The Optimized MySQL Installation for Docker

Docker images for MySQL are optimized for code size, which means they only include crucial components that are expected to be relevant for the majority of users who run MySQL instances in Docker containers. A MySQL Docker installation is different from a common, non-Docker installation in the following aspects:

Configuring the MySQL Server

When you start the MySQL Docker container, you can pass configuration options to the server through the docker run command. For example:

docker run --name mysql1 -d container-registry.oracle.com/mysql/community-server:tag --character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_col

The command starts the MySQL Server with utf8mb4 as the default character set and utf8mb4_col as the default collation for databases.

Another way to configure the MySQL Server is to prepare a configuration file and mount it at the location of the server configuration file inside the container. See Persisting Data and Configuration Changes for details.

Persisting Data and Configuration Changes

Docker containers are in principle ephemeral, and any data or configuration are expected to be lost if the container is deleted or corrupted (see discussions here). Docker volumes provides a mechanism to persist data created inside a Docker container. At its initialization, the MySQL Server container creates a Docker volume for the server data directory. The JSON output from the docker inspect command on the container includes a Mount key, whose value provides information on the data directory volume:

$> docker inspect mysql1
...
 "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "volume",
                "Name": "4f2d463cfc4bdd4baebcb098c97d7da3337195ed2c6572bc0b89f7e845d27652",
                "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/4f2d463cfc4bdd4baebcb098c97d7da3337195ed2c6572bc0b89f7e845d27652/_data",
                "Destination": "/var/lib/mysql",
                "Driver": "local",
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": ""
            }
        ],
...

The output shows that the source directory /var/lib/docker/volumes/4f2d463cfc4bdd4baebcb098c97d7da3337195ed2c6572bc0b89f7e845d27652/_data, in which data is persisted on the host, has been mounted at /var/lib/mysql, the server data directory inside the container.

Another way to preserve data is to bind-mount a host directory using the --mount option when creating the container. The same technique can be used to persist the configuration of the server. The following command creates a MySQL Server container and bind-mounts both the data directory and the server configuration file:

docker run --name=mysql1 \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/my.cnf,dst=/etc/my.cnf \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/datadir,dst=/var/lib/mysql \
-d container-registry.oracle.com/mysql/community-server:tag 

The command mounts path-on-host-machine/my.cnf at /etc/my.cnf (the server configuration file inside the container), and path-on-host-machine/datadir at /var/lib/mysql (the data directory inside the container). The following conditions must be met for the bind-mounting to work:

Running Additional Initialization Scripts

If there are any .sh or .sql scripts you want to run on the database immediately after it has been created, you can put them into a host directory and then mount the directory at /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/ inside the container. For example:

docker run --name=mysql1 \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/scripts/,dst=/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/ \
-d container-registry.oracle.com/mysql/community-server:tag

Connect to MySQL from an Application in Another Docker Container

By setting up a Docker network, you can allow multiple Docker containers to communicate with each other, so that a client application in another Docker container can access the MySQL Server in the server container. First, create a Docker network:

docker network create my-custom-net

Then, when you are creating and starting the server and the client containers, use the --network option to put them on network you created. For example:

docker run --name=mysql1 --network=my-custom-net -d container-registry.oracle.com/mysql/community-server

docker run --name=myapp1 --network=my-custom-net -d myapp

The myapp1 container can then connect to the mysql1 container with the mysql1 hostname and vice versa, as Docker automatically sets up a DNS for the given container names. In the following example, we run the mysql client from inside the myapp1 container to connect to host mysql1 in its own container:

docker exec -it myapp1 mysql --host=mysql1 --user=myuser --password

For other networking techniques for containers, see the Docker container networking section in the Docker Documentation.

Server Error Log

When the MySQL Server is first started with your server container, a server error log is NOT generated if either of the following conditions is true:

To make MySQL Server generate an error log when either of the two conditions is true, use the --log-error option to configure the server to generate the error log at a specific location inside the container. To persist the error log, mount a host file at the location of the error log inside the container as explained in Persisting Data and Configuration Changes. However, you must make sure your MySQL Server inside its container has write access to the mounted host file.

Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Docker

MySQL Enterprise Backup is a commercially-licensed backup utility for MySQL Server, available with MySQL Enterprise Edition. MySQL Enterprise Backup is included in the Docker installation of MySQL Enterprise Edition.

In the following example, we assume that you already have a MySQL Server running in a Docker container (see Section 2.5.6.1, “Basic Steps for MySQL Server Deployment with Docker” on how to start a MySQL Server instance with Docker). For MySQL Enterprise Backup to back up the MySQL Server, it must have access to the server's data directory. This can be achieved by, for example, bind-mounting a host directory on the data directory of the MySQL Server when you start the server:

docker run --name=mysqlserver \
--mount type=bind,src=/path-on-host-machine/datadir/,dst=/var/lib/mysql \
-d mysql/enterprise-server:8.4

With this command, the MySQL Server is started with a Docker image of the MySQL Enterprise Edition, and the host directory /path-on-host-machine/datadir/ has been mounted onto the server's data directory (/var/lib/mysql) inside the server container. We also assume that, after the server has been started, the required privileges have also been set up for MySQL Enterprise Backup to access the server (see Grant MySQL Privileges to Backup Administrator, for details). Use the following steps to back up and restore a MySQL Server instance.

To back up a MySQL Server instance running in a Docker container using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Docker, follow the steps listed here:

To restore a MySQL Server instance in a Docker container using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Docker, follow the steps listed here:

Using mysqldump with Docker

Besides using MySQL Enterprise Backup to back up a MySQL Server running in a Docker container, you can perform a logical backup of your server by using the mysqldump utility, run inside a Docker container.

The following instructions assume that you already have a MySQL Server running in a Docker container and, when the container was first started, a host directory /path-on-host-machine/datadir/ has been mounted onto the server's data directory /var/lib/mysql (see bind-mounting a host directory on the data directory of the MySQL Server for details), which contains the Unix socket file by which mysqldump and mysql can connect to the server. We also assume that, after the server has been started, a user with the proper privileges (admin in this example) has been created, with which mysqldump can access the server. Use the following steps to back up and restore MySQL Server data:

Backing up MySQL Server data using mysqldump with Docker:

Restoring MySQL Server data using mysqldump with Docker:

Known Issues

Docker Environment Variables

When you create a MySQL Server container, you can configure the MySQL instance by using the --env option (short form -e) and specifying one or more environment variables. No server initialization is performed if the mounted data directory is not empty, in which case setting any of these variables has no effect (see Persisting Data and Configuration Changes), and no existing contents of the directory, including server settings, are modified during container startup.

Environment variables which can be used to configure a MySQL instance are listed here: