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| Fortran Programming Guide |
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Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
- Standards Conformance
- Features of the Fortran Compilers
- Other Fortran Utilities
- Debugging Utilities
- Sun Performance Library
- Interval Arithmetic
- Man Pages
- READMEs
- Command-Line Help
2. Fortran Input/Output
- Accessing Files From Within Fortran Programs
- Accessing Named Files
- Opening Files Without a Name
- Preconnected Units
- Opening Files Without an OPEN Statement
- Passing File Names to Programs
- f77: VAX / VMS Logical File Names
- Direct I/O
- Binary I/O
- Internal Files
- f77: Tape I/O
- Using TOPEN Routines
- Fortran Formatted I/O for Tape
- Fortran Unformatted I/O for Tape
- Tape File Representation
- End-of-File
- Multifile Tapes
- Fortran 95 I/O Considerations
3. Program Development
- Facilitating Program Builds With the make Utility
- The Makefile
- make Command
- Macros
- Overriding of Macro Values
- Suffix Rules in make
- Version Tracking and Control With SCCS
- Controlling Files With SCCS
- Checking Files Out and In
4. Libraries
- Understanding Libraries
- Specifying Linker Debugging Options
- Generating a Load Map
- Listing Other Information
- Consistent Compiling and Linking
- Setting Library Search Paths and Order
- Search Order for Standard Library Paths
- LD_LIBRARY_PATH Environment Variable
- Library Search Path and Order--Static Linking
- Library Search Path and Order--Dynamic Linking
- Creating Static Libraries
- Tradeoffs for Static Libraries
- Creation of a Simple Static Library
- Creating Dynamic Libraries
- Tradeoffs for Dynamic Libraries
- Position-Independent Code and -pic
- Binding Options
- Naming Conventions
- A Simple Dynamic Library
- Libraries Provided with Sun Fortran Compilers
- VMS Library
- POSIX Library
- Shippable Libraries
5. Program Analysis and Debugging
- Global Program Checking (-Xlist)
- GPC Overview
- How to Invoke Global Program Checking
- Some Examples of -Xlist and Global Program Checking
- Suboptions for Global Checking Across Routines
- -Xlist Suboption Reference
- Some Examples Using Suboptions
- Special Compiler Options
- Subscript Bounds (-C)
- Undeclared Variable Types (-u)
- Version Checking (-V)
- Interactive Debugging With dbx and Sun WorkShop
- f77: Viewing Compiler Listing Diagnostics
6. Floating-Point Arithmetic
- Introduction
- IEEE Floating-Point Arithmetic
- -ftrap=mode Compiler Options
- Floating-Point Exceptions and Fortran
- Handling Exceptions
- Trapping a Floating-Point Exception
- SPARC: Nonstandard Arithmetic
- IEEE Routines
- Flags and ieee_flags()
- IEEE Extreme Value Functions
- Exception Handlers and ieee_handler()
- Retrospective Summary
- Debugging IEEE Exceptions
- Further Numerical Adventures
- Avoiding Simple Underflow
- Continuing With the Wrong Answer
- SPARC: Excessive Underflow
- Interval Arithmetic
7. Porting
- Time and Date Functions
- Formats
- Carriage-Control
- Working With Files
- Porting From Scientific Mainframes
- Data Representation
- Hollerith Data
- Nonstandard Coding Practices
- Uninitialized Variables
- Aliasing Across Calls
- Obscure Optimizations
- Troubleshooting
- Results Are Close, but Not Close Enough
- Program Fails Without Warning
8. Performance Profiling
- Sun WorkShop Performance Analyzer
- The time Command
- Multiprocessor Interpretation of time Output
- The gprof Profiling Command
- Overhead and Other Considerations
- The tcov Profiling Command
- "Old Style" tcov Coverage Analysis
- "New Style" Enhanced tcov Analysis
- f77 I/O Profiling
9. Performance and Optimization
- Choice of Compiler Options
- Performance Option Reference
- Other Performance Strategies
- Using Optimized Libraries
- Eliminating Performance Inhibitors
- Further Reading
10. SPARC: Parallelization
- Essential Concepts
- Speedups--What to Expect
- Steps to Parallelizing a Program
- Data Dependency Issues
- Parallel Options and Directives Summary
- Number of Threads
- Stacks, Stack Sizes, and Parallelization
- Automatic Parallelization
- Loop Parallelization
- Arrays, Scalars, and Pure Scalars
- Automatic Parallelization Criteria
- Automatic Parallelization With Reduction Operations
- Explicit Parallelization
- Parallelizable Loops
- Sun-Style Parallelization Directives
- Cray-Style Parallelization Directives
- Environment Variables
- PARALLEL and OMP_NUM_THREADS
- SUNW_MP_THR_IDLE
- Debugging Parallelized Programs
- First Steps at Debugging
- Debugging Parallel Code With dbx
11. C-Fortran Interface
- Compatibility Issues
- Function or Subroutine?
- Data Type Compatibility
- Case Sensitivity
- Underscores in Routine Names
- Argument-Passing by Reference or Value
- Argument Order
- Array Indexing and Order
- File Descriptors and stdio
- File Permissions
- Libraries and Linking With the f77 or f95 Command
- Fortran Initialization Routines
- Passing Data Arguments by Reference
- Simple Data Types
- COMPLEX Data
- Character Strings
- One-Dimensional Arrays
- Two-Dimensional Arrays
- Structures
- Pointers
- Passing Data Arguments by Value
- Functions That Return a Value
- Returning a Simple Data Type
- Returning COMPLEX Data
- Returning a CHARACTER String
- Labeled COMMON
- Sharing I/O Between Fortran and C
- Alternate Returns
Index
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