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Oracle® Database SQL Quick Reference
10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part Number B10758-01
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1 SQL Statements

This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Statements

SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an Oracle database.

Table 1-1 shows each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, " Subclauses " for the syntax of the subclauses found in the following table.


See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

Table 1-1 Syntax for SQL Statements

SQL Statement Syntax
 
ALTER CLUSTER

ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  { physical_attributes_clause
  | SIZE size_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  }
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | deallocate_unused_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    ]...
  [ parallel_clause ] ;


ALTER DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
  { startup_clauses
  | recovery_clauses
  | database_file_clauses
  | logfile_clauses
  | controlfile_clauses
  | standby_database_clauses
  | default_settings_clauses
  | redo_thread_clauses
  | security_clause
  } ;


ALTER DIMENSION

ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
  { ADD
    { level_clause
    | hierarchy_clause
    | attribute_clause
    | extended_attribute_clause
    }
    [ ADD
      { level_clause
      | hierarchy_clause
      | attribute_clause
      | extended_attribute_clause
      }
    ]...
  | DROP
    { LEVEL level
        [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
    | HIERARCHY hierarchy
    | ATTRIBUTE attribute
        [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
                        [, COLUMN column ]... ]
    }
    [ DROP
      { LEVEL level
          [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
      | HIERARCHY hierarchy
      | ATTRIBUTE attribute
          [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column
                          [, COLUMN column ]... ]
      }
    ]...
  | COMPILE
  } ;


ALTER DISKGROUP

ALTER DISKGROUP
  { disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses }
    [ { disk_clauses | diskgroup_clauses } ]... ;


ALTER FUNCTION

ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;


ALTER INDEX

ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
  { { deallocate_unused_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | shrink_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    }
      [ deallocate_unused_clause
      | allocate_extent_clause
      | shrink_clause
      | parallel_clause
      | physical_attributes_clause
      | logging_clause
      ]...
  | rebuild_clause
  | PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  | UNUSABLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COALESCE
  | { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
  | UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
  | alter_index_partitioning
  } ;


ALTER INDEXTYPE

ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype
  { { ADD | DROP }
    [ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
      [, { ADD | DROP }
          [ schema. ]operator (parameter_types)
      ]...
    [ using_type_clause ]
  | COMPILE
  } ;


ALTER JAVA

ALTER JAVA
  { SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name 
  [ RESOLVER 
      ( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } ) 
        [ ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )
        ]... 
      ) 
  ]
  { { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
  | invoker_rights_clause
  } ;


ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
  [ schema. ](materialized_view)
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | table_compression
  | LOB_storage_clause
    [, LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | modify_LOB_storage_clause
    [, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ alter_iot_clauses ]
  [ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
  [ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
  | alter_mv_refresh
  ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE
  | COMPILE
  | CONSIDER FRESH
  ] ;


ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
  ON [ schema. ]table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ ADD
      { { OBJECT ID
        | PRIMARY KEY
        | ROWID
        | SEQUENCE
        }
        [ (column [, column ]...) ]
      | (column [, column ]... )
      }
        [, { { OBJECT ID
             | PRIMARY KEY
             | ROWID
             | SEQUENCE
             }
             [ (column [, column ]...) ]
           | (column [, column ]...)
           }
        ]...
      [ new_values_clause ]
  ] ;


ALTER OPERATOR

ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator
  { add_binding_clause
  | drop_binding_clause
  | COMPILE
  } ;


ALTER OUTLINE

ALTER OUTLINE
  [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
  { REBUILD
  | RENAME TO new_outline_name
  | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  }
    [ REBUILD
    | RENAME TO new_outline_name
    | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
    | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    ]... ;


ALTER PACKAGE

ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ PACKAGE | SPECIFICATION | BODY ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;


ALTER PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
  COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
  [ compiler_parameters_clause
    [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
  [ REUSE SETTINGS ] ;


ALTER PROFILE

ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
  { resource_parameters | password_parameters }
    [ resource_parameters | password_parameters
    ]... ;


ALTER RESOURCE COST

ALTER RESOURCE COST
  { CPU_PER_SESSION
  | CONNECT_TIME
  | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
  | PRIVATE_SGA
  }
  integer
    [ { CPU_PER_SESSION
      | CONNECT_TIME
      | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
      | PRIVATE_SGA
      }
      integer
    ] ... ;


ALTER ROLE

ALTER ROLE role
  { NOT IDENTIFIED
  | IDENTIFIED
      { BY password
      | USING [ schema. ]package
      | EXTERNALLY
      | GLOBALLY
      }
  } ;


ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  { ONLINE
  | OFFLINE
  | storage_clause
  | SHRINK [ TO integer [ K | M ] ]
  };


ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
  { INCREMENT BY integer
  | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
  | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
  | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
  | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
  | { ORDER | NOORDER }
  }
    [ INCREMENT BY integer
    | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
    | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
    | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
    | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
    | { ORDER | NOORDER }
    ]... ;


ALTER SESSION

ALTER SESSION
  { ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
  | CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
    { DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
  | { ENABLE RESUMABLE
      [ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
    | DISABLE RESUMABLE
    }
  | alter_session_set_clause
  } ;


ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER SYSTEM
  { archive_log_clause
  | checkpoint_clause
  | check_datafiles_clause
  | DUMP ACTIVE SESSION HISTORY [ MINUTES integer ]
  | distributed_recov_clauses
  | restricted_session_clauses
  | FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE }
  | end_session_clauses
  | SWITCH LOGFILE
  | { SUSPEND | RESUME }
  | quiesce_clauses
  | shutdown_dispatcher_clause
  | REGISTER
  | SET alter_system_set_clause
        [ alter_system_set_clause ]...
  | RESET alter_system_reset_clause
          [ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
  } ;


ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE [ schema. ]table
  [ alter_table_properties
  | column_clauses
  | constraint_clauses
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | alter_external_table_clauses
  | move_table_clause
  ]
  [ enable_disable_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
    [ enable_disable_clause
    | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
      { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
    ]...
  ] ;


ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
  { DEFAULT
      [ table_compression ] storage_clause
  | MINIMUM EXTENT integer [ K | M ]
  | RESIZE size_clause
  | COALESCE
  | RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
  | { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
  | datafile_tempfile_clauses
  | tablespace_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_group_clause
  | tablespace_state_clauses
  | autoextend_clause
  | flashback_mode_clause
  | tablespace_retention_clause
  } ;


ALTER TRIGGER

ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
  { ENABLE
  | DISABLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COMPILE [ DEBUG ]
      [ compiler_parameters_clause
        [ compiler_parameters_clause ] ... ]
      [ REUSE SETTINGS ]
  } ;


ALTER TYPE

ALTER TYPE [ schema. ]type
  { compile_type_clause
  | replace_type_clause
  | { alter_method_spec
    | alter_attribute_definition
    | alter_collection_clauses
    | [ NOT ] { INSTANTIABLE | FINAL }
    }
    [ dependent_handling_clause ]
  } ;


ALTER USER

ALTER USER
  { user
    { IDENTIFIED
      { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
      | EXTERNALLY
      | GLOBALLY AS 'external_name'
      }
    | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
    | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
         { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
    | QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
            | UNLIMITED
            } ON tablespace
      [ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
              | UNLIMITED
              } ON tablespace
      ]...
    | PROFILE profile
    | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                   | ALL [ EXCEPT
                            role [, role ]... ]
                   | NONE
                   }
    | PASSWORD EXPIRE
    | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
    }
(continued)

(cont.) ALTER USER

[  { IDENTIFIED
           { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
           | EXTERNALLY
           | GLOBALLY AS 'external_name'
           }
         | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
         | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
              { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
         | QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
                 | UNLIMITED
                 } ON tablespace
           [ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
                   | UNLIMITED
                   } ON tablespace
           ]...
         | PROFILE profile
         | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                        | ALL [ EXCEPT
                                 role [, role ]... ]
                        | NONE
                        }
         | PASSWORD EXPIRE
         | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
         }
      ]...
  | user [, user ]... proxy_clause ;

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW [ schema. ]view
  { ADD out_of_line_constraint
  | MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
      { RELY | NORELY }
  | DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         }
  | COMPILE
  } ;


ANALYZE

ANALYZE
  { TABLE [ schema. ]table
      [ PARTITION (partition)
      | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
      ]
  | INDEX [ schema. ]index
      [ PARTITION (partition)
      | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
      ]
  | CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  }
  { validation_clauses
  | LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
  | DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
  | compute_statistics_clause
  | estimate_statistics_clause
  } ;


ASSOCIATE STATISTICS

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
  { column_association | function_association } ;


AUDIT

AUDIT
  { sql_statement_clause | schema_object_clause }
  [ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
  [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;


CALL

CALL
  { routine_clause
  | object_access_expression
  }
  [ INTO :host_variable
    [ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;


COMMENT

COMMENT ON
  { TABLE [ schema. ]
    { table | view }
  | COLUMN [ schema. ]
    { table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
  | OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
  | INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  | MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
  }
  IS 'text' ;


COMMIT

COMMIT [ WORK ]
  [ COMMENT 'text'
  | FORCE 'text' [, integer ]
  ] ;


CREATE CLUSTER

CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
  (column datatype [ SORT ]
    [, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
  )
  [ { physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | { INDEX
      | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
        HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
      }
    }
      [ physical_attributes_clause
      | SIZE size_clause
      | TABLESPACE tablespace
      | { INDEX
        | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
          HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
        }
      ]...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
  [ CACHE | NOCACHE ] ;


CREATE CONTEXT

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
  USING [ schema. ] package
  [ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
  | ACCESSED GLOBALLY
  ] ;


CREATE CONTROLFILE

CREATE CONTROLFILE
  [ REUSE ]
  [ SET ]
  DATABASE database
  [ logfile_clause ]
  { RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
  [ DATAFILE file_specification
             [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ { MAXLOGFILES integer
    | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
    | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
    | MAXDATAFILES integer
    | MAXINSTANCES integer
    | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
    | FORCE LOGGING
    }
      [ MAXLOGFILES integer
      | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
      | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
      | MAXDATAFILES integer
      | MAXINSTANCES integer
      | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
      | FORCE LOGGING
      ]...
  ]
  [ character_set_clause ] ;


CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
  { USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
  | USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
  | CONTROLFILE REUSE
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | CHARACTER SET charset
  | NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
  | SET DEFAULT
      { BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
  | database_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_clauses
  | set_time_zone_clause
  }... ;


CREATE DATABASE LINK

CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
  [ CONNECT TO
    { CURRENT_USER
    | user IDENTIFIED BY password
      [ dblink_authentication ]
    }
  | dblink_authentication
  ]
  [ USING 'connect_string' ] ;


CREATE DIMENSION

CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension
  level_clause
  [ level_clause ]...
  { hierarchy_clause
  | attribute_clause
  | extended_attribute_clause
  }
    [ hierarchy_clause
    | attribute_clause
    | extended_attribute_clause
    ]... ;


CREATE DIRECTORY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
  AS 'path_name' ;


CREATE DISKGROUP

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
  [ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
  [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
  DISK qualified_disk_clause
       [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
    [ [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
      DISK qualified_disk_clause
           [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
    ]... ;


CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ schema. ]function
  [ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
     [ NOCOPY ] datatype
       [, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
          [ NOCOPY ] datatype
       ]...
    )
  ]
  RETURN datatype
  [ { invoker_rights_clause
    | DETERMINISTIC
    | parallel_enable_clause
    }
      [ invoker_rights_clause
      | DETERMINISTIC
      | parallel_enable_clause
      ]...
  ]
  { { AGGREGATE | PIPELINED }
    USING [ schema. ]implementation_type
  | [ PIPELINED ]
    { IS | AS }
    { pl/sql_function_body | call_spec }
  } ;


CREATE INDEX

CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ]index
  ON { cluster_index_clause
     | table_index_clause
     | bitmap_join_index_clause
     } ;


CREATE INDEXTYPE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE
  [ schema. ]indextype FOR
  [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
                       [, paramater_type ]...)
    [, [ schema. ]operator (paramater_type
                            [, paramater_type ]...)
    ]...
  using_type_clause ;


CREATE JAVA

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
  [ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ]
  [ NOFORCE ]
  JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE }
         NAMED [ schema. ]primary_name
       | CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
       }
  [ invoker_rights_clause ]
  [ RESOLVER
    ((match_string [,] { schema_name | - })
      [ (match_string [,] { schema_name | - }) ]...
    )
  ]
  { USING { BFILE (directory_object_name ,
                   server_file_name)
          | { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE }
            subquery
          | 'key_for_BLOB'
          }
  | AS source_text
  } ;


CREATE LIBRARY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] LIBRARY [ schema. ]libname
  { IS | AS } 'filename' [ AGENT 'agent_dblink' ] ;


CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
  [ schema. ]materialized_view
  [ OF [ schema. ]object_type ]
  [ (scoped_table_ref_constraint) ]
  { ON PREBUILT TABLE
    [ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
  | physical_properties materialized_view_props
  }
  [ USING INDEX
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    ]
      [ physical_attributes_clause
      | TABLESPACE tablespace
      ]...
  | USING NO INDEX
  ]
  [ create_mv_refresh ]
  [ FOR UPDATE ]
  [ { DISABLE | ENABLE }
    QUERY REWRITE
  ]
  AS subquery ;


CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
  ON [ schema. ] table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | TABLESPACE tablespace
  | logging_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | logging_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    ]...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ table_partitioning_clauses ]
  [ WITH { OBJECT ID
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | ROWID
         | SEQUENCE
         | (column [, column ]...)
         }
           [, { OBJECT ID
              | PRIMARY KEY
              | ROWID
              | SEQUENCE
              | (column [, column ]...)
              }
           ]...
    [ new_values_clause ]
  ] ;


CREATE OPERATOR

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
   [ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;


CREATE OUTLINE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
   [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
   [ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
   [ FOR CATEGORY category ]
   [ ON statement ] ;


CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE [ schema. ]package
   [ invoker_rights_clause ]
   { IS | AS } pl/sql_package_spec ;


CREATE PACKAGE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PACKAGE BODY
   [ schema. ]package
   { IS | AS } pl/sql_package_body ;


CREATE PFILE

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
   FROM SPFILE [= 'spfile_name'] ;


CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure
   [ (argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
               [ NOCOPY ]
               datatype 
       [, argument [ IN | OUT | IN OUT ]
                   [ NOCOPY ]
                   datatype
       ]...
     )
   ] 
   [ invoker_rights_clause ]
   { IS | AS }
   { pl/sql_subprogram_body | call_spec } ;


CREATE PROFILE

CREATE PROFILE profile
   LIMIT { resource_parameters
         | password_parameters
         }
           [ resource_parameters
           | password_parameters
           ]... ;


CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE role
   [ NOT IDENTIFIED
   | IDENTIFIED { BY password
                | USING [ schema. ] package
                | EXTERNALLY
                | GLOBALLY
                }
   ] ;


CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  [ { TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause }
      [ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...
  ];


CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
   { create_table_statement
   | create_view_statement
   | grant_statement
   }
     [ create_table_statement
     | create_view_statement
     | grant_statement
     ]... ;


CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence
   [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
   | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
   | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
   | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
   | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
   | { ORDER | NOORDER }
   ]
     [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
     | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
     | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
     | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
     | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
     | { ORDER | NOORDER }
     ]... ;


CREATE SPFILE

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
  FROM PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ] ;


CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
   [ schema. ]synonym 
   FOR [ schema. ]object [ @ dblink ] ;


CREATE TABLE

{ relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }


CREATE TABLESPACE

CREATE
   [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
   { permanent_tablespace_clause
   | temporary_tablespace_clause
   | undo_tablespace_clause
   } ;


CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger
   { BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
   { dml_event_clause
   | { ddl_event [ OR ddl_event ]...
     | database_event [ OR database_event ]...
     }
     ON { [ schema. ]SCHEMA
        | DATABASE
        }
   }
   [ WHEN (condition) ]
   { pl/sql_block | call_procedure_statement } ;


CREATE TYPE

{ create_incomplete_type
| create_object_type
| create_varray_type
| create_nested_table_type
}


CREATE TYPE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name
   { IS | AS }
   { subprogram_declaration
   | map_order_func_declaration
   }
     [, { subprogram_declaration
        | map_order_func_declaration
        }
     ]...
   END ;


CREATE USER

CREATE USER user
   IDENTIFIED { BY password
              | EXTERNALLY
              | GLOBALLY AS 'external_name'
              }
   [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
   | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
        { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
   | QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
           | UNLIMITED
           }
           ON tablespace
     [ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
             | UNLIMITED
             }
             ON tablespace
     ]...
   | PROFILE profile
   | PASSWORD EXPIRE
   | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
     | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
          { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
     | QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
             | UNLIMITED
             }
             ON tablespace
       [ QUOTA { integer [ K | M ]
               | UNLIMITED
               }
               ON tablespace
       ]...
     | PROFILE profile
     | PASSWORD EXPIRE
     | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     ]...
  ] ;


CREATE VIEW

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ [ NO ] FORCE ] VIEW
   [ schema. ]view
   [ (alias [ inline_constraint
              [ inline_constraint ]... ]
     | out_of_line_constraint
       [, alias [ inline_constraint
                  [ inline_constraint ]... ]
       | out_of_line_constraint
       ]...
     )
   | object_view_clause
   | XMLType_view_clause
   ]
   AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;


DELETE

DELETE [ hint ]
   [ FROM ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   }
   [ t_alias ]
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ] ;


DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
   { COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
               [, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
   | FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
                 [, [ schema. ]function ]...
   | PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
                [, [ schema. ]package ]...
   | TYPES [ schema. ]type
             [, [ schema. ]type ]...
   | INDEXES [ schema. ]index
               [, [ schema. ]index ]...
   | INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
                  [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
   }
   [ FORCE ] ;


DROP CLUSTER

DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
   [ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;


DROP CONTEXT

DROP CONTEXT namespace ;


DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE ;


DROP DATABASE LINK

DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;


DROP DIMENSION

DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ]dimension ;


DROP DIRECTORY

DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;


DROP DISKGROUP

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
   [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING }
     CONTENTS
   ] ;


DROP FUNCTION

DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ]function_name ;


DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [ schema. ]index [ FORCE ] ;


DROP INDEXTYPE

DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ]indextype [ FORCE ] ;


DROP JAVA

DROP JAVA
   { SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
   [ schema. ]object_name ;


DROP LIBRARY

DROP LIBRARY library_name ;


DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
   [ schema. ]materialized_view
   [ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;


DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
   ON [ schema. ]table ;


DROP OPERATOR

DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ]operator [ FORCE ] ;


DROP OUTLINE

DROP OUTLINE outline ;


DROP PACKAGE

DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ]package ;


DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ]procedure ;


DROP PROFILE

DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;


DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE role ;


DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;


DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ]sequence_name ;


DROP SYNONYM

DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ schema. ]synonym
   [ FORCE ] ;


DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [ schema. ]table
   [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
   [ PURGE ] ;


DROP TABLESPACE

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace 
   [ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ AND DATAFILES ]
     [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
   ] ;


DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ]trigger ;


DROP TYPE

DROP TYPE [ schema. ]type_name
   [ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;


DROP TYPE BODY

DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ]type_name ;


DROP USER

DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;


DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view
   [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;


EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN
   [ SET STATEMENT_ID = 'text' ]
   [ INTO [ schema. ]table [ @ dblink ] ]
   FOR statement ;


FLASHBACK DATABASE

FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
   { TO { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
   | TO BEFORE { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
   };


FLASHBACK TABLE

FLASHBACK TABLE
   [ schema. ]table
     [, [ schema. ]table ]...
   TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
      | BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
      } ;


GRANT

GRANT { grant_system_privileges
      | grant_object_privileges
      } ;


INSERT

INSERT [ hint ]
   { single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;


LOCK TABLE

LOCK TABLE
   [ schema. ] { table | view }
   [ { PARTITION (partition)
     | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
     }
   | @ dblink
   ]
     [, [ schema. ] { table | view }
        [ { PARTITION (partition)
          | SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
          }
        | @ dblink
        ]
     ]...
   IN lockmode MODE
   [ NOWAIT ] ;


MERGE

MERGE [ hint ]
   INTO [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
   USING [ schema. ] { table | view | subquery }
     [ t_alias ]
   ON ( condition )
   [ merge_update_clause ]
   [ merge_insert_clause ] ;


NOAUDIT

NOAUDIT 
   { sql_statement_clause
     [, sql_statement_clause ]...
   | schema_object_clause
     [, schema_object_clause ]...
   }
   [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ] ;


PURGE

PURGE
   { { TABLE table
     | INDEX index
     }
   | { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
   | TABLESPACE tablespace
     [ USER user ]
   } ;

RENAME

RENAME old_name
   TO new_name ;


REVOKE

REVOKE { revoke_system_privileges
       | revoke_object_privileges
       } ;


ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
   [ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
   | FORCE 'text'
   ] ;


SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint ;


SELECT

subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;


SET CONSTRAINT[S]

SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
    { constraint [, constraint ]...
    | ALL
    }
    { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;


SET ROLE

SET ROLE
   { role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
     [, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
   | NONE
   } ;


SET TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION
   { { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
     | ISOLATION LEVEL
       { SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
     | USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
     }
     [ NAME 'text' ]
   | NAME 'text'
   } ;


TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE 
   { TABLE [ schema. ]table
     [ { PRESERVE | PURGE } MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
   | CLUSTER [ schema. ]cluster
   }
   [ { DROP | REUSE } STORAGE ] ;


UPDATE

UPDATE [ hint ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   }
   [ t_alias ]
   update_set_clause
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ] ;


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