ChorusOS man pages section 3POSIX: POSIX Library Functions

dbopen(3POSIX)

NAME

dbopen- database access methods

SYNOPSIS

$(OS_DIR)/lib/libc.a
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <db.h>

file

flags

mode

type

openinfo

API RESTRICTIONS

The function or functions documented here may not be used safely in all application contexts with all APIs provided in the ChorusOS 5.0 product.

See API(5FEA) for details.

FEATURES

UFS

DESCRIPTION

The dbopen() function is the library interface to database files. The supported file formats are btree, hashed and UNIX file oriented. The btree format is a representation of a sorted, balanced tree structure. The hashed format is an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme. The flat-file format is a byte stream file with fixed or variable length records. The formats and file format-specific information are described in detail in their respective man pages btree(3POSIX), hash(3POSIX) and recno(3POSIX).

The dbopen() function opens a file for reading and/or writing. Files not intended to be preserved on disk may be created by setting the file parameter to NULL.

The flags and mode arguments are as specified to the open(2POSIX) routine, however, only the O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_EXLOCK, O_NONBLOCK, O_RDONLY, O_RDWR, O_SHLOCK and O_TRUNC flags are meaningful. (Note, opening a database file O_WRONLY is not possible.)

The type argument is of type DBTYPE (as defined in the db.h include file) and may be set to DB_BTREE, DB_HASH or DB_RECNO.

The openinfo argument is a pointer to an access-method-specific structure described in the access method's man page. If openinfo is NULL, each access method will use defaults appropriate for the system and the access method.

The dbopen() function returns a pointer to a DB structure on success and NULL on error. The DB structure is defined in the db.h include file, and contains at least the following fields:

typedef struct {
    DBTYPE  type;
    int  (*close)(const DB* db);
    int  (*del)(const DB* db, const DBT* key, u_int flags);
    int  (*fd)(const DB* db);
    int  (*get)(const DB* db, DBT* key, DBT* data, u_int flags);
    int  (*put)(const DB* db, DBT* key, const DBT* data, u_int flags);
    int  (*sync)(const DB* db, u_int flags);
    int  (*seq)(const DB* db, DBT* key, DBT* data, u_int flags);
} DB;

These elements describe a database type and a set of functions performing various actions. These functions take a pointer to a structure as returned by dbopen(), and sometimes one or more pointers to key/data structures and a flag value.

type

The type of the underlying access method (and file format).

close

A pointer to a routine to flush any cached information to disk, free any allocated resources, and close the underlying file(s). Since key/data pairs may be cached in memory, failing to sync the file with a close or sync function may result in inconsistent or lost information. The close routines return -1 on error (setting errno) and 0 on success.

del

A pointer to a routine to remove key/data pairs from the database.

The flag parameter may be set to the following value:

R_CURSOR: Delete the record referenced by the cursor. The cursor must have previously been initialized.

Delete routines return -1 on error (setting errno), 0 on success, and 1 if the specified key was not in the file.

fd

A pointer to a routine which returns a file descriptor representative of the underlying database. A file descriptor referencing the same file will be returned to all processes which call dbopen() with the same file name. This file descriptor may safely be used as an argument to the fcntl(2POSIX) and flock(2POSIX) locking functions. The file descriptor is not necessarily associated with any of the underlying files used by the access method. No file descriptor is available for in-memory databases. The fd routines return -1 on error (setting errno), and the file descriptor on success.

get

A pointer to a routine which is the interface for keyed retrieval from the database. The address and length of the data associated with the specified key are returned in the structure referenced by data. The get routines return -1 on error (setting errno), 0 on success, and 1 if the key was not in the file.

put

A pointer to a routine to store key/data pairs in the database.

The flag parameter may be set to one of the following values:

R_CURSOR

Replace the key/data pair referenced by the cursor. The cursor must have been initialized previously.

The delete routines return -1 on error (setting errno), 0 on success, and 1 if the specified key was not in the file.

R_IAFTER

Append the data immediately after the data referenced by key, creating a new key/data pair. The record number of the appended key/data pair is returned in the key structure. (Applicable only to the DB_RECNO access method.)

R_IBEFORE

Insert the data immediately before the data referenced by key, creating a new key/data pair. The record number of the inserted key/data pair is returned in the key structure. (Applicable only to the DB_RECNO access method.)

R_NOOVERWRITE

Enter the new key/data pair only if the key did not previously exist.

R_SETCURSOR

Store the key/data pair, setting or initializing the position of the cursor to reference it. (Applicable only to the DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO access methods.)

The R_SETCURSOR option is available only for the DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO access methods (because it implies that the keys have an inherent order which does not change).

The R_IAFTER and R_IBEFORE functions are available only for the DB_RECNO access method (because they each imply that the access method is able to create new keys). This is true only if the keys are ordered and independent (record numbers, for example).

The default behavior of the put routines is to enter the new key/data pair, replacing any previously existing key.

The put routines return -1 on error (setting errno), 0 on success, and 1 if the R_NOOVERWRITE flag was set and the key already exists in the file.

seq

A pointer to a routine which is the interface for sequential retrieval from the database. The address and length of the key are returned in the structure referenced by key, and the address and length of the data are returned in the structure referenced by data.

Sequential key/data pair retrieval may begin at any time, and the position of the cursor is not affected by calls to del, get, put, or sync. Modifications to the database during a sequential scan will be reflected in the scan; records inserted behind the cursor will not be returned, while records inserted in front of the cursor will be returned.

The flag value must be set to one of the following values:

R_CURSOR: The data associated with the specified key is returned. This differs from the get routines in that it sets or initializes the cursor to the location of the key as well. Note that for the DB_BTREE access method, the key returned is not always an exact match for the key specified. The key returned is the smallest key greater than or equal to the key specified; this provides for partial key matches and range searches.
R_FIRST: The first key/data pair of the database is returned, and the cursor is set or initialized to reference it.
R_LAST: The last key/data pair of the database is returned, and the cursor is set or initialized to reference it. (Applicable only to the DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO access methods.)
R_NEXT: Retrieve the key/data pair immediately after the cursor. If the cursor is not yet set, this is the same as the R_FIRST flag.
R_PREV: Retrieve the key/data pair immediately before the cursor. If the cursor is not yet set, this is the same as the R_LAST flag. (Applicable only to the DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO access methods.)

The R_LAST and R_PREV options are available only for the DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO access methods because they each imply that the keys have an inherent order which does not change.

The seq routines return -1 on error (setting errno), 0 on success and 1 if there are no key/data pairs less than or greater than the current or specified key. If the DB_RECNO access method is being used, if the database file is a character special file, and if no complete key/data pairs are currently available, the seq routines return 2.

sync

A pointer to a routine to flush any cached information to disk. If the database is in memory only, the sync routine has no effect and will always succeed.

The flag value may be set to the following value:

R_RECNOSYNC: If the DB_RECNO access method is being used, this flag causes the sync routine to apply to the btree file which underlies the recno file, not the recno file itself. (See the bfname field of the recno(3POSIX) man page for more information.)

The sync routines return -1 on error (setting errno) and 0 on success.

KEY/DATA PAIRS

Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs. Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure:

typedef struct {
   void*   data;
   size_t  size;
} DBT;

The elements of the DBT structure are defined as follows:

data: A pointer to a byte string.
size: The length of the byte string.

Key and data byte strings may reference strings of essentially unlimited length, although any two of them must fit into available memory at the same time. It should be noted that the access methods do not provide guarantees regarding byte string alignment.

ERRORS

The dbopen() routine may fail and set errno to any of the errors specified for the library routines open(2POSIX) and malloc(3STDC) as well as the following:

EFTYPE: A file has been incorrectly formatted.
EINVAL: A parameter has been specified (hash function, pad byte) that is incompatible with the current file specification, or is not meaningful for the function, use of the cursor without prior initialization, for example. Alternatively, there is a mismatch between the version number of the file and the software.

The close routines may fail and set errno to any of the errors specified for the library routines close(2POSIX), read(2POSIX), write(2POSIX), free(3STDC) or fsync(2POSIX).

The del, get, put and seq routines may fail and set errno to any of the errors specified for the library routines read(2POSIX), write(2POSIX), free(3STDC) or malloc(3STDC).

The fd routines will fail and set errno to ENOENT for in--memory databases.

The sync routines may fail and set errno to any of the errors specified for the library routine fsync(2).

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE
Interface Stability	Evolving

BUGS

The typedef DBT is a mnemonic for ``data base thang'', and was used because no one could think of a reasonable name that was not already in use.

The file descriptor interface is a temporary solution, and will be deleted in a future version of the interface.

None of the access methods provide any form of concurrent access, locking, or transactions.

RESTRICTIONS

These library calls do not support multi-threaded applications.

ChorusOS 5.0 Last Revised December 2001