI function, 2.1

XMLQUERY function, 2.1

XMLROOT function, 2.1

XMLSchema_spec, 5.1

XMLSEQUENCE function, 2.1

XMLSERIALIZE function, 2.1

XMLTABLE function, 2.1

XMLTABLE_options, 5.1

XMLTRANSFORM function, 2.1

XMLType_column_properties, 5.1

XMLType_storage, 5.1

XMLType_table, 5.1

XMLType_view_clause, 5.1

XMLType_virtual_columns, 5.1

Y

ym_iso_format of TO_YMINTERVAL function, 5.1

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