Run JVM-based Languages with GraalVM Enterprise
By definition, GraalVM Enterprise is a virtual machine and one of its function is to run JVM-based applications. GraalVM Enterprise can provide benefits by ensuring the extensibility via scripting languages. A novel just-in-time compilation technology of GraalVM can make Java applications perform faster. The compiler of GraalVM assures performance advantages for highly abstracted programs due to its ability to remove costly object allocations.
Disclaimer: Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition 19 is developed on top of the Java SE Runtime Environment. The documentation provided here contains only material that makes GraalVM Enterprise distinctive from the base. The basic syntax to launch a Java application remains the same:
java [options] class [arguments]
To execute a JAR file containing class and resource files for the application,
specify -jar option followed by a JAR file name to be called:
java [options] -jar file.jar [arguments]
Options are command-line launcher options, when arguments after the class name or JAR file name are passed to the main function. By default, if the first argument is not an option, java command treats it as a class file name.
The java command started from the command line takes arguments to control the application behavior.
All java -help options are inherited from Java HotSpot, including the -XX options.
See the latter with java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal.
By running the java command included in GraalVM, you will by definition use
the GraalVM just-in-time compiler – no extra configuration is needed.
To look deeper in operation modes of running JVM-based applications, continue to JVM Languages Reference page. The Java performance examples demonstrate how the GraalVM compiler achieves unsurpassed performance results.
Compiler Configuration Options
The GraalVM compiler configuration options can be used for configuring general settings, tuning performance or diagnosing problems.
There are two operating modes of the GraalVM compiler when used as a HotSpot JIT compiler:
-
libgraal: the GraalVM compiler is compiled ahead of time into a native shared library. In this operating mode, the shared library is loaded by the HotSpot VM. The compiler uses memory separate from the HotSpot heap and it runs fast from the start since it does not need to warm-up. This is the default and recommended mode of operation.
-
jargraal: the GraalVM compiler goes through the same warm-up phase that the rest of Java application does. That is, it is first interpreted before its hot methods are compiled. This mode is selected with the
-XX:-UseJVMCINativeLibrarycommand line option. This will delay the time to reach peak performance as the compiler itself needs to be compiled before it produces code quickly. This mode allows you to debug the GraalVM compiler with a Java debugger.
To determine the difference between running the GraalVM compiler in a Native Image versus on the JVM, measure performance and troubleshoot the compiler, refer to the JVM Operations Manual.
General Options
Since the GraalVM compiler is an instantiation of a JVMCI compiler, there is a number of options for configuring JVMCI specific functionality:
| Option and Default Value | Description |
|---|---|
| -XX:+UseJVMCICompiler | Disable the use of the GraalVM compiler as the top tier JIT compiler. This is useful when wanting to compare performance of the GraalVM compiler against the native JIT compilers. |
| -Dgraal.CompilerConfiguration=name | Select the GraalVM compiler configuration to use. If omitted, the compiler configuration with the highest auto-selection priority is used. To see the set of available configurations, supply the value help to this option. The current configurations and their semantics are: enterprise produces highly optimized code with a possible trade-off to compilation time. This value is only available in GraalVM Enterprise. community produces reasonably optimized code with a faster compilation time. economy compiles as fast as possible with less optimal throughput of the generated code. |
| -Dgraal.ShowConfiguration=none | Print information about the GraalVM compiler configuration selected. The accepted values for this option are: none - shows no information. info - prints one line of output showing the name of the compiler configuration in use and the location it is loaded from.verbose - prints detailed compiler configuration information. This option only produces output when the GraalVM compiler is initialized. By default, the GraalVM compiler is initialized on the first top-tier compilation. For this reason, use this option as follows: java -XX:+EagerJVMCI -Dgraal.ShowConfiguration=info -version |
| -Dgraal.MitigateSpeculativeExecutionAttacks=None | Select a strategy to mitigate speculative execution attacks (e.g., SPECTRE). Accepted values are: None - no mitigations are used in JIT compiled code. AllTargets - all branches are protected against speculative attacks. This has a large performance impact. GuardTargets - only branches that preserve Java memory safety are protected. This has reduced performance impact. NonDeoptGuardTargets - same as GuardTargets except that branches which deoptimize are not protected since they can not be executed repeatedly. |
Performance Tuning Options
| Option and Default Value | Description |
|---|---|
| -Dgraal.OptDuplication=true | This can be used to disable the path duplication optimization. This option is only available in GraalVM Enterprise. |
| -Dgraal.UsePriorityInlining=true | This can be used to disable use of the advanced inlining algorithm that favors throughput over compilation speed. This option is only available in GraalVM Enterprise. |
| -Dgraal.Vectorization=true | This can be used to disable the auto vectorization optimization. This option is only available in GraalVM Enterprise. |
| -Dgraal.TraceInlining=false | Enable tracing of inlining decisions. This can be used for advanced tuning where it may be possible to change the source code of the program. For example: compilation of java.lang.Character.toUpperCaseEx(int): at java.lang.Character.toUpperCaseEx(Character.java:7138) [bci: 22]: ├──<GraphBuilderPhase> java.lang.CharacterData.of(int): no, bytecode parser did not replace invoke └──<PriorityInliningPhase> java.lang.CharacterData.of(int): yes, worth inlining according to the cost-benefit analysis. at java.lang.Character.toUpperCaseEx(Character.java:7138) [bci: 26] |
Diagnostic Options
| Option and Default Value | Description |
|---|---|
| -Dgraal.CompilationFailureAction=Silent | Specify the action to take when compilation fails by throwing an exception. The accepted values are: Silent - prints nothing to the console. Print - prints a stack trace to the console. Diagnose - retries the compilation with extra diagnostics enabled. On VM exit, the collected diagnostics are saved to a zip file that can be submitted along with a bug report. A message is printed to the console describing where the diagnostics file is saved: Graal diagnostic output saved in /Users/graal/graal_dumps/1549459528316/graal_diagnostics_22774.zip. ExitVM - same as Diagnose except that the VM process exits after retrying. For all values except for ExitVM, the VM continues executing. |
| -Dgraal.CompilationBailoutAsFailure=false | The compiler may not complete compilation of a method due to some property or code shape in the method (e.g. exotic uses of the jsr and ret bytecodes). In this case the compilation treats this differently and bails out. If you want to be informed of such bailouts, this option makes the GraalVM compiler treats bailouts as failure and thus be subject to the action specified by the -Dgraal.CompilationFailureAction option. |
| -Dgraal.PrintCompilation=false | Print an informational line to the console for each completed compilation. For example: HotSpotCompilation-11,Ljava/lang/Object;,wait,()V,|,591ms,12B,92B,4371kB HotSpotCompilation-175 Ljava/lang/String;,lastIndexOf,(II)I,|,590ms,126B,309B,4076kB HotSpotCompilation-184 Ljava/util/concurrent/ConcurrentHashMap;,setTabAt,([Ljava/util/concurrent/ConcurrentHashMap$Node;ILjava/util/concurrent/ConcurrentHashMap$Node;)V,|,591ms,38B,67B,3411kB HotSpotCompilation-136 Lsun/nio/cs/UTF_8$Encoder;,encode,([CII[B)I |,591ms,740B,418B,4921 |