man pages section 1M: System Administration Commands

Intro(1M)

NAME

Intro- Introduction to maintenance commands and application programs

DESCRIPTION

This section describes Trusted Solaris^TM commands that are used chiefly for system maintenance and administration. The Trusted Solaris environment includes the following commands:

Commands that are unique to and originate in the Trusted Solaris environment, such as adminvi(1M), which enables administrators and other users to edit files while preventing certain vi actions that present a security risk.
SunOS 5.8 commands that have been modified to work within the Trusted Solaris security policy, such as mount(1M). Man pages for modified commands have been rewritten to remove information that is not accurate for how the command behaves within the Trusted Solaris environment. Modified man pages also add descriptions for any new features, options, and arguments.
SunOS 5.8 commands that remain unchanged from the Solaris 8 release, such as ln.

Note -

In the Trusted Solaris environment, even if a particular command is installed, not all users may be configured to use that command. Your site's security administrator may restrict the use of any command and may change any command's security attributes using execution profiles. Note: In Trusted Solaris 8 and later releases, execution profiles are known as rights or rights profiles. (Security attributes, rights profiles, and other new Trusted Solaris terms are defined in the DEFINITIONS section of Intro(1) and explained further in the Trusted Solaris Administration Overview and Trusted Solaris Administrator's Procedures guides. Users who do not have a particular command in any of their rights profiles cannot use that command. If any of the commands described in this section does not work at all or does not work as expected, check with your security administrator.

Because of command restructuring for the Virtual File System architecture, there are several instances of multiple manual pages that begin with the same name. For example, there are multiple mount pages - mount(1M), mount_hsfs(1M), mount_nfs(1M), mount_tmpfs(1M), and mount_ufs(1M). In each such case the first of the multiple pages describes the syntax and options of the generic command, that is, those options applicable to all FSTypes (file system types). The succeeding pages describe the functionality of the FSType-specific modules of the command. These pages list the command followed by an underscore ( _ ) and the FSType to which they pertain. Note that the administrator should not attempt to call these modules directly. The generic command provides a common interface to all of them. Thus the FSType-specific manual pages should not be viewed as describing distinct commands, but rather as detailing those aspects of a command that are specific to a particular FSType.

Trusted Solaris Information Label Changes

Information labels (ILs) are not supported in Trusted Solaris 7 and later releases. Trusted Solaris software interprets any ILs on communications and files from systems running earlier releases as ADMIN_LOW.

Objects still have CMW labels, and CMW labels still include the IL component: IL[SL]; however, the IL component is fixed at ADMIN_LOW.

As a result, Trusted Solaris 7 and later releases have the following characteristics:

ILs do not display in window labels; SLs (Sensitivity Labels) display alone within brackets.
ILs do not float.
Setting an IL on an object has no effect.
Getting an object's IL will always return ADMIN_LOW.
Although certain utilities, library functions, and system calls can manipulate IL strings, the resulting ILs cannot be set on any objects.
Sensitivity labels, not information labels, display on printer banners.
IL-related privileges are no longer used.
In auditing, the ilabel token is recorded as ADMIN_LOW, when it is recorded. The audit event numbers 519 (AUE_OFLOAT), 520 (AUE_SFLOAT), and 9036 (AUE_iil_change) continue to be reserved, but those events are no longer recorded.

COMMAND SYNTAX

Unless otherwise noted, commands described in this section accept options and other arguments according to the following syntax:

name [option(s)] [cmdarg(s)]

name

The name of an executable file.

option

- noargletter(s) or,

- argletter<>optarg

where <> is optional white space.

noargletter

A single letter representing an option without an argument.

argletter

A single letter representing an option requiring an argument.

optarg

Argument (character string) satisfying preceding argletter.

cmdarg

Pathname (or other command argument) not beginning with - or, - by itself indicating the standard input.

Rules for the Display and Entering of Labels

When entering labels on the command line in a UNIX shell, follow these rules. For rules for entering labels in graphical user interfaces, see Rules for the Display and Entering of Labels. For rules for entering labels in configuration files, see RULES FOR INCLUDING LABELS IN A CONFIGURATION FILE in Intro(4).

Enter a sensitivity label (SL), information label (IL), or clearance, in text in the form:

{ + } { classification } { { +|- }word } ...

The system always displays labels in uppercase. Users may enter labels in any combination of uppercase and lowercase.

The classification part of the label must be a valid classification name as defined in label_encodings(4). Classification names may contain embedded blanks or punctuation, if they are so defined in label_encodings. Short and long forms of classification names may be used interchangeably.

The words (compartments and markings) used in labels must be valid words as defined in label_encodings. Words may contain embedded blanks or punctuation if they are so defined in label_encodings.

Short and long forms of words may be used interchangeably. Words may be specified in any order; however they are processed left to right, so that where words conflict with each other, the word furthest to the right takes precedence.

You may used plus and minus signs when modifying an existing label to turn on or off the compartments and markings associated with the words.

A CMW label is represented in text in the form:

    { INFORMATION LABEL } { [ SENSITIVITY LABEL ] }

Items in curly brackets are optional. Leading and trailing white space is ignored. Items may be separated by blanks, tabs, commas, or slashes (/). Note that information labels are no longer supported -- see Trusted Solaris Information Label Changes in Intro(1) for a fuller discussion.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Using quotes in labels

On the command line, enclose any label with more than one word in double quotes because, without quotes, a second word or letter separated by a space is interpreted as a second argument. Enclose labels containing [ and ] characters in quotes to suppress the shell's use of those characters in filename substitution.

$ setlabel "[ts a b]" somefile
$ setlabel "[ts,a,b]" somefile
$ setlabel "[ts/a     b]" somefile

Example 2 Using case in labels

Use any combination of upper and lowercase letters. You may separate items in a label with blanks, tabs, commas or slashes (/). Do not use any other punctuation.

$ setlabel -s SECRET somefile

Example 3 Using brackets in labels

When entering an SL with a command option that sets the SL, you do not need to use brackets around the SL.

$ setlabel -s "TOP SECRET A B" somefile

Example 4 Setting a label

To set somefile's SL to SECRET A.

$ setlabel "[Secret a]" somefile

To turn on compartment B in somefile's SL.

$ setlabel -s +b somefile

To turn off compartment A in somefile's SL.

$ setlabel -s -A somefile

TRUSTED SOLARIS DIFFERENCES

The responsibilities and privileges of the superuser have been divided among several administrative roles. When a man page that has not been modified for the Trusted Solaris system states that superuser is required to execute a certain command or option, remember that one or more privileges are required instead. The site's security administrator can perform privilege debugging [see runpd(1M)] to find out which privileges are needed and can then decide to give the privilege to the command after assessing whether the command and any users set up to use that command can make use of the privilege in a manner that does not violate the site's security policy.

The ability of the UNIX superuser to bypass access restrictions, to execute restricted commands, and to use some command options not available to other users has been replaced with the profile mechanism, which allows the security administrator to assign to various users different sets of commands and to assign different privileges to the commands using rights profiles. When a command or one of its options needs a privilege in order to succeed, that privilege is a required privilege; if the required privilege is not given to the command in a user's rights profile by the security administrator, the command will not work. Required privileges are indicated on the man page with the words "must have," as shown in this sentence: "The ifconfig(1M) command must have the sys_net_config privilege to modify network interfaces."

In other cases, when the command is designed to work within security policy and it fails when certain DAC or MAC checks are not passed, an override privilege may be assigned at the security administrator's discretion. On man pages, the names of privileges that may be used to override access restrictions are given in the ERRORS section. The override privileges that may be given to bypass DAC or MAC restrictions on files or directories are given below:

The DAC override privileges are file_dac_read and file_dac_write. If a user does not have DAC access to a file, the security administrator may assign one or both of these privileges to the command, depending on whether read or write access or both are desired. The MAC override privileges are file_mac_read and file_mac_write. If a user does not have MAC access to a file, the security administrator may assign one or both of these privileges to the command, depending on whether read or write access or both are desired.

Besides being able to assign an override privilege, the security administrator has other options. For example, to avoid the use of privilege the security administrator may specify that the command will execute with another user's ID (usually the root ID 0) or group ID, one that allows access to the file or directory based on its permissions or its ACL.

To find out how privileges are made available to commands and to find out exactly which tasks, commands, and privileges are assigned to each of the roles by means of rights profiles shipped with the default system, see the Trusted Solaris Administrator's Procedures.

Also, check with your security administrator to find out which roles are configured at your site and if any of the roles have been reconfigured to suit your site's security policy.

SUMMARY OF TRUSTED SOLARIS CHANGES

Commands may not work as expected in the Trusted Solaris environment because Trusted Solaris administrators may limit the conditions under which commands may be accessed by each user or restrict commands from being accessed by certain users.

The printed Trusted Solaris 8 Reference Manual contains only the Trusted Solaris original and modified (from the Solaris environment) man pages. The online set of man pages viewed by the man command accesses all man pages; AnswerBook2^TM can access all man pages in the AnswerBook2 collections. For a fuller description, see Trusted Solaris Manual Page Display in Intro(1). The SEE ALSO man page heading has been subdivided to help users of the printed manual locate a referenced man page.

Besides the usual UNIX DAC checks performed when a process acting on behalf of a user attempts to access a file or directory, mandatory access checks also must be passed. For each possible type of access failure, a specific override privilege may be assigned to the command at the security administrator's discretion.

Note -

When a SUMMARY OF TRUSTED SOLARIS CHANGES is provided on a modified man page, it is intended as a convenience to summarize for you the major changes all in one place. Do not rely on the SUMMARY OF TRUSTED SOLARIS CHANGES alone, but also read the entire man page.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) in the SunOS 5.8 Reference Manual for a discussion of the attributes listed in this section.

Trusted Solaris 8 Reference Manual

runpd(1M)

Trusted Solaris Administration Overview, Trusted Solaris Administrator's Procedures

SunOS 5.8 Reference Manual

getopt(1), getopt(3C), attributes(5)

DIAGNOSTICS

Upon termination, each command returns 0 for normal termination and non-zero to indicate troubles such as erroneous parameters, bad or inaccessible data, or other inability to cope with the task at hand. It is called variously ``exit code,'' ``exit status,'' or ``return code,'' and is described only where special conventions are involved.

NOTES

Unfortunately, not all commands adhere to the standard syntax.

Name: Description
accept(1M): Accept or reject print requests
add_allocatable(1M): Add entries to allocation databases and create ancillary file
add_drv(1M): Add a new device driver to the system
adminvi(1M): Edit text with restrictions
allocate(1M): Device allocation
arp(1M): Address resolution display and control
atohexlabel(1M): Convert a character-coded label to its hexadecimal equivalent
audit(1M): Control the behavior of the audit daemon
audit_startup(1M): Audit subsystem initialization script
audit_warn(1M): Audit daemon warning script
auditconfig(1M): Configure auditing
auditd(1M): Audit daemon
auditreduce(1M): Merge and select audit records from audit trail files
auditstat(1M): Display kernel audit statistics
automount(1M): Install automatic mount points
automountd(1M): autofs mount/unmount daemon
autopush(1M): Configures lists of automatically pushed STREAMS modules
bootparamd(1M): See rpc.bootparamd(1M)
bsmconv(1M): Enable or disable the Basic Security Module (BSM)
bsmunconv(1M): See bsmconv(1M)
chk_encodings(1M): Check the label encodings file syntax
chroot(1M): Change root directory for a command
clist(1M): Display a list of commands in a profile shell
coreadm(1M): core file administration
cron(1M): Clock daemon
deallocate(1M): Device deallocation
devfsadm(1M): administration command for
devfsadmd(1M): See devfsadm(1M)
device_clean(1M): Device clean programs
devpolicy(1M): Configure device policy
dfmounts(1M): Display mounted resource information
dfshares(1M): List available resources from remote or local systems
dispadmin(1M): Process scheduler administration
dl_booting(1M): Inform the kernel that a machine is in the state of disklessly booting or in the normal state
dl_restore(1M): See dl_booting(1M)
dminfo(1M): Report information about a device entry in a device maps file
drvconfig(1M): Configure the
du(1M): Summarize disk usage
eeprom(1M): EEPROM display and load utility
format(1M): Disk partitioning and maintenance utility
fsdb_ufs(1M): ufs File System Debugger
ftpd(1M): See in.ftpd(1M)
fuser(1M): Identify processes using a file or file structure
getfsattr(1M): Display file system security attributes
getfsattr_ufs(1M): Display file system security attributes
halt(1M): Stop the processor
hextoalabel(1M): Convert a hexadecimal label to its character-coded equivalent
ifconfig(1M): Configure network interface parameters
in.ftpd(1M): File transfer protocol server
in.named(1M): Internet domain name server
in.rarpd(1M): DARPA Reverse Address Resolution Protocol server
in.rdisc(1M): Network router discovery daemon
in.rexecd(1M): Remote execution server
in.rlogind(1M): Remote login server
in.routed(1M): Network routing daemon
in.rshd(1M): Remote shell server
in.tftpd(1M): Internet Trivial File Transfer Protocol server
inetd(1M): Internet services daemon
init(1M): Process control initialization
init.wbem(1M): start and stop the CIM Boot Manager
install(1M): Install commands
list_devices(1M): List allocatable devices
lockd(1M): Network lock daemon
lpadmin(1M): Configure the LP print service
lpfilter(1M): Administer filters used with the LP print service
lpforms(1M): Administer forms used with the LP print service
lpmove(1M): Move print requests
lpsched(1M): Start the LP print service
lpshut(1M): Stop the LP print service
lpsystem(1M): Register remote systems with the print service
lpusers(1M): Set printing queue priorities
mkdevalloc(1M): Make device_allocate entries
mkdevmaps(1M): Make device_maps entries
modload(1M): Load a kernel module
modunload(1M): Unload a module
mount(1M): Mount or unmount file systems and remote resources
mount_hsfs(1M): Mount hsfs file systems
mount_nfs(1M): Mount remote NFS resources
mount_pcfs(1M): Mount pcfs file systems
mount_tmpfs(1M): Mount tmpfs file systems
mount_ufs(1M): Mount ufs file systems
mountall(1M): Mount, unmount multiple file systems
mountd(1M): Server for NFS mount requests and NFS access checks
named(1M): See in.named(1M)
ndd(1M): Get and set driver configuration parameters
netstat(1M): Show network status
newsecfs(1M): See setfsattr(1M)
nfsd(1M): NFS daemon
nfsstat(1M): NFS statistics
nis_cachemgr(1M): NIS+ utility to cache location information about NIS+ servers
nisclient(1M): initialize NIS+ credentials for NIS+ principals
nisd(1M): See rpc.nisd(1M)
nisd_resolv(1M): See rpc.nisd_resolv(1M)
nispasswdd(1M): See rpc.nispasswdd(1M)
nispopulate(1M): Populate the NIS+ tables in a NIS+ domain
nissetup(1M): Initialize a NIS+ domain
nscd(1M): Name service cache daemon
nslookup(1M): Query name servers interactively
pbind(1M): Control and query bindings of processes to processors
pfsh(1M): Profile shell
pkgchk(1M): Check package installation accuracy
poweroff(1M): See halt(1M)
praudit(1M): Print contents of an audit trail file
prtconf(1M): Print system configuration
psradm(1M): Change processor operational status
rarpd(1M): See in.rarpd(1M)
rdate(1M): Set system date from a remote host
rdisc(1M): See in.rdisc(1M)
reboot(1M): Restart the operating system
reject(1M): See accept(1M)
rem_drv(1M): Remove a device driver from the system
remove_allocatable(1M): Remove entries from allocation databases and delete ancillary file
rexecd(1M): See in.rexecd(1M)
rlogind(1M): See in.rlogind(1M)
rmmount(1M): removable media mounter for CD-ROM and floppy
route(1M): Manually manipulate the routing tables
routed(1M): See in.routed(1M)
rpc.bootparamd(1M): Boot parameter server
rpc.getpeerinfod(1M): Getpeerinfo service daemon
rpc.nisd(1M): NIS+ service daemon
rpc.nisd_resolv(1M): NIS+ service daemon
rpc.nispasswdd(1M): NIS+ password update daemon
rpc.tbootparamd(1M): Trusted Solaris boot parameter server
rpc.yppasswdd(1M): Server for modifying NIS password file
rpc.ypupdated(1M): server for changing NIS information
rpcbind(1M): Universal addresses to RPC program number mapper
rpcinfo(1M): Report RPC information
rshd(1M): See in.rshd(1M)
runpd(1M): Run a command for privilege debugging
rwall(1M): Write to all users over a network
sendmail(1M): Send mail over the internet
setaudit(1M): Run a command with the audit mask set
setfsattr(1M): Set security attributes on an existing or newly created file system
setuname(1M): Change machine information
share(1M): Make local resource available for mounting by remote systems
share_nfs(1M): Make local NFS file systems available for mounting by remote systems
shareall(1M): Share, unshare multiple resources
showmount(1M): Show all remote mounts
smc(1M): start the Solaris Management Console (SMC)
smcron(1M): Manage jobs in the crontab database
smexec(1M): manage entries in the exec_attr database
smgroup(1M): manage group entries
smhost(1M): Manage entries in the hosts database
smmaillist(1M): manage email alias entries
smmultiuser(1M): manage bulk operations on user accounts
smnetidb(1M): Manage entries in the interface database
smnettmpl(1M): Manage entries in the network template database
smnetwork(1M): Manage entries in the networks database
smprofile(1M): manage profiles in the prof_attr and exec_attr databases
smrole(1M): manage roles and users in role accounts
smuser(1M): manage user entries
snoop(1M): Capture and inspect network packets
spray(1M): Spray packets
statd(1M): Network status monitor
su(1M): become a non-role user
swap(1M): Swap administrative interface
sysdef(1M): Output system definition
sysh(1M): System shell
tbootparam(1M): Send a request to rpc.tbootparamd to inform it that a host is in normal (labeled) state now
telinit(1M): See init(1M)
tftpd(1M): See in.tftpd(1M)
tnchkdb(1M): Check file syntax of trusted network databases
tnctl(1M): Configure Trusted Solaris network-daemon control parameters
tnd(1M): Trusted network daemon
tninfo(1M): Print information and statistics about kernel-level network
tokmapctl(1M): Configure token-mapping daemon
tokmapd(1M): Token-mapping daemon
traceroute(1M): Print the route packets take to network host
uadmin(1M): Administrative control
umount(1M): See mount(1M)
umountall(1M): See mountall(1M)
unshare(1M): Make local resource unavailable for mounting by remote systems
unshare_nfs(1M): Make local NFS file systems unavailable for mounting by remote systems
unshareall(1M): See shareall(1M)
updatehome(1M): Update the home directory copy and link files for the current label
writeaudit(1M): Write an audit record
ypbind(1M): NIS binder process
yppasswdd(1M): See rpc.yppasswdd(1M)
ypserv(1M): NIS server and binder processes
ypupdated(1M): See rpc.ypupdated(1M)
ypxfr(1M): transfer NIS map from a NIS server to host
ypxfr_1perday(1M): See ypxfr(1M)
ypxfr_1perhour(1M): See ypxfr(1M)
ypxfr_2perday(1M): See ypxfr(1M)
ypxfrd(1M): See ypserv(1M)

Trusted Solaris 8 Last Revised 25 Aug 2000