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Managing Network File Systems in Oracle Solaris 11.1     Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library
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Document Information

Preface

1.  Managing Network File Systems (Overview)

2.  Network File System Administration (Tasks)

3.  Accessing Network File Systems (Reference)

NFS Files

/etc/default/nfslogd File

/etc/nfs/nfslog.conf File

NFS Daemons

automountd Daemon

lockd Daemon

mountd Daemon

nfs4cbd Daemon

nfsd Daemon

nfslogd Daemon

nfsmapid Daemon

Configuration Files and nfsmapid

Precedence Rules

nfsmapid and DNS TXT Records

Checking for the NFS Version 4 Domain

Configuring the NFS Version 4 Default Domain

Configuring an NFS Version 4 Default Domain in the Oracle Solaris 11 Release

Configuring an NFS Version 4 Default Domain in the Solaris 10 Release

Additional Information About nfsmapid

reparsed Daemon

statd Daemon

NFS Commands

automount Command

clear_locks Command

fsstat Command

mount Command

mount Options for NFS File Systems

Using the mount Command

umount Command

mountall Command

umountall Command

sharectl Command

set Subcommand

get Subcommand

status Subcommand

share Command

Non-File-System-Specific share Options

NFS-Specific share Options

Setting Access Lists With the share Command

unshare Command

shareall Command

unshareall Command

showmount Command

nfsref Command

FedFS Commands

Commands for Troubleshooting NFS Problems

nfsstat Command

pstack Command

rpcinfo Command

snoop Command

truss Command

NFS Over RDMA

How the NFS Service Works

Version Negotiation in NFS

Features in NFS Version 4

Unsharing and Resharing a File System in NFS Version 4

File-System Namespace in NFS Version 4

Volatile File Handles in NFS Version 4

Client Recovery in NFS Version 4

OPEN Share Support in NFS Version 4

Delegation in NFS Version 4

ACLs and nfsmapid in NFS Version 4

Reasons for ID Mapping to Fail

Avoiding ID Mapping Problems With ACLs

Checking for Unmapped User or Group IDs

Additional Information About ACLs or nfsmapid

UDP and TCP Negotiation

File Transfer Size Negotiation

How File Systems Are Mounted

Effects of the -public Option and NFS URLs When Mounting

Client-Side Failover

Failover Terminology

What Is a Replicated File System?

Failover and NFS Locking

Client-Side Failover in NFS Version 4

How NFS Server Logging Works

How the WebNFS Service Works

How WebNFS Security Negotiation Works

WebNFS Limitations With Web Browser Use

Secure NFS System

Secure RPC

DH Authentication

KERB Authentication

Using Secure RPC With NFS

How Mirror Mounts Work

When to Use Mirror Mounts

Mounting a File System Using Mirror Mounts

Unmounting a File System Using Mirror Mounts

How NFS Referrals Work

When to Use NFS Referrals?

Creating an NFS Referral

Removing an NFS Referral

Autofs Maps

Master Autofs Map

Mount Point /home

Mount Point /net

Mount Point /nfs4

Direct Autofs Maps

Mount Point /-

Indirect Autofs Maps

How Autofs Works

How Autofs Navigates Through the Network (Maps)

How Autofs Starts the Navigation Process (Master Map)

Autofs Mount Process

Simple Autofs Mount

Hierarchical Mounting

Autofs Unmounting

How Autofs Selects the Nearest Read-Only Files for Clients (Multiple Locations)

Autofs and Weighting

Variables in a Autofs Map Entry

Maps That Refer to Other Maps

Executable Autofs Maps

Modifying How Autofs Navigates the Network (Modifying Maps)

Default Autofs Behavior With Name Services

Autofs Reference

Autofs and Metacharacters

Ampersand (&)

Asterisk (*)

Autofs and Special Characters

Index

Autofs Maps

Autofs uses three types of maps:

Master Autofs Map

The auto_master map associates a directory with a map. The map is a master list that specifies all the maps that autofs should check. The following example shows what an auto_master file could contain.

Example 3-3 Sample /etc/auto_master File

# Master map for automounter 
# 
+auto_master 
/net            -hosts           -nosuid,nobrowse 
/home           auto_home        -nobrowse 
/nfs4           -fedfs           -ro,nosuid,nobrowse
/-              auto_direct      -ro  

This example shows the generic auto_master file with one addition for the auto_direct map. Each line in the master map /etc/auto_master has the following syntax:

mount-point map-name [ mount-options ]

mount-point

mount-point is the full (absolute) path name of a directory. If the directory does not exist, autofs creates the directory if possible. If the directory exists and is not empty, mounting on the directory hides its contents. In this situation, autofs issues a warning.

The notation /- as a mount point indicates that this particular map is a direct map. The notation also means that no particular mount point is associated with the map.

map-name

map-name is the map autofs uses to find directions to locations, or mount information. If the name is preceded by a slash (/), autofs interprets the name as a local file. Otherwise, autofs searches for the mount information by using the search that is specified in the name-service switch configuration file (/etc/nsswitch.conf). Special maps are also used for /net. See Mount Point /net for more information.

mount-options

mount-options is an optional, comma-separated list of options that apply to the mounting of the entries that are specified in map-name, unless the entries in map-name list other options. Options for each specific type of file system are listed in the mount man page for that file system. For example, see the mount_nfs(1M) man page for NFS-specific mount options. For NFS-specific mount points, the bg (background) and fg (foreground) options do not apply.

A line that begins with # is a comment. All the text that follows until the end of the line is ignored.

To split long lines into shorter ones, put a backslash (\) at the end of the line. The maximum number of characters of an entry is 1024.


Note - If the same mount point is used in two entries, the first entry is used by the automount command. The second entry is ignored.


Mount Point /home

The mount point /home is the directory under which the entries that are listed in /etc/auto_home (an indirect map) are to be mounted.


Note - Autofs runs on all computers and supports /net and /home (automounted home directories) by default. These defaults can be overridden by entries in the NIS auto.master map or by local editing of the /etc/auto_master file.


Mount Point /net

Autofs mounts under the directory /net all the entries in the special map -hosts. The map is a built-in map that uses only the hosts database. Suppose that the computer gumbo is in the hosts database and it exports any of its file systems. The following command changes the current directory to the root directory of the computer gumbo.

% cd /net/gumbo

Autofs can mount only the exported file systems of host gumbo, that is, those file systems on a server that are available to network users instead of those file systems on a local disk. Therefore, all the files and directories on gumbo might not be available through /net/gumbo.

With the /net method of access, the server name is in the path and is location dependent. If you want to move an exported file system from one server to another, the path might no longer work. Instead, you should set up an entry in a map specifically for the file system you want rather than use /net.


Note - Using NFSv3 and earlier protocols, autofs checks the server's export list only at mount time. After a server's file systems are mounted, autofs does not check with the server again until the server's file systems are automatically unmounted. Therefore, newly exported file systems are not “seen” until the file systems on the client are unmounted and then remounted. For systems using NFSv4, mirror mounts reflect any dynamic changes made to the list of exported file systems on the server.


Mount Point /nfs4

The /nfs4 mount point uses a pseudo-map to mount the Federated File System domain root. A reference to /nfs4/example.net will result in an attempt to find the domain root for the DNS domain example.net and mount it at that location. This requires that the DNS server returns a record as described in Setting up a DNS Record for a FedFS Server.

Direct Autofs Maps

A direct map is an automount point. With a direct map, a direct association exists between a mount point on the client and a directory on the server. Direct maps have a full path name and indicate the relationship explicitly. The following is a typical /etc/auto_direct map:

/usr/local          -ro \
   /bin                   ivy:/export/local/sun4 \
   /share                 ivy:/export/local/share \
   /src                   ivy:/export/local/src
/usr/man            -ro   oak:/usr/man \
                          rose:/usr/man \
                          willow:/usr/man 
/usr/games          -ro   peach:/usr/games 
/usr/spool/news     -ro   pine:/usr/spool/news \
                          willow:/var/spool/news 

Lines in direct maps have the following syntax:

key [ mount-options ] location

key

key is the path name of the mount point in a direct map.

mount-options

mount-options is the options that you want to apply to this particular mount. These options are required only if the options differ from the map default. Options for each specific type of file system are listed in the mount man page for that file system. For example, see the mount_nfs(1M) man page for NFS specific mount options.

location

location is the location of the file system. One or more file systems are specified as server:pathname for NFS file systems.


Note - The pathname should not include an automounted mount point. The pathname should be the actual absolute path to the file system. For instance, the location of a home directory should be listed as server:/export/home/username, not as server:/home/username.


As in the master map, a line that begins with # is a comment. All the text that follows until the end of the line is ignored. Put a backslash at the end of the line to split long lines into shorter ones.

Of all the maps, the entries in a direct map most closely resemble the corresponding entries in /etc/vfstab. An entry might appear in /etc/vfstab as follows:

dancer:/usr/local - /usr/local/tmp nfs - yes ro 

The equivalent entry appears in a direct map as follows:

/usr/local/tmp     -ro     dancer:/usr/local

Note - No concatenation of options occurs between the automounter maps. Any options that are added to an automounter map override all options that are listed in maps that are searched earlier. For instance, options that are included in the auto_master map would be overridden by corresponding entries in any other map.


See How Autofs Selects the Nearest Read-Only Files for Clients (Multiple Locations) for other important features that are associated with this type of map.

Mount Point /-

In Example 3-3, the mount point /- tells autofs not to associate the entries in auto_direct with any specific mount point. Indirect maps use mount points that are defined in the auto_master file. Direct maps use mount points that are specified in the named map. Remember, in a direct map the key, or mount point, is a full path name.

An NIS auto_master file can have only one direct map entry because the mount point must be a unique value in the namespace. An auto_master file that is a local file can have any number of direct map entries if entries are not duplicated.

Indirect Autofs Maps

An indirect map uses a substitution value of a key to establish the association between a mount point on the client and a directory on the server. Indirect maps are useful for accessing specific file systems, such as home directories. The auto_home map is an example of an indirect map.

Lines in indirect maps have the following general syntax:

key [ mount-options ] location

key

key is a simple name without slashes in an indirect map.

mount-options

mount-options is the options that you want to apply to this particular mount. These options are required only if the options differ from the map default. Options for each specific type of file system are listed in the mount man page for that file system. For example, see the mount_nfs(1M) man page for NFS-specific mount options.

location

location is the location of the file system. One or more file systems are specified as server:pathname.


Note - The pathname should not include an automounted mount point. The pathname should be the actual absolute path to the file system. For instance, the location of a directory should be listed as server:/usr/local, not as server:/net/server/usr/local.


As in the master map, a line that begins with # is a comment. All the text that follows until the end of the line is ignored. Put a backslash (\) at the end of the line to split long lines into shorter ones. Example 3-3 shows an auto_master map that contains the following entry:

/home      auto_home        -nobrowse    

auto_home is the name of the indirect map that contains the entries to be mounted under /home. A typical auto_home map might contain the following:

david                  willow:/export/home/david
rob                    cypress:/export/home/rob
gordon                 poplar:/export/home/gordon
rajan                  pine:/export/home/rajan
tammy                  apple:/export/home/tammy
jim                    ivy:/export/home/jim
linda    -rw,nosuid    peach:/export/home/linda

As an example, assume that the previous map is on host oak. Suppose that the user linda has an entry in the password database that specifies her home directory as /home/linda. Whenever linda logs in to computer oak, autofs mounts the directory /export/home/linda that resides on the computer peach. Her home directory is mounted read-write, nosuid.

Assume the following conditions occur: User linda's home directory is listed in the password database as /home/linda. Anybody, including Linda, has access to this path from any computer that is set up with the master map referring to the map in the previous example.

Under these conditions, user linda can run login or rlogin on any of these computers and have her home directory mounted in place for her.

Furthermore, now Linda can also type the following command:

% cd ~david

autofs mounts David's home directory for her (if all permissions allow).


Note - No concatenation of options occurs between the automounter maps. Any options that are added to an automounter map override all options that are listed in maps that are searched earlier. For instance, options that are included in the auto_master map are overridden by corresponding entries in any other map.


On a network without a name service, you have to change all the relevant files (such as /etc/passwd) on all systems on the network to allow Linda access to her files. With NIS, make the changes on the NIS master server and propagate the relevant databases to the slave servers.