Oracle® Database

Database Reference

21c

F31274-29

July 2025

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Title and Copyright Information

Oracle Database Database Reference, 21c

F31274-29

Copyright ©2002,2025,

Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Primary Author: Mary Beth Roeser

Contributing Authors: David McDermid, Sarika Surampudi

Contributors: Nipun Agarwal, Nigel Bayliss, Neerja Bhatt, Wilson Chan, Sumanta Chatterjee, Eugene Chong, Bruce Ernst, Thuvan Hoang, Mark Johnson, Jonathan Klein, Sushil Kumar, Tirthankar Lahiri, Bill Lee, Yunrui Li, Juan Loaiza, Rich Long, Catherine Luu, Neil MacNaughton, Gopal Mulagund, Subramanian Muralidhar, Ravi Murthy, Kant Patel, Mark Ramacher, Suvendu Ray, Debbie Steiner, Malai Stalin, Seema Sundara, Murali Thiyagarajan, Alex Tsukerman, Kothanda Umamageswaran, Steve Vivian, Eric Voss, Tak Wang, Steve Wertheimer, Andy Witkowski, Daniel Wong, Brian Wright, Qin Yu, Mohamed Ziauddin