ORDER BY clauses

The ORDER BY clause is used to control the order of result records.

You can sort result records by specifying attribute names or an arbitrary expression.

The ORDER BY syntax is as follows:

ORDER BY <Attr/Exp> [ASC/DESC] [,<AttrExp> [ASC/DESC]]*

where Attr/Exp is either an attribute name or an arbitrary expression.

Optionally, you can specify whether to sort in ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order. You can use any combination of values and sort orders. The absence of a direction implies ASC.

When an ORDER BY clause is used, NULL values will always sort after non-NULL values for a given attribute, and NaN (not-a-number) values will always sort after values other than NaN and NULL, regardless of the direction of the sort. Tied ranges (or all records in the absence of an ORDER BY clause) are ordered in an arbitrary but stable way: the same query will always return its results in the same order, as long as it is querying against the same version of the data. Data updates add or remove records from the order, but will not change the order of unmodified records.

In this example, the amount is calculated for each sales representative. The resulting records are sorted by total amount in descending order:

RETURN Reps AS
SELECT SUM(Amount) AS Total
GROUP BY SalesRep
ORDER BY Total DESC

String sorting

String values are sorted in Unicode code point order.

Geocode sorting

Data of type geocode is sorted by latitude and then by longitude. To establish a more meaningful sort order when using geocode data, compute the distance from some point, and then sort by the distance.

Expression sorting

An ORDER BY clause allows you to use an arbitrary expression to sort the resulting records. The expressions in the ORDER BY clause will only be able to refer to attributes of the local statement, except through LOOKUP expressions, as shown in these simple statements:

/* Invalid statement */
DEFINE T1 AS
SELECT ... AS foo

RETURN T2 AS
SELECT ... AS bar
FROM T1
ORDER BY T1.foo  /* not allowed */

/* Valid statement */
DEFINE T1 AS
SELECT ... AS foo

RETURN T2 AS
SELECT ... AS bar
FROM T1
ORDER BY T1[].foo  /* allowed */

In addition, the expression cannot contain aggregation functions. For example:

RETURN T AS
SELECT ... AS bar
FROM T1
ORDER BY SUM(bar) /* not allowed because of SUM aggregation function */

RETURN T AS
SELECT ... AS bar
FROM T1
ORDER BY ABS(bar) /* allowed */

Stability of ORDER BY

EQL guarantees that the results of a statement are stable across queries. This means that:

If no updates are performed, then the same statement will return results in the same order on repeated queries, even if no ORDER BY clause is specified, or there are ties in the order specified in the ORDER BY clause.
If updates are performed, then only changes that explicitly impact the order will impact the order; the order will not be otherwise affected. The order can be impacted by changes such as deleting or inserting records that contribute to the result on or prior to the returned page, or modifying a value that is used for grouping or ordering.

For example, on a statement with no ORDER BY clause, queries that use PAGE(0, 10), then PAGE(10, 10), then PAGE(20, 10) will, with no updates, return successive groups of 10 records from the same arbitrary but stable result.

For an example with updates, on a statement with ORDER BY Num PAGE(3, 4), an initial query returns records {5, 6, 7, 8}. An update then inserts a record with 4 (before the specified page), deletes the record with 6 (on the specified page), and inserts a record with 9 (after the specified page). The results of the same query, after the update, would be {4, 5, 7, 8}. This is because:

The insertion of 4 shifts all subsequent results down by one. Offsetting by 3 records includes the new record.
The removal of 6 shifts all subsequent results up by one.
The insertion of 9 does not impact any of the records prior to or included in this result.

Note that ORDER BY only impacts the result of a RETURN clause, or the effect of a PAGE clause. ORDER BY on a DEFINE with no PAGE clause has no effect.