Oracle9i SQL Reference Release 1 (9.0.1) Part Number A90125-01 |
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This reference contains a complete description of the Structured Query Language (SQL) used to manage information in an Oracle database. Oracle SQL is a superset of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) SQL99 standard.
This preface contains these topics:
The SQL Reference is intended for all users of Oracle SQL.
This reference is divided into the following parts:
This chapter describes SQL conditions.
The chapter that formerly described expressions, conditions, and queries has been divided. Conditions and expressions are now two separate chapters, and queries are described in Chapter 7, "SQL Queries and Other SQL Statements".
CAST
, DECODE
, and EXTRACT
(datetime), which were formerly documented as forms of expression, are now documented as SQL built-in functions.
LIKE
and the elements formerly called "comparison operators" and "logical operators" are now documented as SQL conditions.
The chapters containing all SQL statements (formerly Chapters 7 through 10) has been divided into ten chapters for printing purposes.
Users familiar with the Release 8.0 documentation will find that the following sections have been moved or renamed:
SELECT
.
archive_log_clause
is no longer a separate section, but has been incorporated into
ALTER SYSTEM
.
deallocate_unused_clause
is no longer a separate section, but has been incorporated into
ALTER TABLE
,
ALTER CLUSTER
, and
ALTER INDEX
.
disable_clause
is no longer a separate section, but has been incorporated into
CREATE TABLE
and
ALTER TABLE
.
drop_clause
is no longer a separate section. It has become the drop_constraint_clause
of the ALTER
TABLE
statement (to distinguish it from the new drop_column_clause
of that statement). See
ALTER TABLE
.
enable_clause
is no longer a separate section, but has been incorporated into
CREATE TABLE
and
ALTER TABLE
.
parallel_clause
is no longer a separate section. The clause has been simplified, and has been incorporated into the various statements where it is relevant.
recover_clause
is no longer a separate section. Recovery functionality has been enhanced, and because it is always implemented through the ALTER
DATABASE
statement, it has been incorporated into that section. See
ALTER DATABASE
.
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
,
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
,
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
,
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
,
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
, and
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
.
SELECT
statement. See
SELECT
.
GRANT
object_privileges
and GRANT
system_privileges_and_roles
have been combined into one GRANT
statement. See
GRANT
.
REVOKE
schema_object_privileges
and REVOKE
system_privileges_and_roles
have been combined into one REVOKE
statement. See
REVOKE
.
AUDIT
sql_statements
and AUDIT
schema_objects
have been combined into one AUDIT
statement. See
AUDIT
.
NOAUDIT
sql_statements
and NOAUDIT
schema_objects
have been combined into one NOAUDIT
statement. See
NOAUDIT
.
For more information, see these Oracle resources:
Many of the examples in this book use the sample schemas of the seed database, which is installed by default when you install Oracle. Refer to Oracle9i Sample Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use them yourself.
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Other customers can contact their Oracle representative to purchase printed documentation.
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If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to the documentation section of the OTN Web site at
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This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this documentation set. It describes:
We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms. The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use.
Code examples illustrate SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus, or other command-line statements. They are displayed in a monospace (fixed-width) font and separated from normal text as shown in this example:
SELECT username FROM dba_users WHERE username = 'MIGRATE';
The following table describes typographic conventions used in code examples and provides examples of their use.
Oracle's goal is to make our products, services, and supporting documentation accessible to the disabled community with good usability. To that end, our documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Standards will continue to evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be accessible to all of our customers. For additional information, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program Web site at
http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/
JAWS, a Windows screen reader, may not always correctly read the code examples in this document. The conventions for writing code require that closing braces should appear on an otherwise empty line; however, JAWS may not always read a line of text that consists solely of a bracket or brace.
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