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Solaris Naming Administration Guide

Chapter 6 Security Overview

This chapter describes the NIS+ security system and how it affects the entire NIS+ namespace.

Solaris Security--Overview

In essence, Solaris security is provided by gates that users must pass through in order to enter the Solaris environment, and permission matrixes that determine what they are able to do once inside. (See Figure 6-1 for a schematic representation of this system.)

Figure 6-1 Solaris Security Gates and Filters

Graphic

As you can see in Figure 6-1, the overall system is composed of four gates and two permission matrixes:

NIS+ Security--Overview

NIS+ security is an integral part of the NIS+ namespace. You cannot set up security and the namespace independently. For this reason, instructions for setting up security are woven through the steps used to set up the other components of the namespace. Once an NIS+ security environment has been set up, you can add and remove users, change permissions, reassign group members, and all other routine administrative tasks needed to manage an evolving network.

The security features of NIS+ protect the information in the namespace, as well as the structure of the namespace itself, from unauthorized access. Without these security features, any NIS+ client could obtain and change information stored in the namespace or even damage it.

NIS+ security does two things:

In essence, then, NIS+ security is a two-step process:

  1. Authentication. NIS+ uses credentials to confirm that you are who you claim to be.

  2. Authorization. Once your identity is established by the authentication process, NIS+ determines your class. What you can do with a given NIS+ object or service depends on which class you belong to. This is similar in concept to the standard UNIX file and directory permissions system. (See "Authorization Classes" for more information on classes.)

This process, for example, prevents someone with root privileges on machine A from using the su command to assume the identity of a second user and then accessing NIS+ objects with the second user's NIS+ access privileges.

Note, however, that NIS+ cannot prevent someone who knows another user's login password from assuming that other user's identity and NIS+ access privileges. Nor can NIS+ prevent a user with root privileges from assuming the identity of another user who is logged in from the same machine.

Figure 6-2 details this process:

Figure 6-2 Summary of the NIS+ Security Process

Graphic

NIS+ Principals

NIS+ principals are the entities (clients) that submit requests for NIS+ services. An NIS+ principal may be someone who is logged in to a client machine as a regular user, someone who is logged in as superuser, or any process that runs with superuser permission on an NIS+ client machine. Thus, an NIS+ principal can be a client user or a client workstation.

An NIS+ principal can also be the entity that supplies an NIS+ service from an NIS+ server. Since all NIS+ servers are also NIS+ clients, much of this discussion also applies to servers.

NIS+ Security Levels

NIS+ servers operate at one of two security levels. These levels determine the type of credential principals that must submit for their requests to be authenticated. NIS+ is designed to run at the most secure level, which is security level 2. Level 0 is provided only for testing, setup, and debugging purposes. These security levels are summarized in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1 NIS+ Security Levels

Security Level 

Description 

0 

Security level 0 is designed for testing and setting up the initial NIS+ namespace. An NIS+ server running at security level 0 grants any NIS+ principal full access rights to all NIS+ objects in the domain. Level 0 is for setup purposes only and should only be used by administrators for that purpose. Level 0 should not be used on networks in normal operation by regular users. 

1 

Security level 1 uses AUTH_SYS security. This level is not supported by NIS+ and should not be used. 

2 

Security level 2 is the default. It is the highest level of security currently provided by NIS+. It authenticates only requests that use DES credentials. Requests with no credentials are assigned to the nobody class and have whatever access rights that have been granted to that class. Requests that use invalid DES credentials are retried. After repeated failure to obtain a valid DES credential, requests with invalid credentials fail with an authentication error. (A credential might be invalid for a variety of reasons such as the principal making the request is not keylogged in on that machine, the clocks are out of synch, there is a key mismatch, and so forth.) 

Security Levels and Password Commands

In Solaris releases 2.0 through 2.4, you used the nispasswd command to change your password. However, nispasswd could not function without credentials. (In other words, it could not function under security level 0 unless there were credentials existing from some previous higher level.) Starting with Solaris Release 2.5, the passwd command should now be used to change your own password regardless of security level or credential status.

NIS+ Authentication and Credentials--Introduction

The purpose of NIS+ credentials is to authenticate (confirm) the identity of each principal requesting an NIS+ service or access to an NIS+ object. In essence, the NIS+ credential/authorization process is an implementation of the Secure RPC system.

The credential/authentication system prevents someone from assuming some other user's identity. That is, it prevents someone with root privileges on one machine from using the su command to assume the identity of a second user who is not logged in and then accessing NIS+ objects with the second user's NIS+ access privileges.

Once a server authenticates a principal, the principal is placed in one of four authorization classes. The server then checks the NIS+ object that the principal wants to access to see what activities that class of principal is authorized to perform. (See "NIS+ Authorization and Access--Introduction" for further information on authorization.)

User and Machine Credentials

There are two basic types of principal, users and machines, and thus two different types of credentials:

DES versus LOCAL Credentials

NIS+ principals can have two types of credential: DES and LOCAL.

DES Credentials

Note -

DES credentials are only one method of achieving authentication. In the future, other methods may be available. Thus, do not equate DES credentials with NIS+ credentials.

In this document, the term DES credentials is used generically to denote a Diffie-Hellman key based authentication, regardless of key length. The system allows you to specify the key length from a pre-determined set. Use nisauthconf(1M) to set or display the Diffie-Hellman key length.

DES (Data Encryption Standard) credentials are the type of credential that provide secure authentication. When this guide refers to NIS+ checking a credential to authenticate an NIS+ principal, it is the DES credential that NIS+ is validating.

Each time a principal requests an NIS+ service or access to an NIS+ object, the software uses the credential information stored for that principal to generate a credential for that principal. DES credentials are generated from information created for each principal by an NIS+ administrator, as explained in Chapter 7, Administering NIS+ Credentials.

LOCAL Credentials

LOCAL credentials are simply a map between a user's User ID number and NIS+ principal name which includes their home domain name. When users log in, the system looks up their LOCAL credential, which identifies their home domain where their DES credential is stored. The system uses that information to get the user's DES credential information.

When users log in to a remote domain, those requests use their LOCAL credential which points back to their home domain; NIS+ then queries the user's home domain for that user's DES credential information. This allows a user to be authenticated in a remote domain even though the user's DES credential information is not stored in that domain.

Figure 6-3 Credentials and Domains

Graphic

LOCAL credential information can be stored in any domain. In fact, in order to log into a remote domain and be authenticated, a client user must have a LOCAL credential in the cred table of the remote domain. If a user does not have a LOCAL credential in a remote domain the user is trying to access, NIS+ will be unable to locate the user's home domain to obtain the user's DES credential. In such a case the user would not be authenticated and would be placed in the nobody class.

User Types and Credential Types

A user can have both types of credentials, but a machine can only have DES credentials.

Root cannot have NIS+ access, as root, to other machines because the root UID of every machine is always zero. If root (UID=0) of machine A tried to access machine B as root, that would conflict with machine B's already existing root (UID=0). Thus, a LOCAL credential doesn't make sense for a client workstation; so it is allowed only for a client user.

Table 6-2 Types of Credentials

Type of Credential 

Client User 

Client Workstation 

DES 

Yes 

Yes 

LOCAL 

Yes 

No 

NIS+ Authorization and Access--Introduction

The basic purpose of NIS+ authorization is to specify the access rights that each NIS+ principal has for each NIS+ object and service.

Once the principal making an NIS+ request is authenticated, NIS+ places them in an authorization class. The access rights (permissions) that specify which activities a principal may do with a given NIS+ object are assigned on a class basis. In other words, one authorization class may have certain access rights while a different class has different rights.

Authorization Classes

NIS+ objects do not grant access rights directly to NIS+ principals. Instead, they grant access rights to four classes of principal:

Figure 6-4 Authorization Classes

Graphic

For any NIS+ request, the system determines which class the requesting principal belongs to and the principal then can use whatever access rights belonging to that class.

An object can grant any combination of access rights to each of these classes. Normally, however, a higher class is assigned the same rights as all the lower classes, plus possible additional rights.

For instance, an object could grant read access to the nobody and world classes; both read and modify access to the group class; and read, modify, create, and destroy access to the owner class.

The four classes are described in detail below.

The Owner Class

The owner is a single NIS+ principal.

A principal making a request for access to an NIS+ object must be authenticated (present a valid DES credential) before being granted owner access rights.

By default, an object's owner is the principal that created the object. However, an object's owner can cede ownership to another principal in two ways:

Once a principal gives up ownership, that principal gives up all owner's access rights to the object and keeps only the rights the object assigns to either the group, the world, or nobody.

The Group Class

The object's group is a single NIS+ group. (In this context, group refers to NIS+ groups, not UNIX or net groups.)

A principal making a request for access to an NIS+ object must be authenticated (present a valid DES credential) and belong to the group before being granted group access rights.

An NIS+ group is a collection of NIS+ principals, grouped together as a convenience for providing access to the namespace. The access rights granted to an NIS+ group apply to all the principals that are members of that group. (An object's owner, however, does not need to belong to the object's group.)

When an object is created it may be assigned a default group. A nondefault group can be specified for an object when it is created or later. An object's group may be changed at any time.

Note -

Information about NIS+ groups is not stored in the NIS+ group table. The group table stores information about UNIX groups. Information about NIS+ groups is stored in the appropriate groups_dir directory object.

Information about NIS+ groups is stored in NIS+ group objects, under the groups_dir subdirectory of every NIS+ domain:

Figure 6-5 NIS+ Directory Structure

Graphic

Instructions for administering NIS+ groups are provided in Chapter 12, Administering NIS+ Groups.

The World Class

The world class contains all NIS+ principals that are authenticated by NIS+. In other words, the world class includes everyone in the owner and group class, plus everyone else who presents a valid DES credential.

Access rights granted to the world class apply to all authenticated principals.

The Nobody Class

The nobody class is composed of anyone who is not properly authenticated. In other words, the nobody class includes everyone who does not present a valid DES credential.

Authorization Classes and the NIS+ Object Hierarchy

There is a hierarchy of NIS+ objects and authorization classes that can apply independently to each level. The standard default NIS+ directory hierarchy is:

The four authorization classes apply at each level. Thus, a directory object will have its own owner and group. The individual tables within a directory object will have their own individual owners and groups which may be different than the owner and group of the directory object. Within a table, an entry (row) may have its own individual owner or group which may be different than the owner and group of the table as a whole or the directory object as a whole. Within a table, individual columns have the same owner and group as the table as a whole.

NIS+ Access Rights

NIS+ objects specify their access rights as part of their object definitions. (You can examine these by using the niscat -o command, described on page 172.)

NIS+ objects specify access rights for NIS+ principals in the same way that UNIX files specify permissions for UNIX users. Access rights specify the types of operations that NIS+ principals are allowed to perform on NIS+ objects.

NIS+ operations vary among different types of objects, but they all fall into one of the four access rights categories: read, modify, create, and destroy.

Every communication from an NIS+ client to an NIS+ server is, in effect, a request to perform one of these operations on a specific NIS+ object. For instance, when an NIS+ principal requests the IP address of another workstation, it is effectively requesting read access to the hosts table object, which stores that type of information. When a principal asks the server to add a directory to the NIS+ namespace, it is actually requesting modify access to the directory's parent object.

Keep in mind that these rights logically evolve down from directory to table to table column and entry levels. For example, to create a new table, you must have create rights for the NIS+ directory object where the table will be stored. When you create that table, you become its default owner. As owner, you can assign yourself create rights to the table which allows you to create new entries in the table. If you create new entries in a table, you become the default owner of those entries. As table owner, you can also grant table-level create rights to others. For example, you can give your table's group class table-level create rights. In that case, any member of the table's group can create new entries in the table. The individual member of the group who creates a new table entry becomes the default owner of that entry.

The NIS+ Administrator

An NIS+ administrator is anyone who has administrative rights over an NIS+ object. For the purpose of this discussion, administrative rights are defined as create, destroy, and for some objects, modify rights. (See " NIS+ Access Rights" for a description of NIS+ access rights.)

Whoever creates an NIS+ object sets the initial access rights to that object. If the creator restricts administrative rights to the object's owner (initially the creator), than only the owner has administrative power over that object. On the other hand, if the creator grants administrative rights to the object's group, then everyone in that group has administrative power over that object.

Thus, who ever has administrative rights over an object is considered to be an NIS+ administrator for that object.

In other words, the NIS+ software does not enforce any requirement that there be a single NIS+ administrator.

Theoretically, you could grant administrative rights to the world class, or even the nobody class. The software allows you to do that. But granting administrative rights beyond the group class effectively nullifies NIS+ security. Thus, if you grant administrative rights to either the World or the nobody class you are, in effect, defeating the purpose of NIS+ security.

NIS+ Password, Credential, and Key Commands

Use the following commands to administer passwords, credentials, and keys (see the appropriate man pages for a full description of each command):