The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available.
See Dev.java for updated tutorials taking advantage of the latest releases.
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
An application designed using component-based architecture can be developed into a Java applet. Consider the example of a Java applet with a Swing-based graphical user interface (GUI). With component-based design, the GUI can be built with smaller building blocks or components. The following general steps are used to create an applet GUI:
MyTopJPanel
that is a subclass of javax.swing.JPanel
. Lay out your applet's GUI components in the constructor of the MyTopJPanel
class.MyApplet
that is a subclass of javax.swing.JApplet
.init
method of MyApplet
, instantiate MyTopJPanel
and set it as the applet's content pane.The following sections explore these steps in greater detail by using the Dynamic Tree Demo applet. If you are not familiar with Swing, see Creating a GUI with Swing to learn more about using Swing GUI components.
JPanel
ClassCreate a class that is a subclass of JPanel
. This top JPanel
acts as a container for all your other UI components. In the following example, the DynamicTreePanel
class is the topmost JPanel
. The constructor of the DynamicTreePanel
class invokes other methods to create and lay out the UI controls properly.
public class DynamicTreePanel extends JPanel implements ActionListener { private int newNodeSuffix = 1; private static String ADD_COMMAND = "add"; private static String REMOVE_COMMAND = "remove"; private static String CLEAR_COMMAND = "clear"; private DynamicTree treePanel; public DynamicTreePanel() { super(new BorderLayout()); //Create the components. treePanel = new DynamicTree(); populateTree(treePanel); JButton addButton = new JButton("Add"); addButton.setActionCommand(ADD_COMMAND); addButton.addActionListener(this); JButton removeButton = new JButton("Remove"); // ... JButton clearButton = new JButton("Clear"); // ... //Lay everything out. treePanel.setPreferredSize( new Dimension(300, 150)); add(treePanel, BorderLayout.CENTER); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0,3)); panel.add(addButton); panel.add(removeButton); panel.add(clearButton); add(panel, BorderLayout.SOUTH); } // ... }
For a Java applet that has a Swing-based GUI, create a class that is a subclass of javax.swing.JApplet
. An applet that does not contain a Swing-based GUI can extend the java.applet.Applet
class.
Override the applet's init
method to instantiate your top JPanel
class and create the applet's GUI. The init
method of the DynamicTreeApplet
class invokes the createGUI
method in the AWT Event Dispatcher thread.
package appletComponentArch; import javax.swing.JApplet; import javax.swing.SwingUtilities; public class DynamicTreeApplet extends JApplet { //Called when this applet is loaded into the browser. public void init() { //Execute a job on the event-dispatching thread; creating this applet's GUI. try { SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable() { public void run() { createGUI(); } }); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println("createGUI didn't complete successfully"); } } private void createGUI() { //Create and set up the content pane. DynamicTreePanel newContentPane = new DynamicTreePanel(); newContentPane.setOpaque(true); setContentPane(newContentPane); } }
Another way to create an applet is to just remove the layer of abstraction (separate top JPanel
) and lay out all the controls in the applet's init
method itself. The downside to creating the GUI directly in the applet is that it will now be more difficult to deploy your functionality as a Java Web Start application, if you choose to do so later.
In the Dynamic Tree Demo example, the core functionality resides in the DynamicTreePanel
class. It is now trivial to drop the DynamicTreePanel
class into a JFrame
and deploy as a Java Web Start application.
Hence, to preserve portability and keep deployment options open, follow component-based design as described on this page.
Download source code for the Dynamic Tree Demo Applet example to experiment further.