Generated columns can be added.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT);
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED;

The data type and expression of generated columns can be modified.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED);
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY COLUMN c2 TINYINT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 5) STORED;

Generated columns can be renamed or dropped, if no other column refers to them.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED);
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c2 c3 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED;
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP COLUMN c3;

Virtual generated columns cannot be altered to stored generated columns, or vice versa. To work around this, drop the column, then add it with the new definition.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) VIRTUAL);
ALTER TABLE t1 DROP COLUMN c2;
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED;

Nongenerated columns can be altered to stored but not virtual generated columns.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY COLUMN c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED;

Stored but not virtual generated columns can be altered to nongenerated columns. The stored generated values become the values of the nongenerated column.

CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c1 + 1) STORED);
ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY COLUMN c2 INT;

ADD COLUMN is not an in-place operation for stored columns (done without using a temporary table) because the expression must be evaluated by the server. For stored columns, indexing changes are done in place, and expression changes are not done in place. Changes to column comments are done in place.

For non-partitioned tables, ADD COLUMN and DROP COLUMN are in-place operations for virtual columns. However, adding or dropping a virtual column cannot be performed in place in combination with other ALTER TABLE operations.

For partitioned tables, ADD COLUMN and DROP COLUMN are not in-place operations for virtual columns.

InnoDB supports secondary indexes on virtual generated columns. Adding or dropping a secondary index on a virtual generated column is an in-place operation. For more information, see Section 15.1.20.9, “Secondary Indexes and Generated Columns”.

When a VIRTUAL generated column is added to a table or modified, it is not ensured that data being calculated by the generated column expression is not out of range for the column. This can lead to inconsistent data being returned and unexpectedly failed statements. To permit control over whether validation occurs for such columns, ALTER TABLE supports WITHOUT VALIDATION and WITH VALIDATION clauses:

WITHOUT VALIDATION and WITH VALIDATION are permitted only with ADD COLUMN, CHANGE COLUMN, and MODIFY COLUMN operations. Otherwise, an ER_WRONG_USAGE error occurs.

If expression evaluation causes truncation or provides incorrect input to a function, the ALTER TABLE statement terminates with an error and the DDL operation is rejected.

An ALTER TABLE statement that changes the default value of a column col_name may also change the value of a generated column expression that refers to the column using col_name, which may change the value of a generated column expression that refers to the column using DEFAULT(col_name). For this reason, ALTER TABLE operations that change the definition of a column cause a table rebuild if any generated column expression uses DEFAULT().