traceroute(1M)

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | ATTRIBUTES | SEE ALSO | AUTHOR | BUGS

NAME

traceroute- print the route that packets take to network host

SYNOPSIS

traceroute [-Sdnrv] [-g gw_host] [-M min_ttl] [-m max_ttl] [-P proto] [-p port] [-q nqueries] [-s src_addr] [-t tos] [-wwaittime] [host] [packetlen]

DESCRIPTION

The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, connected together by gateways. Tracking the route that your packets follow (or finding the miscreant gateway which is discarding your packets) can be difficult. Traceroute utilizes the IP protocol `time to live' field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to a host.

The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number. The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes, but this may be increased by specifying a packet length (in bytes) after the destination host name.

Other options are:

-S

Print a summary of how many probes were not answered for each hop.

-g

Specify a loose source route gateway (maximum of 8).

-M

Set the initial time-to-live value used in outgoing probe packets. The default is 1, that is to say, start with the first hop.

-m

Set the maximum time-to-live (maximum number of hops) used in outgoing probe packets. The default is 30 hops (the same default used for TCP connections).

-n

Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically (saves a nameserver address- to-name lookup for each gateway found on the path).

-P

Send packets of specified IP protocol. The currently supported protocols are UDP, TCP and GRE. Other protocols may also be specified (either by name or by number), though traceroute does not implement any special knowledge of their packet formats. This option is useful for determining which router along a path may be blocking packets based on IP protocol number. But see BUGS below.

-p

Protocol specific. For UDP and TCP, sets the base port number used in probes (default is 33434). Traceroute hopes that nothing is listening on UDP ports base to base + nhops - 1 at the destination host (so an ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE message will be returned to terminate the route tracing). If something is listening on a port in the default range, this option can be used to pick an unused port range.

-q

Set the number of probes per hop (default is 3).

-r

Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no route through it .

-s

Use the following IP address (which must be given as an IP number, not a hostname) as the source address in outgoing probe packets. On hosts with more than one IP address, this option can be used to force the source address to be something other than the IP address of the interface the probe packet is sent on. If the IP address is not one of this machine's interface addresses, an error is returned and nothing is sent.

-t

Set the type-of-service in probe packets to the following value (default is zero). The value must be a decimal integer in the range 0 to 255. This option can be used to see if different types of service result in different paths. (If you are not running 4.4bsd, this may be academic since the normal network services like telnet and ftp do not let you control the TOS). Not all values of TOS are legal or meaningful - see the IP spec for definitions. Useful values are probably `-t 16' (low delay) and `-t 8' (high throughput).

-v

Verbose output. Received ICMP packets other than TIME_EXCEEDED and UNREACHABLEs are listed.

-w

Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe (default 5 sec.).

This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some internet host by launching UDP probe packets with a small ttl (time to live) then listening for an ICMP "time exceeded" reply from a gateway. We start our probes with a ttl of one and increase by one until we get an ICMP "port unreachable" (which means we got to "host") or hit a max (which defaults to 30 hops & can be changed with the -m flag). Three probes (change with -q flag) are sent at each ttl setting and a line is printed showing the ttl, address of the gateway and round trip time of each probe. If the probe answers come from different gateways, the address of each responding system will be printed. If there is no response within a 5 second timeout interval (changed with the -w flag), "*" is printed for that probe.

We do not want the destination host to process the UDP probe packets so the destination port is set to an unlikely value (if a user on the destination is using that value, it can be changed with the -p flag).

A sample use and output might be:

[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net.
              traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hops max, 38 byte packet
               1  helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1)  19 ms  19 ms  0 ms
               2  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  39 ms  39 ms  19 ms
               3  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  39 ms  39 ms  19 ms
               4  ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23)  39 ms  40 ms  39 ms
               5  ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22)  39 ms  39 ms  39 ms
               6  128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4)  40 ms  59 ms  59 ms
               7  131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5)  59 ms  59 ms  59 ms
               8  129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13)  99 ms  99 ms  80 ms
               9  129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6)  139 ms  239 ms  319 ms
              10  129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7)  220 ms  199 ms  199 ms
              11  nic.merit.edu (35.1.1.48)  239 ms  239 ms  239 ms

Note that lines 2 & 3 are the same. This is due to a buggy kernel on the 2nd hop system - lbl-csam.arpa - that forwards packets with a zero ttl (a bug in the distributed version of 4.3BSD). Note that you have to guess what path the packets are taking cross-country since the NSFNet (129.140) does not supply address-to-name translations for its NSSes.

A more interesting example is:

[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu.
              traceroute to allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 hops max
               1  helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1)  0 ms  0 ms  0 ms
               2  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  19 ms  19 ms  19 ms
               3  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  39 ms  19 ms  19 ms
               4  ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23)  19 ms  39 ms  39 ms
               5  ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22)  20 ms  39 ms  39 ms
               6  128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4)  59 ms  119 ms  39 ms
               7  131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5)  59 ms  59 ms  39 ms
               8  129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13)  80 ms  79 ms  99 ms
               9  129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6)  139 ms  139 ms  159 ms
              10  129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7)  199 ms  180 ms  300 ms
              11  129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17)  300 ms  239 ms  239 ms
              12  * * *
              13  128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72)  259 ms  499 ms  279 ms
              14  * * *
              15  * * *
              16  * * *
              17  * * *
              18  ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26.0.115)  339 ms  279 ms  279 ms

Note that the gateways that are 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 hops away either do not send ICMP "time exceeded" messages or send them with a ttl too small to reach us. Gateways 14 - 17 are running the MIT C Gateway code that does not send "time exceeded"s. God only knows what is going on with 12.

The silent gateway 12 in the above may be the result of a bug in the 4.[23]BSD network code (and its derivatives): 4.x (x <= 3) sends an unreachable message using whatever ttl remains in the original datagram. Since, for gateways, the remaining ttl is zero, the ICMP "time exceeded" is guaranteed to not make it back to us. The behavior of this bug is slightly more interesting when it appears on the destination system:

1  helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1)  0 ms  0 ms  0 ms
               2  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  39 ms  19 ms  39 ms
               3  lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1)  19 ms  39 ms  19 ms
               4  ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23)  39 ms  40 ms  19 ms
               5  ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35)  39 ms  39 ms  39 ms
               6  csgw.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254)  39 ms  59 ms  39 ms
               7  * * *
               8  * * *
               9  * * *
              10  * * *
              11  * * *
              12  * * *
              13  rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22)  59 ms !  39 ms !  39 ms !

Notice that there are 12 "gateways" (13 is the final destination) and exactly the last half of them are "missing". What is really happening is that rip (a Sun-3 running Sun OS3.5) is using the ttl from our arriving datagram as the ttl in its ICMP reply. So, the reply will time out on the return path (with no notice sent to anyone since ICMPs are not sent for ICMPs) until we probe with a ttl which is at least twice the path length. I.e., rip is really only 7 hops away. A reply that returns with a ttl of 1 is a clue this problem exists. Traceroute prints a "!" after the time if the ttl is <= 1. Since vendors ship a lot of obsolete (DEC's Ultrix, Sun 3.x) or non-standard (HPUX) software, expect to see this problem frequently and/or take care picking the target host of your probes.

Other possible annotations after the time are !H, !N, or !P (got a host, network or protocol unreachable, respectively), !S or !F (source route failed or fragmentation needed - neither of these should ever occur and the associated gateway is busted if you see one), !X (communication administratively prohibited), or !<N> (ICMP unreachable code N). If almost all the probes result in some kind of unreachable, traceroute will give up and exit.

This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and management. It should be used primarily for manual fault isolation. Because of the load that it could impose on the network, it is unwise to use traceroute during normal operations or from automated scripts.

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Interface Stability	Evolving

SEE ALSO

netstat(1CC), ping(1M)

AUTHOR

Implemented by Van Jacobson from a suggestion by Steve Deering. Debugged by a cast of thousands with particularly cogent suggestions or fixes from C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver and Ken Adelman.

The current version is available via anonymous ftp:

ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/traceroute.tar.Z

BUGS

When using protocols other than UDP, functionality is reduced. In particular, the last packet will often appear to be lost, because even though it reaches the destination host, there is no way to know that because no ICMP message is sent back. In the TCP case, traceroute should listen for a RST from the destination host (or an intermediate router which is filtering packets), but this is not implemented yet.

Please send bug reports to traceroute@ee.lbl.gov.

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | ATTRIBUTES | SEE ALSO | AUTHOR | BUGS