Before You Begin

This manual documents the intrinsic INTERVAL data types in the Sun Studio Fortran 95 compiler (f95).

Who Should Use This Book

This is a reference manual intended for programmers with a working knowledge of the Fortran language, the Solaris operating environment, and UNIX commands.

How This Book Is Organized

This book contains the following two chapters:

Chapter 1 describes the goals for intrinsic interval support in f95 and provides code samples that interval programmers can use to quickly learn more about the interval features in f95. This chapter contains the essential information to get started writing interval code using f95.

Chapter 2 is a complete description of the interval language extensions to f95.

"Glossary," contains definitions of interval terms.

What Is Not in This Book

This book is not an introduction to intervals and does not contain derivations of the interval innovations included in f95. For a list of sources containing introductory interval information, see the Interval Arithmetic Readme.

Related Interval References

The interval literature is large and growing. Interval applications exist in various substantive fields. However, most interval books and journal articles either contain new interval algorithms, or are written for interval analysts who are developing new interval algorithms. There is not yet a book titled "Introduction to Intervals."

The Sun Studio f95 compiler is not the only source of support for intervals. Readers interested in other well known sources can refer to the following books:

IBM High Accuracy Arithmetic - Extended Scientific Computation (ACRITH-XSC), General Information, GC 33-6461-01 IBM Corp., 1990.

R.Klatte, U.Kulisch, M.Neaga, D.Ratz, Ch.Ullrich, PASCAL-XSC Language Reference With Examples, Springer, 1991.

R.Klatte, U.Kulisch, A.Wiethoff, C.Lawo, M. Rauch, C-XSC Class Library for Extended Scientific Computing, Springer, 1993.

R.Hammer, M.Hocks, U.Kulisch, D.Ratz, Numerical Toolbox for Verified Computing I, Basic Numerical Problems, Springer, 1993.

For a list of technical reports that establish the foundation for the interval innovations implemented in f95, see Section 2.11, References. See the Interval Arithmetic Readme for the location of the online versions of these references.

Online Resources

Additional interval information is available at various web sites and by subscribing to email lists. For a list of online resources, refer to the Interval Arithmetic Readme.

Web Sites

A detailed bibliography and interval FAQ can be obtained online at the URLs listed in the Interval Arithmetic Readme.

Email

To discuss interval arithmetic issues or ask questions regarding the use of interval arithmetic, a mailing list has been constructed. Anyone can send questions to this list. Refer to the Interval Arithmetic Readme for instructions on how to subscribe to this mailing list.

To report a suspected interval error, send email to

sun-dp-comments@Sun.COM

Include the following text in the Subject line of the email message:

FORTEDEV "7.0 mm/dd/yy" Interval

where mm/dd/yy is the month, day, and year.

Code Examples

All code examples in this book are contained in the following directory:

/opt/SUNWspro/examples/intervalmath/docExamples

The name of each file is cen-m.f95, where n is the chapter in which the example occurs and m is the number of the example. Additional interval examples can be found in the following directory:

/opt/SUNWspro/examples/intervalmath/general

Typographic Conventions


Typeface or Symbol	Meaning	Example
`AaBbCc123`	Code samples, the names of commands, files, and directories; on-screen computer output	`INTERVAL(4):: X = [2,3]` `PRINT *, "X = ", X`
`AaBbCc123`	What you type, contrasted with on-screen computer output	`math%` `f95 -xia test.f95` `math%` `a.out` `X = [2.0,3.0]` `math%`
`^d`	Press the Control and d keys to terminate an application	`A, B =` `^d`
AaBbCc123	Placeholders for `INTERVAL` language elements	The `INTERVAL` affirmative order relational operators op {`LT`, `LE`, `EQ`, `GE`, `GT`} are equivalent to the mathematical operators .

Note - Examples use math% as the system prompt.


Code Symbol	Meaning	Notation	Code Example
[ ]	Brackets contain arguments that are optional.	`O[`n`]`	`O4, O`
{ }	Braces contain a set of choices for required option.	`d{y\|n}`	`dy`
\|	The "pipe" or "bar" symbol separates arguments, only one of which may be chosen.	`B{dynamic\|static}`	`Bstatic`
:	The colon, like the comma, is sometimes used to separate arguments.	`R`dir`[:`dir`]`	`R/local/libs:/U/a`
...	The ellipsis indicates omission in a series.	`xinline=`f1`[`,...,fn`]`	`xinline=alpha,dos`

Shell Prompts

Shell	Prompt
C shell	`%`
Bourne shell and Korn shell	`$`
C shell, Bourne shell, and Korn shell superuser	`#`

Accessing Sun Studio Software and Man Pages

The compilers and tools and their man pages are not installed into the standard /usr/bin/ and /usr/share/man directories. To access the compilers and tools, you must have your PATH environment variable set correctly (see Accessing the Compilers and Tools). To access the man pages, you must have the your MANPATH environment variable set correctly (see Accessing the Man Pages.).

For more information about the PATH variable, see the csh(1), sh(1), and ksh(1) man pages. For more information about the MANPATH variable, see the man(1) man page. For more information about setting your PATH variable and MANPATH variables to access this release, see the installation guide or your system administrator.

Note - The information in this section assumes that your Sun Studio compilers and tools are installed in the /opt directory. If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Accessing the Compilers and Tools

Use the steps below to determine whether you need to change your PATH variable to access the compilers and tools.

To Determine Whether You Need to Set Your PATH Environment Variable

1. Display the current value of the PATH variable by typing the following at a command prompt.

% echo $PATH

2. Review the output to find a string of paths that contain /opt/SUNWspro/bin/.

If you find the path, your PATH variable is already set to access the compilers and tools. If you do not find the path, set your PATH environment variable by following the instructions in the next procedure.

To Set Your PATH Environment Variable to Enable Access to the Compilers and Tools

1. If you are using the C shell, edit your home .cshrc file. If you are using the Bourne shell or Korn shell, edit your home .profile file.

2. Add the following to your PATH environment variable. If you have Sun ONE Studio software or Forte Developer software installed, add the following path before the paths to those installations.

/opt/SUNWspro/bin

Accessing the Man Pages

Use the following steps to determine whether you need to change your MANPATH variable to access the man pages.

To Determine Whether You Need to Set Your MANPATH Environment Variable

1. Request the dbx man page by typing the following at a command prompt.

% man dbx

2. Review the output, if any.

If the dbx(1) man page cannot be found or if the man page displayed is not for the current version of the software installed, follow the instructions in the next procedure for setting your MANPATH environment variable.

To Set Your MANPATH Environment Variable to Enable Access to the Man Pages

1. If you are using the C shell, edit your home .cshrc file. If you are using the Bourne shell or Korn shell, edit your home .profile file.

2. Add the following to your MANPATH environment variable.

/opt/SUNWspro/man

Accessing the Integrated Development Environment

The Sun Studio 8 integrated development environment (IDE) provides modules for creating, editing, building, debugging, and analyzing the performance of a C, C++, or Fortran application.

The IDE requires the Core Platform component of Sun Studio 8. You must set the SPRO_NETBEANS_HOME environment variable to the location where the Core Platform component is installed or mounted (installation_directory/netbeans/3.5R) if the Core Platform component is not installed or mounted to one of the following locations:

The default installation directory /opt/netbeans/3.5R

The same location as the Compilers and Tools component of the Sun Studio 8 (for example, the Compilers and Tools component installed in /foo/SUNWspro and the Core Platform component in /foo/netbeans/3.5R

The command to start the IDE is sunstudio. For details on this command, see the sunstudio(1) man page.

Accessing Compilers and Tools Documentation

You can access the documentation at the following locations:

The documentation is available from the documentation index that is installed with the software on your local system or network at file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html.

If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Most manuals are available from the docs.sun.com^sm web site. The following titles are available through your installed software only:

Standard C++ Library Class Reference

Standard C++ Library User's Guide

Tools.h++ Class Library Reference

Tools.h++ User's Guide

The release notes are available from the docs.sun.com web site.

Online help for all components of the IDE is available through the Help menu, as well as through Help buttons on many windows and dialogs, in the IDE.

The docs.sun.com web site (http://docs.sun.com) enables you to read, print, and buy Sun Microsystems manuals through the Internet. If you cannot find a manual, see the documentation index that is installed with the software on your local system or network.

Note - Sun is not responsible for the availability of third-party web sites mentioned in this document and does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, or other materials on or available from such sites or resources. Sun will not be responsible or liable for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods, or services available on or through any such sites or resources.

Documentation in Accessible Formats

The documentation is provided in accessible formats that are readable by assistive technologies for users with disabilities. You can find accessible versions of documentation as described in the following table. If your software is not installed in the /opt directory, ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system.

Type of Documentation	Format and Location of Accessible Version
Manuals (except third-party manuals)	HTML at `http://docs.sun.com`
Third-party manuals: Standard C++ Library Class Reference Standard C++ Library User's Guide Tools.h++ Class Library Reference Tools.h++ User's Guide	HTML in the installed software through the documentation index at `file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html`
Readmes and man pages	HTML in the installed software through the documentation index at `file:/opt/SUNWspro/docs/index.html`
Online help	HTML available through the Help menu in the IDE
Release notes	HTML at `http://docs.sun.com`

Document Title	Description
Numerical Computation Guide	Describes issues regarding the numerical accuracy of floating-point computations.

Accessing Related Solaris Documentation

The following table describes related documentation that is available through the docs.sun.com web site.

Document Collection	Document Title	Description
Solaris Reference Manual Collection	See the titles of man page sections.	Provides information about the Solaris operating environment.
Solaris Software Developer Collection	Linker and Libraries Guide	Describes the operations of the Solaris link-editor and runtime linker.
Solaris Software Developer Collection	Multithreaded Programming Guide	Covers the POSIX and Solaris threads APIs, programming with synchronization objects, compiling multithreaded programs, and finding tools for multithreaded programs.

Resources for Developers

Visit http://developers.sun.com/prodtech/cc to find these frequently updated resources:

Articles on programming techniques and best practices

A knowledge base of short programming tips

Documentation of compilers and tools components, as well as corrections to the documentation that is installed with your software

Information on support levels

User forums

Downloadable code samples

New technology previews

You can find additional resources for developers at http://developers.sun.com.

Contacting Sun Technical Support

If you have technical questions about this product that are not answered in this document, go to:

http://www.sun.com/service/contacting

Sending Your Comments

Sun is interested in improving its documentation and welcomes your comments and suggestions. Email your comments to Sun at this address:

docfeedback@sun.com

Please include the part number (817-5076-10) of your document in the subject line of your email.