3 Performance and Scalability
Explains techniques for designing performance and scalability into the database and database applications.
Topics:
3.1 Performance Strategies
Topics:
3.1.1 Designing Your Data Model to Perform Well
This topic briefly describes the important concepts of data modeling. Entire books about this subject are available; refer to them for details and further guidance.
Design your data model for optimal performance of the most important and frequent queries, following this basic procedure:
3.1.1.1 Analyze the Data Requirements of the Application
Analyze the data requirements of your application by following this basic procedure:
3.1.1.2 Create the Database Design for the Application
To create the database design, you must first create the logical design, and then translate this logical design into a physical design.
Topics:
See Also:
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for more information about designing and developing for performance
3.1.1.2.1 Create the Logical Design
The logical design is a graphical representation of the database. The logical design models both relationships between database objects and transaction activity of the application. Effective logical design considers the requirements of different users who must own, access, and update data.
To model relationships between database objects:
- Translate the data requirements into data items (columns).
- Group related columns into tables.
- Map relationships among columns and tables, determining primary and foreign key attributes for each table.
- Normalize the tables to minimize redundancy and dependency.
To model transaction activity:
-
Know the most common transactions and those that users consider most important.
-
Trace transaction paths through the logical model.
-
Prototype transactions in SQL and develop a volume table that indicates the size of your database.
-
Determine which tables are accessed by which users in which sequences, which transactions read data, and which transactions write data.
-
Determine whether the application mostly reads data or mostly writes data.
3.1.1.2.2 Create the Physical Design
The physical design is the implementation of the logical design on the physical database.
Because the logical design integrates the information about tables and columns, the relationships between and among tables, and all known transaction activity, you know how the database stores data in tables and creates other structures, such as indexes.
Using this knowledge, create scripts that use SQL data definition language (DDL) to create the schema definition, define the database objects in their required sequence, define the storage requirements to specification, and so on.
3.1.1.3 Implement the Database Application
Implement the database application by following this basic procedure:
See Also:
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about SQL tuning
-
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about SQL tuning
-
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for more information about workload testing, modeling, and implementation
-
Tools for Performance for information about tools for testing performance
-
Benchmarking Your Application for information about benchmarking your application
-
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for more information about deploying new applications
3.1.1.4 Maintain the Database and Database Application
Maintaining the database, the database application, and the operating system are on-going tasks for the database administrator, the application developer, and the system administrator, respectively. The resources that the business allocates to maintenance depend on the importance of the database and the database application, its growth potential, the need to accommodate more users, and so on.
If you are responsible for maintenance, you must periodically monitor the system, schedule maintenance periods, and inform users of upcoming maintenance periods. If maintenance periods require down time, schedule them for periods with little or no database activity.
Application maintenance includes fixing bugs, applying patches, and releasing upgrades. Test maintenance work in a test environment to catch and resolve any before implemented it on production systems.
3.1.2 Setting Performance Goals (Metrics)
Start your application development project by setting performance goals (metrics), including:
-
Expected number of application users
-
Expected number of transactions per second at peak load times
-
Expected query response times at peak load times
-
Expected number of records for each table per unit of time (such as one day, one month, or one year)
Use these metrics to create benchmark tests.
3.1.3 Benchmarking Your Application
Benchmarks are tests that measure aspects of application performance. Benchmark results either validate application design or raise issues that you can resolve before putting the application into production.
Usually, you first run benchmarks on an isolated single-user system to minimize interference from other factors. Results from such benchmarks provide a performance baseline for the application. For meaningful benchmark results, you must test the application in the environment where you expect it to run.
You can create small benchmarks that measure performance of the most important transactions, compare different solutions to performance problems, and help resolve design issues that could affect performance.
You must develop much larger, more complex benchmarks to measure application performance during peak user loads, peak transaction loads, or both. Such benchmarks are especially important if you expect the user or transaction load to increase over time. You must budget and plan for such benchmarks.
After the application is in production, run benchmarks regularly in the production environment and store their results in a database table. After each benchmark run, compare the previous and new records for transactions that cannot afford performance degradation. Using this method, you isolate issues as they arise. If you wait until users complain about performance, you might be unable to determine when the problem started.
See Also:
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for more information about benchmarking applications
3.2 Tools for Performance
Topics:
Several tools report runtime performance information about your application.
See Also:
Oracle Database Testing Guide for more information about tools for tuning the database
3.2.1 DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO Package
Use the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package with the SQL Trace facility and Oracle Trace and to record the names of executing modules or transactions in the database. System administrators and performance tuning specialists can use this recorded information to track the performance of individual modules and for debugging. System administrators can also use this information to track resource use by module.
When you register the application with the database, its name and actions are recorded in the views V$SESSION
and V$SQLAREA
.
The DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package provides subprograms that set the following columns in the V$SESSION
view:
-
MODULE
(name of application or package) -
ACTION
(name of transaction or packaged subprogram) -
CLIENT_INFO
(additional information about the client application, such as initial bind variable values for the current session)
The DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package also provides subprograms that return information from the preceding V$SESSION
columns for the current session.
You can also use the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package to track the progress of commands that take many seconds to display results (such as those that create indexes or update many rows). The DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package provides a subprogram that stores information about the command in the V$SESSION_LONGOPS
view. The V$SESSION_LONGOPS
view shows when the command started, how far it has progressed, and its estimated time to completion.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information about the
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package -
SQL Trace Facility (SQL_TRACE) for more information about
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
package with the SQL Trace facility -
Oracle Database Reference for information about the
V$SESSION
view -
Oracle Database Reference for information about the
V$SESSION_LONGOPS
view -
Oracle Database Reference for information about the
V$SQLAREA
view
3.2.2 SQL Trace Facility (SQL_TRACE)
Use the SQL Trace facility, SQL_TRACE
, to trace all SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks that your application executes. By enabling the SQL Trace facility for a single statement or module and then disabling it after the statement or module runs, you can get trace information for only that statement or module.
For best results, use the SQL Trace facility with TKPROF
and the EXPLAIN
PLAN
statement. The SQL Trace facility provides performance information for individual SQL statements. TKPROF
formats the trace file contents in a readable file. The EXPLAIN
PLAN
statement shows the execution plans chosen by the optimizer and the execution plan for the specified SQL statement if it were executed in the current session.
Use the SQL Trace facility while designing your application, so that you know what you want to trace and how the application performs before putting it into production. If you wait until performance problems develop in the production environment, your application structure might make using the SQL Trace facility almost impossible.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about
SQL_TRACE
andTKPROF
3.2.3 EXPLAIN PLAN Statement
When you run a SQL statement, the optimizer generates several possible execution plans, calculates the cost of each plan, and uses the plan with the lowest cost.
Plan cost is based on statistics such as the data distribution and storage characteristics of the tables, indexes, and partitions that the SQL statement accesses. The cost of access paths and join orders is based on estimated use of computer resources such as I/O, CPU, and memory.
When you use the statement EXPLAIN
PLAN
FOR
statement
before running statement
, the EXPLAIN
PLAN
statement stores the execution plan for statement
in a plan table. By querying the plan table, you can examine the execution plan that the optimizer chose.
The plan table presents the execution plan as a row source tree, which shows the steps that Oracle Database uses to execute the SQL statement. The row source tree shows the order in which the statement references tables, the join method for tables affected by join operations, and data operations such as filtering, sorting, and aggregation. The plan table also contains optimization information, such as the cost and cardinality of each operation, partitioning information (such as the set of accessed partitions), and parallel execution information (such as the distribution method of join inputs). This information provides valuable insight into how and why the optimizer chose the execution plan.
If you have information about the data that the optimizer does not have, you can give the optimizer a hint, which might change the execution plan. If tests show that the hint improves performance, keep the hint in your code.
Note:
You must regularly test code that contains hints, because changing database conditions and query performance enhancements in subsequent releases can significantly impact how hints affect performance.
The EXPLAIN PLAN
statement shows only how Oracle Database would run the SQL statement when the statement was explained. If the execution environment or explain plan environment changes, the optimizer might use a different execution plan. Therefore, Oracle recommends using SQL plan management to build a SQL plan baseline, which is a set of accepted execution plans for a SQL statement.
First, use the EXPLAIN PLAN
statement to see the statement's execution plan. Second, test the execution plan to verify that it is optimal, considering the statement's actual resource consumption. Finally, if the plan is optimal, use SQL plan management.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about the query optimizer
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about query execution plans
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about influencing the optimizer with hints
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about SQL plan management
3.3 Monitoring Database Performance
Oracle Database provides advisors and powerful tools to help you manage and tune your database.
Topics:
3.3.1 Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM)
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) is an advisor that analyzes data captured in Automatic Workload Repository (AWR). ADDM and AWR are part of the Oracle Diagnostic Pack.
ADDM determines where database performance problems might exist and where they do not exist, and recommends corrections for the former.
ADDM performs its analysis after each AWR snapshot and stores the results in the database. By default, the AWR snapshot interval is 1 hour and the ADDM results retention period is 8 days.
Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control (Cloud Control) displays ADDM Findings on the Database home page. This AWR snapshot data confirms ADDM results, but lacks the analysis and recommendations that ADDM provides. (AWR snapshot data is similar to Statspack data that database administrators used for performance analysis.)
See Also:
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about configuring ADDM, reviewing ADDM analysis, interpreting ADDM findings, implementing ADDM recommendations, and viewing snapshot statistics using Enterprise Manager
3.3.2 Monitoring Real-Time Database Performance
Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control (Cloud Control), you can monitor real-time database performance from the Performance page. From the Performance page, you can access pages that identify performance issues and resolve those issues without waiting for the next ADDM analysis.
See Also:
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about monitoring real-time database performance
3.3.3 Responding to Performance-Related Alerts
The Database home page in Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control (Cloud Control) displays performance-related alerts generated by the database. You can improve database performance by resolving problems indicated by these alerts. Oracle Database by default enables alerts for tablespace usage, snapshot too old, recovery area low on free space, and resumable session suspended. You can view metrics and thresholds, set metric thresholds, respond to alerts, clear alerts, and set up direct alert email notification. Using this built-in alerts infrastructure allows you to be notified for these special performance-related alerts.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for more information about using alerts to help you monitor and tune the database and managing alerts
-
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about monitoring performance alerts
3.3.4 SQL Advisors and Memory Advisors
Oracle Database provides SQL advisors and memory advisors that you can use to help improve database performance.
SQL advisors include SQL Tuning Advisor and SQL Access Advisor, which are part of the Oracle Database Tuning Pack.
SQL Tuning Advisor accepts one or more SQL statements as input and returns specific tuning recommendations. Each recommendation includes a rationale and expected benefit. Recommendations are based on object statistics, new index creation, SQL statement restructuring, and SQL profile creation.
SQL Access Advisor enables you to optimize data access paths of SQL queries by recommending a set of materialized views and view logs, indexes, and partitions for a given SQL workload.
Memory advisors include Memory Advisor, SGA Advisor, Shared Pool Advisor, Buffer Cache Advisor, and PGA Advisor. Memory advisors provide graphical analyses of total memory target settings, SGA and PGA target settings, and SGA component size settings. Use these analyses to tune database performance and to plan for possible situations.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about tools for tuning the database
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about SQL Tuning Advisor
-
Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide for more information about SQL Access Advisor
3.4 Testing for Performance
When testing an application for performance, follow these guidelines:
-
Use Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) and SQL Tuning Advisor for design validation.
ADDM determines where database performance problems might exist and recommends corrections. For example, if ADDM finds high-load SQL statements, then you can use SQL Tuning Advisor to analyze those statements and provide tuning recommendations.
-
Test with realistic data volumes and distributions.
The test database must contain data representative of the production system. Tables must be fully populated and represent the data volume and cardinality between tables found in the production system. All production indexes must be built and the schema statistics must be populated correctly.
-
Test with the optimizer mode to be used in production.
Because Oracle Database research and development focuses on the query optimizer, Oracle re commands using the query optimizer in both the test and production environments.
-
Test a single user performance first.
Start testing with a single user on an idle or lightly-used database. If a single user cannot achieve acceptable performance under ideal conditions, then multiple users cannot achieve acceptable performance under real conditions.
-
Get an execution plan for each SQL statement.
Verify that the optimizer uses optimal execution plans, and that you understand the relative cost of each SQL statement in terms of CPU time and physical I/O. Identify heavily used transactions that would benefit most from tuning.
-
Test with multiple users.
This testing is difficult to perform accurately because user workload and profiles might not be fully quantified. However, you must test DML transactions in a multiuser environment to ensure that there are no locking conflicts or serialization problems.
-
Test with a hardware configuration as close as possible to the production system.
Testing on a realistic system is particularly important for network latencies, I/O subsystem bandwidth, and processor type and speed. Testing on an unrealistic system can fail to reveal potential performance problems.
-
Measure steady state performance.
Each benchmark run must have a ramp-up phase, where users connect to the database and start using the application. This phase lets frequently cached data be initialized into the cache and lets single-execution operations (such as parsing) be completed before reaching the steady state condition. Likewise, each benchmark run must end with a ramp-down period, where resources are freed from the system and users exit the application and disconnect from the database.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide for more information about performance tuning, workload testing, modeling, and implementation
-
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM)and SQL Advisors and Memory Advisors for more information about ADDM and SQL Tuning Advisor respectively
-
Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide for more information about tuning SQL statements using the SQL Tuning Advisor
3.5 Using Client Result Cache
Topics:
3.5.1 About Client Result Cache
Applications that use Oracle Database drivers and adapters built on OCI libraries—including C, C++, Java (JDBC-OCI), PHP, Python, Ruby, and Perl—can use the client result cache to improve response times of repetitive queries.
Client result cache enables client-side caching of SQL query (SELECT
statement) result sets in client memory. Because retrieving results from a client process is faster than calling the database and rerunning the query, frequently run queries perform significantly faster when their results are cached. Client result cache also reduces the server CPU time that would have been used to process the query, thereby improving server scalability.
OCI statements from multiple sessions can match the same cached result set in the OCI process memory if they have similar schemas, SQL text, bind values, and session settings. If not, the query execution is directed to the server.
Client result cache is transparent to applications, and its cache of result set data is kept consistent with session or database changes that affect its result set data.
Applications that use the client result cache benefit from faster performance for queries that have cache hits. These applications use the cached result sets on clients or middle tiers.
Client result cache works with OCI features such as the OCI session pool, the OCI connection pool, DRCP, and OCI transparent application failover (TAF).
When using the client result cache, you must also enable OCI statement caching or cache statements at the application level.
Note:
Oracle Database 18.1 onwards, Client Result Cache supports dynamic bindingSee Also:
-
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for information about statement caching
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for information about JDBC statement caching
-
SQL hints and
RESULT_CACHE
for clauses ofALTER TABLE
and
CREATE TABLE
3.5.2 Benefits of Client Result Cache
The benefits of the client result cache are:
-
Client result cache is on the client, therefore a cache hit causes fetch (
OCIStmtFetch2()
) and execute (OCIStmtExecute()
) calls to be processed locally, eliminating a server round trip. Eliminating server round trips reduces the use of server resources (such as server CPU and server I/O), significantly improving performance. -
Client result cache is transparent and consistent.
-
Client result cache is available to every process, so multiple client sessions can simultaneously use matching cached result sets.
-
Client result cache minimizes the need for each OCI application to have its own custom result cache.
-
Client result cache transparently manages:
-
Concurrent access by multiple threads, multiple statements, and multiple sessions
-
Invalidation of cached result sets that might have been affected by database changes
-
Refreshing of cached result sets
-
Cache memory management
-
-
Client result cache is automatically available to applications and drivers that use OCI libraries, including JDBC OCI, ODP.NET, OCCI, Pro*C/C++, Pro*COBOL, and ODBC.
-
Client result cache uses OCI client memory, which might be less expensive than server memory.
-
A local cache on the client has better locality of reference for queries executed by that client.
See Also:
OCIStmtExecute()
and OCIStmtFetch2()
in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide
3.5.3 Guidelines for Using Client Result Cache
You can enable or disable the client result cache at three levels, which are, in order of descending precedence:
-
Query
For a specific query, you can enable or disable the client result cache with a SQL hint. To add or change a SQL hint, you must change the application.
-
Table
For all queries on a specific table, you can enable or disable the client result cache with a table annotation, without changing the application.
-
Session
For all queries in your database session, you can enable or disable the client result cache with a session parameter, without changing the application.
Higher-level settings take precedence over lower-level ones.
Oracle recommends enabling the client result cache only for queries on read-only and seldom-updated tables (tables that are rarely updated). That is, enable the client result cache:
-
At query level only for queries of read-only and seldom-read tables
-
At table level only for read-only and seldom-read tables
-
At session level only when running applications that query only read-only or seldom-read tables
Enabling the client result cache for queries that have large result sets or many sets of bind values can use a large amount of client result cache memory. Each set of bind values (for the same SQL text) creates a different cached result set.
When the client result cache is enabled for a query, its result sets can be cached on the client, server, or both. Client result cache can be enabled even if the server result cache (which is enabled by default) is disabled.
For OCI, the first OCIStmtExecute()
call of every OCI statement handle call always goes to the server even if there might be a valid cached result set. An OCIStmtExecute()
call must be made for each statement handle to be able to match a cached result set. Oracle recommends that applications either have their own statement caching for OCI statement handles or use OCI statement caching so that OCIStmtPrepare2()
can return an OCI statement handle that has been executed once. Multiple OCI statement handles, from the same or different sessions, can simultaneously fetch data from the same cached result set.
For OCI, for a result set to be cached, the OCIStmtExecute()
or OCIStmtFetch2()
calls that transparently create this cached result set must fetch rows until ORA-01403 (No Data Found) is returned. Subsequent OCIStmtExecute()
or OCIStmtFetch2()
calls that match a locally cached result set need not fetch to completion.
See Also:
Topics:
3.5.3.1 SQL Hints
The SQL hint RESULT_CACHE
or NO_RESULT_CACHE
applies to a single query, for which it enables or disables the client result cache.
These hints take precedence over both table annotations and the
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
server initialization parameter.
For OCI, the SQL hint /*+ result_cache */
or /*+ no_result_cache */
must be set in SQL text passed to OCIStmtPrepare()
and OCIStmtPrepare2()
calls.
For JDBC OCI, the SQL hint /*+ result_cache */
or /*+ no_result_cache */
is included in the query (SELECT
statement) as part of the query string.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for general information about SQL hints
-
OCIStmtPrepare()
,OCIStmtPrepare2()
in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide -
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for information about SQL hints in JDBC
3.5.3.2 Table Annotation
A table annotation enables or disables the client result cache for all
queries on a specific table. A table annotation takes precedence over the
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
server initialization parameter, but the SQL
hints /*+ RESULT_CACHE */
and /*+ NO_RESULT_CACHE */
take precedence over a table annotation.
You annotate a table with either the CREATE
TABLE
or ALTER
TABLE
statement, using the RESULT_CACHE
clause. To
enable the client result cache, specify RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
FORCE)
; to disable it, use RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
DEFAULT)
.
Table 3-1 summarizes the table annotation result cache modes.
Table 3-1 Table Annotation Result Cache Modes
Mode | Description |
---|---|
|
The default value. Result caching is not determined at the table level. You can use this value to clear any table annotations. |
|
If all table names in the query have this setting, then the query result is always considered for caching unless the |
See Also:
-
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information about
RESULT_CACHE
clause ofALTER
TABLE
andCREATE
TABLE
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for information about table annotations in JDBC
3.5.3.3 Session Parameter
The session parameter RESULT_CACHE_MODE
enables or disables the
client result cache for all queries for your database session.
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
can be overruled for specific tables by table
annotations and for specific queries by SQL hints.
You can set RESULT_CACHE_MODE
in either the server parameter file
(init.ora
) or the ALTER
SESSION
or ALTER
SYSTEM
statement. To enable the client result cache, set
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
to FORCE
; to disable it, set
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
to MANUAL
.
See Also:
Oracle Database Reference for more information about RESULT_CACHE_MODE
3.5.3.4 Effective Table Result Cache Mode
The effective result cache mode for a table depends on both the table annotation result cache mode and the RESULT_CACHE_MODE
session parameter setting, as Table 3-2 shows.
Table 3-2 Effective Result Cache Table Mode
Table Annotation Result Cache Mode | RESULT_CACHE_MODE = MANUAL | RESULT_CACHE_MODE = FORCE |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When the effective mode is FORCE
, every query is considered for result caching unless the query has the NO_RESULT_CACHE
hint, but actual result caching depends on internal restrictions for client and server caches, query potential for reuse, and space available in the client result cache.
The effective table result cache mode FORCE
is similar to the SQL hint RESULT_CACHE
in that both are only requests.
3.5.3.5 Displaying Effective Table Result Cache Mode
To display the result cache mode for one or more tables, see the RESULT_CACHE
column of a *_TABLES
static data dictionary view. For example:
-
This query displays the result cache mode for the table
T
:SELECT result_cache FROM all_tables WHERE table_name = 'T'
-
This query displays the result cache mode for all relational tables that you own:
SELECT table_name, result_cache FROM user_tables
If the result cache mode is DEFAULT
, then the table is not annotated.
If the result cache mode is FORCE
, then the table was annotated with the RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
FORCE)
clause of the CREATE
TABLE
or ALTER
TABLE
statement.
If the result cache mode is MANUAL
, then the session parameter RESULT_CACHE_MODE
was set to MANUAL
in either the server parameter file (init.ora
) or an ALTER
SESSION
or ALTER
SYSTEM
statement.
See Also:
Oracle Database Reference for more information about *_TABLES
static data dictionary views
3.5.3.6 Result Cache Mode Use Cases
The following examples show when SQL hints take precedence over table annotations and the RESULT_CACHE_MODE
session parameter.
-
If the
emp
table is annotated withALTER
TABLE
emp
RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
FORCE
) and the session parameter has its default value,MANUAL
, then queries onemp
are considered for result caching.However, results of the query
SELECT
/*+ no_result_cache */
empno
FROM
emp
are not cached, because the SQL hint takes precedence over the table annotation and session parameter. -
If the
emp
table is not annotated, or is annotated withALTER
TABLE
emp
RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
DEFAULT
), and the session parameter has its default value,MANUAL
, then queries onemp
are not result cached.However, results of the query
SELECT
/*+ result_cache */
*
FROM
emp
are considered for caching, because the SQL hint takes precedence over the table annotation and session parameter. -
If the session parameter
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
is set toFORCE
, and no table annotations or SQL hints override it, then all queries on all tables are considered for query caching.
3.5.3.7 Queries Never Result Cached in Client Result Cache
Results of the following queries are never cached in the client result cache (even
if the queries include the RESULT_CACHE
hint):
-
Queries that contain any of the following:
-
Remote object
-
Complex type in the select list
-
PL/SQL function
-
-
Snapshot-based queries
-
Flashback queries
-
Queries executed in serializable, read-only transactions
-
Queries of tables on which virtual private database (VPD) policies are enabled
Such queries might be cached on the database if the server result cache feature is enabled—for more information, see Oracle Database Concepts.
3.5.4 Setting Result Cache Integrity
With Oracle Database 23ai, you can control the integrity of the result cache using
the database initialization parameter: RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
. The
RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter enables you to specify whether the
result cache must consider caching the queries that use potentially non-deterministic
constructs, such as PL/SQL functions that are not declared as deterministic. In other
words, you can use the RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter to ensure that
only explicitly deterministic queries are cached.
Enforcing the need to explicitly declare objects as deterministic before being considered for result caching can eventually improve the code quality while also rule out the chance of accidentally caching objects that should not be cached.
You can set the RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter as
ENFORCED
or TRUSTED
, which directs the database to
do one of the following:
-
When
RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY = ENFORCED
, enforce result cache integrity regardless of the setting of theRESULT_CACHE_MODE
initialization parameter or any specified hints, allowing only deterministic constructs to be eligible for result caching. For example, queries using PL/SQL functions that are not explicitly declared as deterministic are not cached. -
When
RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY = TRUSTED
, honor the setting of theRESULT_CACHE_MODE
initialization parameter and any specified hints, and consider queries that use possibly non-deterministic constructs as candidates for result caching. For example, queries using PL/SQL functions that are not explicitly declared as deterministic may be cached. Results that are certain to be non-deterministic (for example,SYSDATE
or constructs involvingSYSDATE
) are not cached.
The RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter defaults to
TRUSTED
for Oracle Database 23ai (unmanaged) and
ENFORCED
for Oracle Autonomous Database 23ai.
Note:
Setting the RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter to
TRUSTED
achieves backward compatibility with databases prior to
23ai.
If the RESULT_CACHE_MODE
parameter is set to
FORCE
or FORCE_TEMP
, then Oracle recommends
setting the RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
parameter to
ENFORCED
, which ensures that only deterministic constructs are
eligible for result caching. This prevents the caching of non-deterministic constructs,
which can potentially cause material changes to results.
See Also:
-
RESULT_CACHE_INTEGRITY
andRESULT_CACHE_MODE
in Database Reference -
Setting the Result Cache Mode in Database Performance Tuning Guide
-
SQL hints and
RESULT_CACHE
in SQL Language Reference for clauses ofALTER TABLE
and
CREATE TABLE
3.5.5 Client Result Cache Consistency
Client result cache transparently keeps its result sets consistent with any database or session state changes that affect them.
When a transaction modifies the data or metadata of any database object used to construct a cached result set, invalidation of that cached result set is sent to the client on its next round trip to the server. If the application does no database calls for a period of time, then the client result cache lag setting forces the next OCIStmtExecute()
call to make a database call to check for such invalidations.
Cached result sets relevant to database invalidations are immediately invalidated. Any OCI statement handles that are fetching from cached result sets when their invalidations are received can continue fetching from them, but no subsequent OCIStmtExecute()
calls can match them.
The next OCIStmtExecute()
call by the process might cache the new
result set if the client result cache has space available. Client result cache
periodically reclaims unused memory.
If a session has a transaction open, OCI ensures that its queries that reference database objects changed in this transaction go to the server instead of the client result cache.
This consistency mechanism ensures that the client result cache is always close to
committed database changes. If the application has relatively frequent calls involving
database round trips due to queries that cannot be cached (DMLs, OCILob
calls, and so on), then these calls transparently keep the client result cache
consistent with database changes.
Sometimes, when a table is modified, a trigger causes another table to be modified. Client result cache is sensitive to such changes.
When the session state is altered—for example, when NLS session parameters are modified—query results can change. Client result cache is sensitive to such changes and for subsequent query executions, returns the correct result set. However, the client result cache keeps the current cached result sets (and does not invalidate them) so that other sessions in the process can match them. If other processes do not match them, these result sets are "Ruled" after a while. Result sets that correspond to the new session state are cached.
For an application, keeping track of database and session state changes that affect query result sets can be cumbersome and error-prone, but the client result cache transparently keeps its result sets consistent with such changes.
Client result cache does not require thread support in the client.
See Also:
OCIStmtExecute()
in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide
3.5.6 Deployment-Time Settings for Client Result Cache
When you deploy your application, you can set the following for the client result cache (without changing the application):
-
Server initialization parameters
-
Client configuration parameters
-
Table annotations
-
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
session parameter
3.5.6.1 Server Initialization Parameters
The server initialization parameters to set for the client result cache when you deploy your application are:
3.5.6.1.1 COMPATIBLE
Specifies the release with which Oracle Database must maintain compatibility. To
enable the client result cache, COMPATIBLE
must be at least
11.0.0.0. To enable client the result cache for views, COMPATIBLE
must be at least 11.2.0.0.
3.5.6.1.2 CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
Specifies the maximum size of the client result set cache
for each OCI client process. The default value, 0, means that the client result
cache is disabled. To enable the client result cache, set
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
to at least 32768 bytes (32 kilobytes
(KB)).
If the client result cache is enabled on the server by
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
, then its value can be overridden by
the sqlnet.ora
configuration parameter
OCI_RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE
. If the client result cache is
disabled on the server, then OCI_RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE
is ignored
and the client result cache cannot be enabled.
Oracle recommends either enabling the client result cache for all Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) nodes or disabling the client result cache for all Oracle RAC nodes. Otherwise, within a client process, some sessions might have caching enabled and other sessions might have caching disabled (thereby getting the latest results from the server). This combination might present an inconsistent view of the database to the application.
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
is a static parameter. Therefore, if you use an ALTER
SYSTEM
statement to change the value of CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
, you must include the SCOPE
=
SPFILE
clause and restart the database before the change will take effect.
The maximum value for CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
is the least of these values:
-
Available client memory
-
((Possible number of result sets to be cached) * (average size of a row in a result set) * (average number of rows in a result set))
-
2 gigabytes (GB)
If you specify a value greater than 2 GB, then the value is 2 GB.
Note:
Do not set the CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_SIZE
parameter during database creation, because that can cause errors.
3.5.6.1.3 CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_LAG
Specifies the maximum time in milliseconds that the client result cache can lag behind changes in the database that affect its result sets. The default is 3000 milliseconds.
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_LAG
is a static parameter. Therefore, if you use an ALTER
SYSTEM
statement to change the value of CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_LAG
, you must include the SCOPE
=
SPFILE
clause and restart the database before the change will take effect.
3.5.6.2 Client Configuration Parameters
Client configuration parameters are optional, but if set, they override the equivalent parameters in the server initialization file init.ora
.
Client configuration parameters can be set in the oraaccess.xml
file, the sqlnet.ora
file, or both. When equivalent parameters are set both files, the oraaccess.xml
setting takes precedence over the corresponding sqlnet.ora
setting. When a parameter is not set in oraaccess.xml
, the process searches for its setting in sqlnet.ora
.
When a client configuration parameter can be set in both oraaccess.xml
and sqlnet.ora
, Oracle recommends setting the parameter in oraaccess.xml
. However, for a network configuration, sqlnet.ora
is the primary file, because oraaccess.xml
does not support network level settings.
Table 3-3 describes the equivalent oraaccess.xml
and sqlnet.ora
client configuration parameters.
Table 3-3 Client Configuration Parameters (Optional)
oraacess.xml Parameter | sqlnet.ora Parameter | Description |
---|---|---|
|
|
Maximum size in bytes for the client result cache for each process. Specifying a size less than 32768 in |
|
|
Maximum size of any result set in bytes in the client result cache for each process. |
|
|
Maximum size of any result set in rows in the client result cache for each process. |
The result cache lag cannot be set on the client.
Related Topics
3.5.7 Client Result Cache Statistics
On round trips to the server from the OCI client, OCI periodically sends the client
result cache statistics to the server. These statistics, shown in the
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_STATS$
view, include number of result sets
successfully cached, number of cache hits, and number of cached result sets invalidated.
The number of cache misses for queries is at least equal to the number of Create Counts
in the client result cache statistics. More precisely, the cache miss count equals the
number of server executions in server Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) reports.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Reference for information about the
CLIENT_RESULT_CACHE_STAT$
view -
Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide to find the client process IDs and session IDs for the sessions doing client result caching
3.5.8 Validation of Client Result Cache
Some ways to validate client result cache are:
3.5.8.1 Measure Execution Times
First, measure the execution time of the queries without RESULT_CACHE
hints. Then add RESULT_CACHE
hints to the queries and measure the execution time again. The difference in execution times is your performance gain.
3.5.8.2 Query V$MYSTAT
Note:
To query the V$MYSTAT
view, you must have the SELECT
privilege on it.
Instead of adding the hint to the query in step 3
, you can add the table annotation RESULT_CACHE
(MODE
FORCE)
to table_name
at step 3
and then run the query in step 1
a few times.
3.5.9 Client Result Cache and Server Result Cache
Client result cache is different from server result cache. Client result cache caches results of top-level SQL queries in OCI client memory, whereas the server result cache caches result sets and query fragments in server SGA memory.
You can enable the client result cache independently of the server result cache,
though they share the result cache SQL hints, table annotations, and session parameter
RESULT_CACHE_MODE
. Table 3-4 shows the result cache association for result cache parameters, the
PL/SQL package DBMS_RESULT_CACHE
, and result cache views.
See Also:
Table 3-4 Setting Client Result Cache and Server Result Cache
Parameters, PL/SQL Package, and Database Views | Result Cache Association |
---|---|
|
client result cache |
SQL hints:
|
client result cache, server result cache |
|
client result cache |
|
client result cache |
|
client result cache, server result cache |
All other |
server result cache |
|
server result cache |
|
server result cache |
|
client result cache, server result cache |
|
client result cache, server result cache |
3.5.10 Client Result Cache Demo Files
For OCI applications, demonstration files for the client result cache are
cdemoqc.sql
, cdemoqc.c
, and
cdemoqc2.c
(in the demo
directory for your
operating system).
3.5.11 Client Result Cache Compatibility with Previous Releases
To use the client result cache, applications must be relinked with Oracle Database
11g Release 1 (11.1) or later client libraries and be connected to an
Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1) or later database server. Client result
cache is available to all OCI applications, including JDBC Type II driver, OCCI,
Pro*C/C++, and ODP.NET. OCI drivers automatically pass the SQL hint
RESULT_CACHE
to OCIStmtPrepare()
and
OCIStmtPrepare2()
calls.
See Also:
OCIStmtPrepare()
, OCIStmtPrepare2()
in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide
3.6 Statement Caching
Statement caching is a feature that establishes and manages a cache of statements for each session. In the server, statement caching lets cursors be used without reparsing the statement, eliminating repetitive statement parsing. You can use statement caching with both connection pooling and session pooling, thereby improving performance and scalability. You can also use statement caching without session pooling in OCI and without connection pooling in OCCI, in the JDBC interface, and in the ODP.NET interface. You can also use dynamic SQL statement caching in Oracle precompiler applications that rely on dynamic SQL statements, such as Pro*C/C++ and ProCOBOL.
In the JDBC interface, you can enable and disable implicit and explicit statement caching independently of the other—you can use either, neither, or both. Implicit and explicit statement caching share a single cache for each connection. You can also disable implicit caching for a particular statement.
See Also:
-
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information and guidelines about using statement caching in OCI
-
Oracle C++ Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about statement caching in OCCI
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for more information about using statement caching
-
Oracle Data Provider for .NET Developer's Guide for Microsoft Windows for more information about using statement caching in ODP.NET applications
-
Oracle Database Programmer's Guide to the Oracle Precompilers, Pro*C/C++ Programmer's Guide, and Pro*COBOL Programmer's Guide for more information about using dynamic SQL statement caching in precompiler applications that rely on dynamic SQL statements
3.7 OCI Client Statement Cache Auto-Tuning
OCI client statement cache auto-tuning optimizes OCI client session features of middle-tier applications to improve performance without changing your OCI application.
Without auto-tuning, the OCI client statement cache size setting can become suboptimal—for example, when a changing workload causes a different working set of SQL statements. If the size is too low, it causes excess network activity and more parses at the server. If the size is too high, it causes excess memory use. It can be difficult for the client application to keep the cache size optimal.
Auto-tuning solves this potential performance problem by automatically and periodically reconfiguring the OCI statement cache size.
Auto-tuning is achieved by providing a deployment-time setting that provides an option to reconfigure OCI statement caching. These settings are provided as connect-string-based deployment settings in a client oraaccess.xml
file that overrides programmatic settings to the user configuration of OCI features.
Middle-tier application developers and database administrators (DBAs) can expect reduced time and effort in diagnosing and fixing performance problems with each part of their system using the auto-tuning OCI client statement caching parameter setting.
See Also:
3.8 Client-Side Deployment Parameters
Beginning with Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.1), OCI deployment parameters are available in a new configuration file (oraaccess.xml
).
3.9 Using Query Change Notification
Continuous Query Notification (CQN) lets client applications register queries with the database and receive notifications of DML or DDL changes on the objects (object change notification (OCN)) or result set changes associated with the queries (query result change notification (QRCN)). The database publishes notifications when the DML or DDL transaction commits.
A CQN registration associates one or more queries with a notification type (OCN or QRCN) and a notification handler. To create a CQN registration, you can use:
-
PL/SQL interface
When you use the PL/SQL interface, the notification handler is a server-side PL/SQL stored procedure. PL/SQL registration can be used by nonthreaded languages and systems, such as PHP. For PHP, the PL/SQL listener invokes a PHP callback when it receives the database notification.
-
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
When you use OCI, the notification handler is a client-side C callback procedure.
-
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) interface
When you use the JDBC interface, the JDBC driver creates a registration on the server. The JDBC driver launches a new thread that listens for notifications from the server (through a dedicated channel), converts them to Java events, and then notifies all listeners registered with this registration.
See Also:
-
Using Continuous Query Notification (CQN) for a complete discussion of the concepts of this feature and how to use the PL/SQL and OCI interfaces to create CQN registrations
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for information about using JDBC for CQN registration on the server
3.10 Using Database Resident Connection Pool
Database Resident Connection Pool (DRCP) provides a connection pool in the database server for typical web application usage scenarios where the application acquires a database connection, works on the database for a relatively short time, and then releases the connection.
3.10.1 About Database Resident Connection Pool
DRCP offers a unique connection pooling solution that addresses scalability requirements in environments requiring large numbers of connections with minimal database resource usage.
DRCP pools server processes, each of which is the equivalent of a dedicated server process and database session combined; these are called pooled servers. Pooled servers can be shared by multiple applications running on the same or several hosts. A connection broker process manages the pooled servers at the database instance level.
DRCP is configurable at the PDB level, or can be chosen at application runtime. It allows concurrent use of traditional and DRCP-based connection architectures.
DRCP is especially useful for architectures with multiprocess single-threaded application servers (such as PHP and Apache) that cannot do middle-tier connection pooling. DRCP is also very useful in large-scale web deployments where hundreds or thousands of web servers or middle-tiers need database access and client-side pools (even in multithreaded systems and languages such as Java). Using DRCP, the database can scale to tens of thousands of simultaneous connections. If your database web application must scale to large numbers of connections, DRCP is your connection pooling solution.
DRCP complements middle-tier connection pools that share connections between threads in a middle-tier process. DRCP also enables sharing of database connections across middle-tier processes on the same middle-tier host, across multiple middle-tier hosts, and across multiple middle-tiers (web servers, containers) that accommodate applications written in different languages. This sharing significantly reduces the database resources needed to support a large number of client connections, thereby reducing the database tier memory footprint and increasing the scalability of both middle and database tiers. Having a pool of readily available servers also reduces the cost of creating and releasing client connections.
Clients get connections from the DRCP, which is connected to an Oracle Database background process called the connection broker. The connection broker implements the pool functionality and multiplexes pooled servers among persistent inbound connections from the client.
When a client needs database access, the connection broker gets a server process from the pool and gives it to the client. The client is then directly connected to the server. After the server executes the client request, the server process returns to the pool and the connection from the client is restored to the connection broker as a persistent inbound connection from the client process. In DRCP, releasing resources leaves the session intact, but no longer associated with a connection (server process). Because this session stores its user global area (UGA) in the program global area (PGA), not in the system global area (SGA), a client can reestablish a connection transparently upon detecting activity.
DRCP is typically recommended for applications with a large number of connections. Shared servers are recommended for applications with a medium number of connections and dedicated sessions are recommended for applications with a small number of connections. The threshold sizes depend on the amount of memory available on the database host.
DRCP has these advantages:
-
DRCP enables resource sharing among multiple client applications and middle-tier application servers.
-
DRCP improves scalability of databases and applications by reducing resource usage on the database host.
Compared to client-side connection pooling and shared servers:
-
DRCP provides a direct connection to the database server, furnished by client-side connection pooling (like client-side connection pooling but unlike shared servers).
-
DRCP can pool database servers (like client-side connection pooling and shared servers).
-
DRCP can pool sessions (like client-side connection pooling but unlike shared servers).
-
DRCP can share connections across middle-tier boundaries (unlike client-side connection pooling).
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Concepts for details about DRCP architecture
-
Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide for more information about switch service enhancements.
3.10.2 Configuring DRCP
You can configure the DRCP at either the CDB or PDB level.
The database parameter ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP
controls whether
DRCP is configured in CDB DRCP mode or per-PDB DRCP mode.
You can configure Database Resident Connection Pool (DRCP) to use a CDB wide
pool by setting the database parameter
ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP
=FALSE
. The database
administrator must start and configure DRCP using the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package in the ROOT container. In CDB DRCP
mode, you cannot use subprograms in the DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package to
manage the pool at the PDB level. You can monitor pools usage and statistics in the ROOT
container pertaining to the CDB by querying the GV$CPOOL_STATS
,
GV$CPOOL_CC_STATS
, GV$SPOOL_CONN_INFO
,
GV$AUTHPOOL_STATS
and GV$SPOOL_CC_INFO
views. The
SYS user in the PDB can view statistics from GV$SPOOL_CC_INFO
and
GV$AUTHPOOL_STATS
. Configuration options include minimum and
maximum number of pooled servers, number of connection brokers, maximum number of
connections that each connection broker can handle, and so on.
Alternatively, the database administrator can enable the per-PDB DRCP mode
by setting the database parameter
ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP
=TRUE
. In this mode, you can
create an isolated set of pooled servers for each pluggable database. The DRCP
connection broker is started by the ROOT container. The PDB administrator can configure,
manage and monitor independent pools customized to each PDB specific needs using the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
subprograms. Processes are not shared between
PDBs. ROOT and PDBs only share metadata. They do not share data in pool configuration
tables. Each container stores its own pool configuration data. The statistics in the
views will be kept for each PDB. The PDB administrator can neither alter the broker
parameters, such as MINSIZE
, MAXCONN_CBROK
and
NUM_CBROK
, nor can they set the broker parameters to 2147483647.
These parameters can only be modified in the database parameter
CONNECTION_BROKERS
and apply to the entire CDB. The database
parameters MIN_AUTH_SERVERS
, MAX_AUTH_SERVERS
and
DRCP_DEDICATED_OPT
are dynamically per PDB modifiable using the
ALTER SYSTEM
command.
To avoid configuration, by default, DRCP auto-starts when a PDB opens, and it stops when the PDB closes. If the PDB administrator stops the pool, then the DRCP does not auto-start when the PDB re-opens in the future.
The DRCP_DEDICATED_OPT
parameter controls the use of
dedicated optimization with DRCP. It is disabled by default when per-PDB mode is
enabled.
The MAX_TXN_THINK_TIME
parameter specifies the maximum
time of inactivity allowed before termination for a client with an open transaction.
This can be set to allow more time than the client that does not have transactions
(specified by the MAX_THINK_TIME
parameter value). This allows
efficient pool reuse, while giving incomplete transactions a longer time to
conclude.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for details about the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package -
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for more information about Configuring the Connection Pool for Database Resident Connection Pooling
3.10.2.1 Managing Permissions for Per-PDB DRCP
For the per-PDB DRCP configuration (ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP=TRUE
), the
SYS
user must grant permissions to the PDB
administrator to manage DRCP at the PDB level.
By default, DRCP is configured at the CDB level. In the CDB DRCP mode, a
single DRCP pool running in the CDB is shared across all the PDBs. In the CDB DRCP mode,
the ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP
database initialization parameter is set to
FALSE
. The ENABLE_PER_PDB_DRCP
parameter can be
set to TRUE
to enable per-PDB DRCP.
For a PDB administrator to access the DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package and
query the DRCP statistics, the ROOT user (SYS) must grant the following permissions to
the PDB administrator (PDB1ADMIN
in this case).
GRANT CREATE SESSION, CREATE SYNONYM TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT SELECT ON V_$CPOOL_STATS TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT SELECT ON V_$CPOOL_CC_STATS TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT SELECT ON V_$CPOOL_CONN_INFO TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT SELECT ON V_$CPOOL_CC_INFO TO PDB1ADMIN;
GRANT SELECT ON V_$AUTHPOOL_STATS TO PDB1ADMIN;
To make the management and monitoring of DRCP pools easier, the PDB administrator
(PDB1ADMIN
in this case) can create the following synonyms.
CREATE SYNONYM DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL FOR SYS.DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL;
CREATE SYNONYM V$CPOOL_STATS FOR SYS.V_$CPOOL_STATS;
CREATE SYNONYM V$CPOOL_CC_STATS FOR SYS.V_$CPOOL_CC_STATS;
CREATE SYNONYM V$CPOOL_CONN_INFO FOR SYS.V_$CPOOL_CONN_INFO;
CREATE SYNONYM V$CPOOL_CC_INFO FOR SYS.V_$CPOOL_CC_INFO;
CREATE SYNONYM V$AUTHPOOL_STATS FOR SYS.V_$AUTHPOOL_STATS;
Once this is done, pool management is allowed only at the PDB level by the respective PDB administrators.
3.10.3 Using Multi-pool DRCP
Starting Oracle Database 23ai, you can use multiple, named DRCP pools. Database administrators can add, configure, manage, monitor, or remove a DRCP pool at the PDB or CDB level. You can configure DRCP to use connections (pooled servers) from any available DRCP pool and have a specific application acquire connections from a configured DRCP pool.
The default system-named pool: SYS_DEFAULT_CONNECTION_POOL
is always available. You can create a new, named pool using the
ADD_POOL
procedure in the DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package. Depending on your requirements, applications can use connections from any DRCP
pool.
Having multiple pools allows finer control over the DRCP pool usage. You can have pooled servers available to a few applications or services at all times. You can avoid a situation where connections from some applications occupy all the pooled servers of a DRCP pool while other applications wait for an available pooled server in that pool.
Components of Multi-pool DRCP
The following components are common to all the multi-pool DRCP pools and the default pool, at the PDB or CDB level.
-
A connection broker to manage the pooled servers and handle the connection hand-off process.
-
An authentication pool to authenticate user connections when client applications connect to DRCP.
Other components include:
-
A default pool called
SYS_DEFAULT_CONNECTION_POOL
to handle DRCP for pools when no pool name is specified. The client cannot add or remove the default pool. -
Multiple DRCP pools that are added at the PDB or CDB level.
Figure 3-1 Multi-pool DRCP
3.10.3.1 Adding a DRCP Pool
By connecting to a PDB, a PDB administrator can add a DRCP pool at the PDB level. Similarly, a CDB administrator can add a DRCP pool at the CDB level.
To add a new pool, use the dbms_connections_pool.add_pool()
procedure.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for details about the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package
You must add a unique name for the pool. For example, you cannot add a new
pool called SYS_DEFAULT_CONNECTION_POOL
because it is the default pool
name.
Multi-pool DRCP has the same default configuration values as the per-PDB
DRCP, such as minsize=0
, num_cbrok=0
, and
maxconn_cbrok=0
. If the configuration is known at the time of
adding the pool, you can use the dbms_connections_pool.add_pool()
procedure to set the configuration while adding the pool itself. If the configuration is
not known, then it must be reconfigured later using the
configure_pool()
procedure with the new pool name and its
configuration values.
You can use the start_pool()
, stop_pool()
,
configure_pool()
, alter_param()
and
restore_defaults()
procedures of the
dbms_connection_pool
package for the newly added pools.
The V$CPOOL_STATS
, V$CPOOL_CC_STATS
,
V$CPOOL_CONN_INFO
, and V$CPOOL_CC_INFO
views have
the POOL_NAME
columns and provide the statistics on the added
pools.
Example 3-1 Adding a DRCP pool
exec dbms_connection_pool.add_pool('mypool')
3.10.3.2 Removing a DRCP Pool
You must be a PDB or CDB administrator to remove a DRCP pool.
To remove a DRCP pool, use the dbms_connections_pool.remove_pool()
procedure.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for details about the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package
You cannot use the remove_pool
procedure to remove:
-
The default pool.
-
A pool that is currently active. You must stop the pool before removing it.
-
A pool that does not exist.
Example 3-2 Removing a DRCP pool
exec dbms_connection_pool.remove_pool('mypool')
3.10.3.3 About Authentication Pool in Multi-pool DRCP
An authentication pool is common to all the added pools in multi-pool DRCP and the
default pool (SYS_DEFAULT_CONNECTION_POOL
) for CDB-wide and per-PDB
pools. When the first pool in a multi-pool DRCP starts functioning, the authentication
pool also starts functioning. The authentication pool stops functioning when the last
ACTIVE
pool stops functioning.
The statistics on num_authentications
(number of
authentications ) for each pool is maintained in the
v$cpool_stats
and v$cpool_cc_stats
views. The
statistics about the authentication pool is provided in the
V$AUTHPOOL_STATS
view.
3.10.3.4 Managing the Connection Broker in Multi-pool DRCP
The ROOT container owns the connection broker, hence, with per-PDB DRCP, a broker
process is always running. For CDB-wide pools, the database administrator can configure
brokers using the DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package but because the broker
is at the ROOT-level and common to all the pools, changing the number of brokers for one
pool affects all the other pools, which is fine as DBA is the same for all pools, unlike
per-PDB pools. With per-PDB pools, a PDB administrator cannot alter or configure brokers
using the DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package because it affects other per-PDB
pools. Therefore, it is recommended that for per-PDB pools, a CDB administrator must set
brokers using the CONNECTION_BROKERS
in the database initialization
parameter.
alter system set CONNECTION_BROKERS='((TYPE=POOLED)(BROKERS=1)(CONNECTIONS=40000))';
3.10.4 Sharing Proxy Sessions
Starting with Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1), proxy sessions in DRCP are shared among applications that are connected to the same schema.
3.10.5 Using JDBC with DRCP
Oracle JDBC drivers support DRCP.
The DRCP implementation creates a pool on the server side, which is shared across multiple client pools. These client pools use Universal Connection Pool for JDBC. Using Universal Connection Pool significantly lowers memory consumption (because of the reduced number of server processes on the server) and increases the scalability of the Database server.
To track check-in and checkout operations of server-side connections, Java applications must use a client-side pool such as Universal Connection Pool for JDBC or a third-party Java connection pool.
To enable DRCP on the client side, you must do the following:
-
Pass a non-
NULL
, nonemptyString
value to the connection propertyoracle.jdbc.DRCPConnectionClass
. -
Pass (
SERVER=POOLED
) in the long connection string.
You can also specify (SERVER=POOLED
) in the short URL form as follows:
jdbc:oracle:thin:@//<host>:<port>/<service_name>[:POOLED]
For example:
jdbc:oracle:thin:@//localhost:5221/orcl:POOLED
By setting the same DRCP Connection class name for all the pooled server processes on the server using the connection property oracle.jdbc.DRCPConnectionClass
, you can share pooled server processes on the server across multiple connection pools.
In DRCP, you can also apply a tag to a given connection and easily retrieve that tagged connection later.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for more information about APIs that are used to control custom connection pool implementations
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for more information about enabling DRCP on client side
3.10.6 Using OCI Session Pool APIs with DRCP
The OCI session pool APIs OCISessionPoolCreate()
, OCISessionGet()
, and OCISessionRelease()
interoperate with DRCP.
An OCI application initializes the environment for the OCI session pool for DRCP by invoking OCISessionPoolCreate()
, which is described in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide.
To get a session from the OCI session pool for DRCP, an OCI application invokes OCISessionGet()
, specifying OCI_SESSGET_SPOOL
for the mode
parameter.
To release a session to the OCI session pool for DRCP, an OCI application invokes OCISessionRelease()
.
To improve performance, the OCI session pool can transparently cache connections to the connection broker. An OCI application can reuse the sessions within which the application leaves sessions of a similar state either by invoking OCISessionGet()
with the authInfop
parameter set to OCI_ATTR_CONNECTION_CLASS
and specifying a connection class name or by using the OCIAuthInfo
handle before invoking OCISessionGet()
.
DRCP also supports features offered by the traditional client-side OCI session pool, such as tagging, statement caching, and TAF.
See Also:
-
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for information about
OCISessionGet()
-
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about
OCISessionRelease()
3.10.7 Session Purity
Session purity specifies whether an OCI application can reuse a pooled session (OCI_SESSGET_PURITY_SELF
) or must use a new session (OCI_SESSGET_PURITY_NEW
).
The application can set session purity either on the OCIAuthInfo
handle before invoking OCISessionGet()
or in the mode
parameter when invoking OCISessionGet()
.
Example 3-3 Setting Session Purity for New Session
This example shows how a connection pooling application sets up a new session.
/* OCIAttrSet method */ ub4 purity = OCI_ATTR_PURITY_NEW; OCIAttrSet(authInfop, OCI_HTYPE_AUTHINFO, &purity, (ub4)sizeof(purity) OCI_ATTR_PURITY, errhp); /* OCISessionGet mode method */ OCISessionGet (envhp, errhp, &svchp, authInfop, poolName, poolNameLen, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, OCI_SESSGET_SPOOL); /* poolName is the name returned by OCISessionPoolCreate() */
Note:
When reusing a pooled session, the NLS attributes of the server override those of the client.
For example, if the client sets NLS_LANG
to french_france.us7ascii
and then is assigned a German session from the pool, the client session becomes German.
To avoid this problem, use connection classes to restrict sharing.
3.10.8 Connection Class
Connection class defines a logical name for the type of connection that an OCI application needs. When a pooled session has a connection class, OCI ensures that the session is not shared outside of that connection class.
For example, a connection class can prevent the following from sharing pooled sessions:
-
Different users
(A session first created for user
HR
is assigned only to subsequent requests by userHR
.) -
Different sessions of the same user
-
Different applications being run by the same user
(Each application can have its own connection class.)
To set the connection class, you can use the OCI_ATTR_CONNECTION_CLASS
attribute of the OCIAuthInfo
handle. A connection class name is a string of at most 1024 bytes, and it cannot include an asterisk (*).
3.10.8.1 Example: Setting the Connection Class as HRMS
You can use the OCISessionPoolCreate
API to set a connection class as HRMS.
Example 3-4 specifies that an HRMS application needs sessions with the connection class HRMS
.
Example 3-4 Setting the Connection Class as HRMS
OCISessionPoolCreate (envhp, errhp, spoolhp, &poolName, &poolNameLen, "HRDB", strlen("HRDB"), 0, 10, 1, "HR", strlen("HR"), "HR", strlen("HR"), OCI_SPC_HOMOGENEOUS); OCIAttrSet (authInfop, OCI_HTYPE_AUTHINFO, "HRMS", strlen ("HRMS"), OCI_ATTR_CONNECTION_CLASS, errhp); OCISessionGet (envhp, errhp, &svchp, authInfop, poolName, poolNameLen, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, OCI_SESSGET_SPOOL);
3.10.9 Session Purity and Connection Class Defaults
Table 3-5 shows the defaults for the attributes and settings of connections that an OCI application gets from the OCI session pool (using OCISessionGet()
) and from other sources.
Table 3-5 Session Purity and Connection Class Defaults
Attribute or Setting | Default Value for Connection From OCI Session Pool | Default Value for Connection Not From OCI Session Pool |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
OCI-generated globally unique name for each client-side session pool, used as the default connection class for all connections in the OCI session pool |
|
Sessions shared by ... |
Threads that request sessions from the OCI session pool |
Connections to a particular database that have the |
3.10.10 Setting the Purity and Connection Class in the Connection String
You can specify the connection class and purity attributes in the
CONNECT_DATA
section of the Connect strings.
When it is not possible to change the application setting in the application code,
you can override the value set in the application by setting the parameters:
POOL_CONNECTION_CLASS
and POOL_PURITY
in the
Connect string.
Note:
If the POOL_PURITY
is specified as SELF
in the
Connect string, applications that explicitly get NEW
purity
connections from the OCI Session Pool do not drop the DRCP pooled session while
releasing the connection back to the OCI Session Pool, even if they specify the
OCI_SESSRLS_DROPSESS
mode. Such applications should continue to
use the programmatic way of specifying the purity.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Net Services Reference for more information about DRCP parameters
3.10.11 Starting DRCP
The DBA must log on as SYSDBA
and start the default pool, SYS_DEFAULT_CONNECTION_POOL
, using DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL.START_POOL
with the default settings.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for detailed information about configuring the pool
3.10.12 Shut Down Connection Draining for DRCP
You can shut down (close) a DRCP pool using the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL.STOP_POOL()
procedure in either of the
following ways.
-
If a DRCP pool is idle and inactive after your application has released all the connections back to the DRCP pool, use the
STOP_POOL
procedure using the pool name as the parameter to close the idle or inactive pool. -
If a DRCP pool has active connections, use an optional
draintime
parameter in theSTOP_POOL
procedure to close the connections and DRCP pool without waiting for the DRCP pool to go idle and inactive.
You can use the draintime
parameter in the
STOP_POOL
procedure to close an active DRCP pool immediately, or
after a specified connection drain time. The draintime
parameter
indicates how many seconds a DRCP pool is allowed to remain active before the pool is
drained of its connections and the pool is closed.
For example, to allow 20 seconds for active connections in a DRCP pool to complete their tasks before being closed, run the following:
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL.STOP_POOL('my_pool', 20);
To close a DRCP pool immediately, set the draintime
parameter to 0, as follows:
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL.STOP_POOL('my_pool', 0);
The ability to close active connection pools provides the DBAs better control over the DRCP usage and configurations.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for details about the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package
3.10.13 Enabling DRCP
To enable DRCP in an application, specify either :POOLED
in the
Easy Connect string (as in Example 3-5) or (SERVER=POOLED)
in the TNS Connect string (as in Example 3-6).
Example 3-5 Enabling DRCP With :POOLED
in
the Easy Connect string
oraclehost.company.com:1521/books.company.com:POOLED
Example 3-6 Enabling DRCP With
SERVER=POOLED
in the TNS Connect string
BOOKSDB = (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oraclehost.company.com) (PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME=books.company.com)(SERVER=POOLED)))
3.10.14 Connecting to a Pool in Multi-pool DRCP
You can specify a pool name for each connection.
To access multi-pool DRCP and to connect with an appropriate pool, specify
POOL_NAME=<pool_name>
along with
SERVER=POOLED
in the connect string:
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=<host>)(PORT=<port>)) (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVER=POOLED)(POOL_NAME=<pool_name>)))
Note:
The connect string must include SERVER=POOLED
for
POOL_NAME=<pool_name>
to work.
An application can connect to any of the available pools. DRCP checks if the
pool name (<pool_name>
) in the connect string exists, and if it
does, the connection uses the pooled server with the given pool name. If the pool name
does not exist, an error is returned. If no pool name is specified in the connect
string, the connection is handed off to the default pool, provided it is active.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information about the
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL
package
Example 3-7 Connecting to a Pool in Multi-pool DRCP
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=phoenix92128)(PORT=1521)) (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=cdb1_pdb1.regress.rdbms.dev.us.oracle.com) (SERVER=POOLED)(POOL_NAME=mypool)))
3.10.15 Implicit Connection Pooling
Implicit connection pooling is aimed at enhancing the benefits derived from DRCP and Proxy Resident Connection Pooling (PRCP). With implicit connection pooling, a database session from DRCP/PRCP gets automatically mapped to and unmapped from an application connection at runtime. For example, for a transaction, an application implicitly uses or reuses an available connection from the connection pool and releases the connection back to the pool after the transaction is complete.
See Also:
-
Implicit Connection Pooling with CMAN-TDM and PRCP below for more information about PRCP.
You can use implicit connection pooling without making any application-level
change or calling the pooling APIs. The configuration for implicit connection pooling is
performed on the client side. You must provide the POOL_BOUNDARY
parameter in the CONNECT_DATA
section of the connect string. After
configuring the POOL_BOUNDARY
parameter on DRCP/PRCP, session mapping
or unmapping is performed based on the session state. Implicit connection pooling uses a
session’s state and specific application settings to automatically detect the time
(boundary) to unmap and release a connection back to the pool.
See Also:
-
Implicit Stateful and Stateless Sessions below for more information about session states.
Implicit connection pooling provides better scalability and enables efficient use of database resources for applications that do not use application connection pools, such as Oracle Call Interface (OCI) Session Pool or Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Oracle Universal Connection Pool (UCP).
Implicit connection pooling is beneficial to on-premise and cloud applications in the following cases:
- Applications that directly connect to Oracle Database and have pooling requirements but do not leverage the server-side connection pooling APIs of Oracle.
- Applications that are connected to Connection Manager-Traffic Connector Mode (CMAN-TDM) in PRCP and have pooling requirements but do not use the connection pooling APIs. These applications can configure TDM in PRCP mode to use Implicit Connection Pooling.
- Applications that use connection pooling APIs but need to further optimize the use of shared resources. Implementing implicit connection pools provides better scalability because applications do not hold up sessions unnecessarily while waiting for an explicit API call.
- Middle-tier servers can use Implicit Connection Pooling for better scalability through implicit multiplexing of database sessions across a larger number of middle-tier connections.
Implicit connection pooling is available to clients on Oracle Database 23ai and to applications that use any data access drivers, such as OCI, JDBC, ODP.Net, cx_Oracle (Python), node-oracledb (Node.js), PHP-OCI8, Pre-compilers, ODBC, and OCCI.
3.10.15.1 Implicit Stateful and Stateless Sessions
A session is implicitly stateless if an active session’s state satisfies all the following conditions:
- All the cursors that are open in the session have been fetched through to completion.
- The session has no active transactions.
- The session has no temporary LOBs.
- The session has no global temporary tables with rows.
- The session does not have private temporary tables open.
If a session state does not satisfy any of the aforesaid conditions, the session is implicitly stateful.
3.10.15.2 Statement and Transaction Boundary
Implicit Connection Pooling uses time boundaries to release a session back to the connection pool. A time boundary is a point in time in the life cycle of the application when an application session is released back to the pool. The pool could either be a DRCP pool or PRCP pool.
The two boundaries used in Implicit Connection Pooling are Statement Boundary and Transaction Boundary.
-
Statement Boundary is used to release a session back to the connection pool when the session is implicitly stateless.
A session is implicitly stateless when all open cursors in a session have been fetched through to completion, and there are no active transactions, temporary tables, or temporary LOBs.
-
Transaction Boundary is used to release a session back to the connection pool when a transaction ends implicitly or explicitly, or when a transaction is not available and the session is stateless.
Note:
-
The release to the connection pool closes any active cursors, temporary tables, and temporary LOBs.
-
After a statement is executed or a temporary LOB is created and a commit or rollback is performed within the transaction boundary:
-
Subsequent fetch operations may encounter an invalid cursor-related error such as ORA-01001.
-
Subsequent use of temporary LOB may encounter an error such as ORA-22922.
Working with a persistent LOB can continue even after an implicit release. However, if an implicit operation lands on a different instance, an ORA-43887 error may occur. In such cases, the operation should be re-attempted.
-
-
3.10.15.3 Configuring Implicit Connection Pool Boundaries
POOLED
(SERVER=POOLED
) in
the connection string of the tnsnames.ora
file.
To
configure the Implicit Connection Pooling boundary for DRCP on the server side or
for PRCP in the TDM mode, add the POOL_BOUNDARY
attribute in the
connection string. The attribute takes two valid values, namely
STATEMENT
and TRANSACTON
, and has no default
value. If the POOL_BOUNDARY
attribute is not included in the
connection string, Implicit Connection Pooling is disabled.
Note:
If the application provides the
POOL_BOUNDARY=STATEMENT
or
POOL_BOUNDARY=TRANSACTION
attribute in the connection
string without providing the SERVER=POOLED
attribute, Implicit
Connection Pooling is disabled and the POOL_BOUNDARY
directive
is ignored.
Tip:
Use the Net Configuration Assistant (netca) utility to add the
POOL_BOUNDARY
attribute into the connection string.
3.10.15.4 Impact of Round-trip OCI Calls on Implicit Connection Pooling States
If an application uses the session pooling APIs along with the
POOL_BOUNDARY=STATEMENT
or TRANSACTION
attribute
in the connection string, then the connection string settings take precedence over the
pooling APIs. The session is released back to the DRCP or PRCP pool using the statement
or transaction boundary directive, overriding the session release API call. For
instance, if an OCISessionRelease()
call is made on a session that was
implicitly released using the POOL_BOUNDARY=STATEMENT
or
TRANSACTION
attribute in the connection string, then the
OCISessionRelease()
call is a no-op. Conversely, if an
OCISessionRelease()
call is made when the session is implicitly
stateful, and hence, not implicitly released, then the session is released back to the
pool based on the API call.
Note:
For all the POOL_BOUNDARY
options, the default purity is
set to SELF
. You can specify the purity using the
POOL_PURITY
parameter in the connect string to override the
default purity value.
See Also:
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about pooling options and OCI round-trip calls3.10.15.5 Deciding which Pool Boundary to Use
Use POOL_BOUNDARY
with TRANSACTION
for
applications that create many session states from partially fetched cursors, temporary
LOBs, and global or private temporary tables and for applications that have occasional
commits or rollbacks of transactions.
Use POOL_BOUNDARY
with STATEMENT
for applications that
create minimal session states from partially fetched cursors, temporary LOBs, and global
or private temporary tables.
3.10.15.6 Implicit Connection Pooling with CMAN-TDM and PRCP
Implicit Connection Pooling enables applications to leverage PRCP if Oracle Connection Manager (CMAN) is set to Traffic Director Mode (TDM). For applications that connect through the CMAN-TDM connection proxy, Implicit Connection Pooling with PRCP can help maximize the pooled server usage and reduce the server resource usage.
CMAN is a connection concentrator from Oracle Net Services that enables applications to connect to Oracle Database over the Cloud. TDM is an added layer on top of CMAN that provides a shield to the applications from database instance outages and takes care of failed connections due to outages.
You can configure CMAN to operate in the TDM mode. CMAN-TDM is an Oracle Database connection proxy that enables a client application to connect to an Oracle Database (on-premises and cloud) without exposing the underlying database details to the client.
In the default mode of operation, CMAN-TDM creates one connection to the database for each incoming connection from the client. Idling client sessions can unnecessarily keep database connections engaged. To avoid the session idling, you can configure CMAN-TDM in the PRCP mode. In the PRCP mode, CMAN-TDM maintains an OCI session pool (OCISessionPool) and behaves like DRCP. When an application thread requires to interact with the database on a connection, CMAN-TDM picks up a session from the OCISessionPool and maps the incoming connection to the session. When the application thread indicates that it is done with the database activity, the connection is handed back (or unmapped) to the CMAN gateway process. The outgoing session is then released back to the OCISessionPool in CMAN-TDM. As a result, CMAN-TDM has fewer processes and sessions on the database than the connections.
Use the following connect descriptor in tnsnames.ora
file
to switch different connect modes for Implicit Connection Pooling. The connection string
can point either to DRCP or to CMAN-TDM in the PRCP mode:
inst1s=(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=slc11xgx)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=t1.regress.rdbms.dev.us.oracle.com)(SERVER=POOLED)(POOL_BOUNDARY=STATEMENT)))
inst1t=(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=slc11xgx)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=t1.regress.rdbms.dev.us.oracle.com)(SERVER=POOLED)(POOL_BOUNDARY=TRANSACTION)))
In the above descriptors, the CONNECT_DATA
section contains the
following new attribute:
- For
inst1s
, thePOOL_BOUNDARY=STATEMENT
parameter specifies that implicit pooling semantics apply on a statement boundary basis. - For
inst1t
, thePOOL_BOUNDARY=TRANSACTION
parameter specifies that implicit pooling semantics apply on a transaction boundary basis.
3.10.15.7 Setting or Resetting the Session State at the Boundaries During Deployment
ORA_CPOOL_STATE
once for every
application user. Within the package, you can define a procedure called
ORA_CPOOL_STATE_CALLBACK
having two VARCHAR2 parameters, namely
connection_class
and service
. After the package is
defined, any implicit get call on the server invokes the package and procedures defined
in it.
Implicit Connection Pooling works seamlessly with connection class. If applications use connection class, then every implicit get call that happens on the server, CMAN-TDM, or both, honors the connection class setting.
Here is an example that uses only the connection_class
and
service
parameters in its fixup logic.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE ORA_CPOOL_STATE authid current_user AS
PROCEDURE ORA_CPOOL_STATE_GET_CALLBACK(varchar2 in service, varchar2 in connection_class);
PROCEDURE ORA_CPOOL_STATE_RLS_CALLBACK(varchar2 in service, varchar2 in connection_class);
END;
/
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY ORA_CPOOL_STATE AS
PROCEDURE ORA_CPOOL_STATE_GET_CALLBACK(varchar2 in service, varchar2 in connection_class)
IS
BEGIN
IF (connection_class = 'GERMAN') THEN
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_CURRENCY='€';
ELSE IF (connection_class = 'INDIAN') THEN
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_CURRENCY='₹';
END IF;
END;
PROCEDURE ORA_CPOOL_STATE_RLS_CALLBACK(varchar2 in service, varchar2 in connection_class)
IS
BEGIN
/* clear all the session state by restoring to defaults */
IF (service = 'HR') THEN
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_CURRENCY='$';
ALTER SESSION SET date_format='';
END;
END;
3.10.15.8 Using the Session Cached Cursors with Implicit Connection Pooling
Implicit Connection Pooling clears the statement cache each time a session is
implicitly released. As a result, multiple executions of the same query work as
fully executed, separate queries instead of re-executed, same queries. Use session
cached cursors to compensate for these shortcomings. Add the following to set
session cached cursors in the init.ora
parameter file:
session_cached_cursors=20
3.10.15.9 Security
For security, Implicit Connection Pooling ensures that a user session
implicitly released to the DRCP or PRCP pool is available for requests only for the same
user. If a current connected user has defined the ORA_CPOOL_STATE
package and the ORA_CPOOL_STATE_CALLBACK
callback, the package and the
callback execute only in the context of the current connected user. A connected user,
say Scott, cannot execute a callback of another user, say HR.
3.10.16 Benefiting from the Scalability of DRCP in an OCI Application
Consider the following OCI application scenarios and how they benefit from DRCP:
-
An application neither uses the OCI session pool nor specifies a connection class or purity setting (or specifies
PURITY=NEW
).The application gets a new session from DRCP. When the application returns a connection to the pool, the session is not shared with other instances of the same application by default. Therefore, the pooled server remains assigned to the client for the life of the client session. (SQL*Plus is an example of a client that does not use the OCI session pool. SQL*Plus keeps connections even when they are idle.)
The application benefits from reusing an existing pooled server.
-
An application invokes
OCISessionGet()
outside of the OCI session pool, or to specify the connection class andPURITY=SELF
.The application can reuse both DRCP pooled servers and sessions. However, after an
OCISessionRelease()
call, OCI terminates the connection to the connection broker. On the nextOCISessionGet()
call, the application reconnects to the broker, and then DRCP assigns a pooled server (and session) belonging to the specified connection class. Reconnecting incurs the cost of connection establishment and reauthentication.The application achieves better sharing of DRCP resources (processes and sessions) but does not benefit from caching connections to the connection broker.
-
An application uses OCI session pool APIs, specifies a connection class, and specifies
PURITY=SELF
.The application uses all DRCP functionality, reusing both the pooled server and the associated session and benefiting from cached connections to the connection broker. Cached connections do not incur the cost of reauthentication on the
OCISessionGet()
call.
3.10.17 Benefiting from the Scalability of DRCP in a Java Application
A customer who uses Universal Connection Pool (UCP), or uses ConnectionPoolDataSource as the connection factory, can upgrade to using DRCP by changing only the configuration (not the code).
See Also:
-
Benefiting from the Scalability of DRCP in an OCI Application for more information about how Java applications benefit from DRCP as OCI applications
3.10.18 Best Practices for Using DRCP
The steps for designing an application that can benefit from the full power of DRCP are very similar to those for an application that uses the OCI session pool.
The only additional step is that for best performance, when deployed to run with DRCP, the application must explicitly specify a connection class.
Multiple instances of the same application must specify the same connection class for best performance and enhanced sharing of DRCP resources. Ensure that the different instances of the application can share database sessions.
Example 3-8 shows a DRCP application.
See Also:
Example 3-8 DRCP Application
/* Assume that all necessary handles are allocated. */ /* This middle tier uses a single database user. Create a homogeneous client-side session pool */ OCISessionPoolCreate (envhp, errhp, spoolhp, &poolName, &poolNameLen, "BOOKSDB", strlen("BOOKSDB"), 0, 10, 1, "SCOTT", strlen("SCOTT"), "password", strlen("password"), OCI_SPC_HOMOGENEOUS); while (1) { /* Process a client request */ WaitForClientRequest(); /* Application function */ /* Set the Connection Class on the OCIAuthInfo handle that is passed as argument to OCISessionGet*/ OCIAttrSet (authInfop, OCI_HTYPE_AUTHINFO, "BOOKSTORE", strlen("BOOKSTORE"), OCI_ATTR_CONNECTION_CLASS, errhp); /* Purity need not be set, as default is OCI_ATTR_PURITY_SELF for OCISessionPool connections */ /* You can get a SCOTT session released by Middle-tier 2 */ OCISessionGet(envhp, errhp, &svchp, authInfop, poolName, poolNameLen, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, OCI_SESSGET_SPOOL); /* Database calls using the svchp obtained above */ OCIStmtExecute(...) /* This releases the pooled server on the database for reuse */ OCISessionRelease (svchp, errhp, NULL, 0, OCI_DEFAULT); } /* Middle tier is done - exiting */ OCISessionPoolDestroy (spoolhp, errhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
Example 3-9 and Example 3-10 show connect strings that deploy code in 10 middle-tier hosts that service the BOOKSTORE
application from Example 3-8.
In Example 3-9, assume that the database is Oracle Database 12c (or earlier) in dedicated server mode with DRCP not enabled and that the client has 12c libraries. The application gets dedicated server connections from the database.
Example 3-9 Connect String for Deployment in Dedicated Server Mode Without DRCP
BOOKSDB = (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oraclehost.company.com) (PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME=books.company.com)))
In Example 3-10, assume that DRCP is enabled on the Oracle Database 12c database. All middle-tier processes can benefit from the pooling capability of DRCP. The database resource requirement with DRCP is much less than it would be in dedicated server mode.
Example 3-10 Connect String for Deployment With DRCP
BOOKSDB = (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oraclehost.company.com) (PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME=books.company.com)(SERVER=POOLED)))
3.10.19 Compatibility and Migration
An OCI application linked with Oracle Database 12c client libraries works unaltered with:
-
An Oracle Database 12c database with DRCP disabled
-
A database server from a release earlier than Oracle Database 12c
-
An Oracle Database 12c database server with DRCP enabled, when deployed with the DRCP connect string
Suitable clients benefit from enhanced scalability offered by DRCP if they are appropriately modified to use the OCI session pool APIs with the connection class and purity settings previously described.
See Also:
-
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for more information about Oracle JDBC drivers support for DRCP
3.10.20 Using DRCP with Oracle Database Native Network Encryption
You can use the following supported checksum algorithms and encryption algorithms while using DRCP with Oracle Database Native Network Encryption.
Checksum Algorithms
- SHA1
- SHA256
- SHA384
- SHA512
Encryption Algorithms
- AES128
- AES192
- AES256
The DES, DES40, 3DES112, 3DES168, MD5, RC4_40, RC4_56, RC4_128, and RC4_256 algorithms are deprecated in this release. To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.
3.10.21 DRCP Restrictions
The following cannot be performed when connected to a DRCP pooled server:
-
Shutting down the database
-
Stopping DRCP
-
Changing the password for the connected user
-
Using shared database links to connect to a DRCP that is on a different instance
-
Using TCPS or IPC connections
-
Using enterprise user security with DRCP
-
Using migratable sessions on the server side, either directly (using the
OCI_MIGRATE
option) or indirectly (invokingOCIConnectionPoolCreate()
) -
Creating multiple sessions on a DRCP server for session switching or for dual session proxy
-
Using initial client roles
-
Using application context attributes (such as
OCI_ATTR_APPCTX_NAME
andOCI_ATTR_APPCTX_VALUE
)
Attempting any of the aforementioned may result in the following error: ORA-56609: Usage not supported with DRCP.
Sessions created before DDL statements run can be assigned to clients after DDL statements run. Therefore, be careful when running DDL statements that affect database users in the pool. For example, before dropping a user, ensure that there are no sessions of that user in the pool and no connections to the broker that were authenticated as that user.
If sessions with explicit roles enabled are released to the pool, they can later be assigned to connections (of the same user) that need the default logon role. Therefore, avoid releasing sessions with explicit roles; instead, terminate them.
You can use Application Continuity with DRCP but you must ensure that the sessions are returned to the pool with the default session state.
Note:
You can use Oracle Advanced Security features such as encryption and strong authentication with DRCP.
Users can mix data encryption/data integrity combinations. However, users must segregate each such combination by using connection classes. For example, if the user application must specify AES256 as the encryption mechanism for one set of connections and AES128 for another set of connections, then the application must specify different connection classes for each set.
3.10.22 Using DRCP with Custom Pools
Oracle highly recommends using the OCI session pool, which is already integrated with DRCP, FAN, and RLB.
However, an application that does not use the OCI session pool can still use DRCP if either of the following is true:
-
The application was built using its own custom connection pool.
-
The application uses no pool, but has periods when it does not use its session (and could therefore release it to a pool) and does not depend on getting back the same session
To use DRCP with such an application, the session must be stateful; that is, the session must have the OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE
attribute. When an application is stateful and DRCP is enabled, OCI transparently assigns it an appropriate session from the DRCP pool. If the application is stateless (has the OCI_SESSION_STATELESS
attribute) and DRCP is enabled, OCI transparently returns the session to the DRCP pool.
Applications must identify session state as promptly as possible for efficient utilization of underlying database resources.
Note:
An application that specifies the attribute OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE
or OCI_SESSION_STATELESS
must also specify session purity and connection class.
See Also:
-
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about
OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE
attribute
3.10.23 Explicitly Marking Sessions Stateful or Stateless
An application typically requires a specific database session for the duration of a unit of work. For this duration, the session is stateful. After this duration, if the application does not depend on retaining the specific session for subsequent units of work, then the session is stateless.
When an application or caller detects a session's transition from stateful to stateless, or the reverse, the application can explicitly inform OCI of the transition by using the OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE
or OCI_SESSION_STATELESS
attribute. This information lets OCI and Oracle Database transparently perform scalability optimizations, such as reassigning the session that the application is not using to someone else and then assigning the application a new session when necessary.
See Also:
Example 3-11 shows a code fragment that explicitly marks session states.
Example 3-11 Explicitly Marking Sessions Stateful or Stateless
wait_for_transaction_request();
do {
ub1 state;
/* mark database session as STATEFUL */
state = OCI_SESSION_STATEFUL;
checkerr(errhp, OCIAttrSet(usrhp, OCI_HTYPE_SESSION,
&state, 0, OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE, errhp));
/* do database work consisting of one or more related calls to the database */
...
/* done with database work, mark session as stateless */
state = OCI_SESSION_STATELESS;
checkerr(errhp, OCIAttrSet(usrhp, OCI_HTYPE_SESSION,
&state, 0,OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE, errhp));
wait_for_transaction_request();
} while(not _done);
A session obtained from outside the OCI session pool is marked OCI_SESSION_STATEFUL
and remains OCI_SESSION_STATEFUL
unless the application explicitly marks it OCI_SESSION_STATELESS
.
A session obtained from the OCI session pool is marked OCI_SESSION_STATEFUL
by default when the first call is initiated on that session. When the session is released to the pool, it is marked OCI_SESSION_STATELESS
by default. Therefore, you need not explicitly mark sessions as stateful or stateless when you use the OCI session pool.
See Also:
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information about OCI_ATTR_SESSION_STATE
3.10.24 Using DRCP with Oracle Real Application Clusters
Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) is a database option in which a single database is hosted by multiple instances on multiple nodes. When DRCP is configured in a database in an Oracle RAC environment, the pool configuration is applied to each database instance. Starting or stopping the pool on one instance starts or stops the pool on all instances.
3.10.25 DRCP with Data Guard
When operating DRCP in a Data Guard environment:
-
On a physical standby database:
-
You can start the pool only if the pool is running on the primary database.
-
You can stop the pool only if the pool is stopped on the primary database.
-
You cannot configure, restore to defaults, or alter pool parameters.
The preceding restrictions cease to apply to the physical standby database if it becomes the primary database.
-
-
On a logical standby database, all pool operations are allowed.
3.11 Memoptimize Pool
This pool optimizes the read operation for select statements
Memoptimize Rowstore performs high-performance reads for tables specified with the MEMOPTIMIZE FOR READ
clause.
Note:
Deferred inserts cannot be rolled back because they do not use standard locking and redo mechanisms3.12 Oracle RAC Sharding
This section explains about Oracle RAC Sharding
Oracle RAC Sharding increases the performance and scalability of a Oracle RAC database with minimal application changes. It affinitizes table partitions to Oracle RAC instances, and routes the database requests, which specify a partitioning key to the instance that logically holds the corresponding partition. This provides better cache utilization and reduces block pings across instances. The partitioning key can be added only to the most performance critical requests. Requests that do not specify the key works transparently and can be routed to any instance. This feature can be enabled by executing an ALTER SYSTEM
command and without modifying the database schema and SQL statements.
Note:
The partitioning key value must be provided when requesting a database connection.Related Topics
- Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide
- Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide
- Oracle Universal Connection Pool Developer’s Guide
- Oracle Data Provider for .NET Developer's Guide for Microsoft Windows
- Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide
- Oracle Database Concepts
- Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide