Unmeasured Devices and Network-Wide Estimates

DSE produces estimates for the entire network model, including devices without direct measurements. This is achieved by enforcing Kirchhoff’s laws using penalty terms:

• Node balance (KCL) and branch consistency (KVL) are enforced via pseudo measurements and zero-injection constraints that enter the objective with configurable weights.

• Pseudo measurements use DSE_PSEUDO_WEIGHT’s relative and absolute error settings to form their base sigma(ref) and weight, providing soft constraints where telemetry is sparse.

• Zero-injection nodes (expected injection is zero) are enforced using DSE_ZEROINJ_WEIGHT to set just the absolute error, which controls the strength of the zero-injection penalty. This setting can greatly impact stability/convergence.

These penalties ensure observability and stabilize the solution, allowing states (voltages, angles, flows) at unmeasured points to be inferred consistently with the PF model and available SCADA data.

Viewing DSE in the Power Flow Balloon

In the Viewer’s Device Details balloon, the Power Flow results tab includes a Voltage Display drop-down that lets you switch among several voltage presentations. When DSE results are available, a DSE-specific option is added so you can view state-estimated voltages alongside standard power flow displays. (Note, for now the Flex Operations based balloon does not have this option). Results are also viewable in logs via the “what” command.