Modifying Boot Behavior on x86 Based Systems (Task Map)

Modifying Boot Behavior on x86 Based Systems

The primary methods for modifying boot behavior on an x86 based system are as follows:

• By using the eeprom command.

  The eeprom command is used to assign a different value to a standard set of properties. These values, which are equivalent to the SPARC OpenBoot PROM NVRAM variables, are stored in the /boot/solaris/bootenv.rc file. Changes that are made to boot behavior by using the eeprom command persist over each system reboot and are preserved during a software upgrade. You can override these changes by editing the GRUB menu at boot time or by editing the menu.lst file. See the eeprom(1M) man page for more information.

  ---

  Note - Changes that are made by directly editing the bootenv.rc file are not always preserved during a software upgrade. This method is therefore discouraged. The preferred method for making these types of changes is to use the eeprom command.

  ---

• By editing the GRUB menu at boot time.

  Changes that are made by modifying the GRUB kernel behavior at boot time override options that you set by using the eeprom command. However, these changes only remain in effect until the next time you boot the system. See the kernel(1M) man page for more information.

• By manually editing the GRUB menu.lst file.

  ---

  Caution - Any system-generated changes that are made to menu.lst entries are changed or lost during a system upgrade. However, any new boot entries that were manually added remain after an upgrade. You can override eeprom settings by editing the GRUB menu at boot time or by editing the menu.lst file. Changes made by editing the GRUB menu at boot time do not persist. Whereas, changes that are made by editing the menu.lst file persist over system reboots.

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x86: How to Modify Boot Behavior by Using the eeprom Command

1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.

   Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services.

2. Change the specified parameter.

   # eeprom parameter=new-value

3. Verify that the new parameter has been set.

   # eeprom parameter

   The output should display the new eeprom value for the specified parameter.

Example 11-3 x86: Setting boot-file Parameters by Using the eeprom Command

This example shows how to manually specify that the system boot a 64-bit kernel. The system must support 64-bit computing.

# eeprom boot-file=kernel/amd64/unix

This example shows how to manually boot a 32-bit kernel on a 64-bit capable system.

# eeprom boot-file=kernel/unix

This example shows how to restore the default auto detected boot behavior on a system.

# eeprom boot-file=""

x86: Modifying Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time

The following is an example of a GRUB main menu in an Oracle Solaris release that supports booting a system from a ZFS root file system. This menu is based on the contents of the menu.lst file, which includes menu entries for all of the bootable OS instances on the system. The first entry in the menu is the default, unless otherwise specified. To specify another boot entry as the default, add the default=n command to the menu.lst file, where n is a number, starting from 0 (the first boot entry).

GNU GRUB  version 0.95  (637K lower / 3144640K upper memory)
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
be1)
be1 failsafe
be3
be3 failsafe
be2
be2 failsafe
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
      Use the ^ and v keys to select which entry is highlighted.
      Press enter to boot the selected OS, 'e' to edit the
      commands before booting, or 'c' for a command-line.

To edit a boot entry in the GRUB menu, use the arrow keys to select the entry, then type e.

GNU GRUB  version 0.95  (637K lower / 3144640K upper memory)
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
bootfs rpool/ROOT/szboot_0508
kernel$ /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B $ZFS-BOOTFS 
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
      Use the ^ and v keys to select which entry is highlighted.
      Press enter to boot the selected OS, 'e' to edit the
      commands before booting, or 'c' for a command-line.

For instructions on editing the GRUB menu at boot time, see x86: How to Modify Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time.

Editing the GRUB Menu in Oracle Solaris 10

The following examples show the edit menu in the various GRUB implementations:

GRUB ZFS Support:

grub edit> kernel$ /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B $ZFS-BOOTFS,prop=value
[,prop=value...]][-asrvxk] [-m smf-options] [-i altinit]

GRUB UFS Support:

grub edit> kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot [-asrvxk] [-m smf-options]
[-i altinit][-B prop=value [,prop=value...]]

Boot Arguments That Can Be Specified by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time

The following list describes the boot arguments and options that you can specify by editing the GRUB menu at boot time:

multiboot

Specifies the kernel to boot

-a

Prompts the user for configuration information

-s

Boots the system in single-user mode

-r

Specifies a reconfiguration boot

The system probes all attached hardware devices and then assigns nodes in the file system to represent only those devices that are actually found.

-v

Boots the system with verbose messages enabled

-x

Does not boot the system in clustered mode

-k

Boots the system with the kernel debugger enabled

-m smf-options

Controls the boot behavior of the Service Management Facility (SMF)

There are two categories of options: recovery options and messages options.

-i altinit

Specifies an alternative executable as the primordial process. altinit is a valid path to an executable.

-B prop=value [,prop=value]...

Specifies kernel boot properties.

The following are various ways you can modify boot behavior in the GRUB menu by using the -B prop=val option:

-B console=ttya

Redirects the console to ttya.

-B acpi-enum=off

Disables Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) enumeration of devices.

-B console=ttya,acpi-enum=off

Redirects the console to ttya and disables the ACPI enumeration of devices.

-B acpi-user-options=0x2

Disables ACPI entirely.

x86: How to Modify Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time

When you modify the GRUB kernel behavior by editing the GRUB menu at boot time, the changes do not persist over a system reboot. Default boot behavior is restored the next time you boot the system.

1. Reboot the system.

   When the boot sequence begins, the GRUB main menu is displayed.

2. Use the arrow keys to select the boot entry to edit.
3. Type e to access the GRUB edit menu.
4. Select the kernel or kernel$ line in this menu.
5. Type e to add boot arguments to the line.
6. Type any additional boot arguments.
7. Press Return to save your changes and return to the previous menu.

   ---

   Note - Pressing the Escape key returns you to the GRUB main menu without saving your changes.

   ---

8. To boot the system, type b.

   Changes you make take affect when the system is booted.

Example 11-4 x86: Booting a 32-Bit Kernel on a 64-Bit Enabled System

To boot a 32-bit kernel on a 64-bit capable system, add the kernel/unix argument.

grub edit> kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot kernel/unix

Example 11-5 x86: Redirecting the Serial Console

To redirect the serial console to ttyb, add the -B console=ttyb argument.

grub edit> kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B console=ttyb

Alternatively, you can use input-device/output-device property, as shown in the following example:

grub edit> kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B input-device=ttyb,output-device=ttyb

This example shows how you would override the serial line speed:

grub edit> kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B ttyb-mode="115200,8,n,1,-"

Caution: In the preceding example, the property value contains commas, which is also a property separator. To avoid confusing the property parser, use double quotation marks around the entire property value.

x86: Modifying Boot Behavior by Editing the menu.lst File

The GRUB menu, which is based on the menu.lst configuration file, can be customized. The operating systems that are installed on your system are listed in this file and displayed in the GRUB menu when the system is booted. Note that when you install an operating system other than Oracle Solaris, you must manually add a menu entry for that operating system to the menu.lst file after installation.

The following is an example of a typical GRUB main menu, which is based on the contents of the menu.lst file. The GRUB main menu consists of all of the boot entries that are available, plus a failsafe archive.

GNU GRUB  version 0.95  (631K lower / 2095488K upper memory)
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | Solaris 10.1 ... X86                                                    |
 | Solaris failsafe                                                        |
 |                                                                         |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

A configurable timeout is available to boot the default OS entry. The default OS boot entry that is booted is configurable through the default command. The installation software typically sets this command to boot one of the valid boot entries. To boot a different instance of the Oracle Solaris OS (if applicable), or to boot a different OS, use the arrow keys to highlight a different boot entry. Then press Enter to boot that entry. Note that if the default command is not set, the first boot entry in the GRUB menu is booted.

Only the active menu.lst file is used to boot the system. To modify the GRUB menu that is displayed when you boot the system, edit the active GRUB menu.lst file. Changing any other menu.lst file has no effect on the menu that is displayed when you boot the system To determine the location of the active menu.lst file, use the list-menu subcommand of the bootadm command. For more information about using the bootadm command, see Using the bootadm Command to Manage the Boot Archives.

For a complete description of the menu.lst file in each of the GRUB implementations in the Solaris OS, see x86: Supported GRUB Versions.

x86: How to Modify Boot Behavior by Editing the menu.lst File

You might need to modify the menu.lst file for one of the following reasons:

• To add new OS entries

• To add GRUB console redirection information

Before You Begin

Because only the active GRUB menu.lst file is used to boot the system, make sure you edit the correct file. Changing any other GRUB menu.lst file has no effect on the menu that is displayed when you boot the system.

The location of the active menu.lst file varies, depending on whether you have a system with a UFS root or a ZFS root.

• For a UFS root, the active menu.lst file is /boot/grub/menu.lst.

• For a ZFS root, the active menu.lst file is /pool-name/boot/grub/menu.lst.

You can determine the location of the active GRUB menu.lst file by using the bootadm command with the list-menu subcommand.

# bootadm list-menu

For more information about the bootadm command, see the bootadm(1M) man page.

1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.

   Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services.

2. To add a new OS entry to the active menu.lst file, use a text editor to modify the file.

   The comments within the menu.lst file provide you with the necessary information for adding a new OS entry.

   The following is an example of a menu.lst file for a system that is running a release with ZFS boot support. Boot entries in the menu.lst file vary, depending on the Oracle Solaris release that you are running.

   #---------- ADDED BY BOOTADM - DO NOT EDIT ----------
   title Solaris Solaris 10 s10x_nbu6wos_nightly X86
   kernel$ /platform/i86pc/multiboot -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
   module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive
   #---------------------END BOOTADM--------------------

   ---

   Caution - Do not directly edit the original contents of the menu.lst file. To make changes to any of the OS entries in the file, manually edit the file to duplicate the existing content. Then, make the modifications to the duplicated content. Also note when manually adding new entries to the file, never include guard comments, for example, “Added by bootadm”. These comments are reserved for use by the system. Not using these comments ensures that these entries remain intact during a software upgrade.

   ---

   If you have added any additional entries, beyond the default entries, make any equivalent changes manually.

   The [-B *] and [*] flags must be preserved, if these flags exist in the original menu.lst file. Also, the failsafe entry should always have an -s flag.

3. After adding the required information, save the file.

   Note that any changes you make to the file take effect at the next system reboot.

   ---

   Tip - If you are running Linux, and install Oracle Solaris, the Linux entry is not preserved in the GRUB menu when the system is rebooted. Before installing or upgrading your system, save a copy of the menu.lst file that contains the Linux information. After the installation, add the Linux information to the newly created menu.lst file in the Solaris partition.

   ---

   Because changes you make to the menu.lst file are not directly related to the Oracle Solaris OS, you cannot make them by using the eeprom command. You must edit the file directly. Note that the software upgrade process preserves any changes that you make to the menu.lst file.

   ---

   Caution - GRUB is capable of booting both Linux and Oracle Solaris. However, Linux GRUB is not capable of booting Oracle Solaris. Always ensure that one of the following conditions are met: That the fdisk partition is active, that it has GRUB installed, and that the menu.lst file is the active GRUB menu. That Oracle Solaris GRUB is installed to the Master Boot Record (MBR), and that it refers to the menu.lst in the fdisk partition.

   ---

   For a detailed description of the GRUB menu.lst that pertains to each Oracle Solaris release, see x86: Supported GRUB Versions.

Example 11-6 menu.lst File on a System With an Oracle Solaris ZFS Boot Loader

The following examples show what a menu.lst file looks like on a system that has an Oracle Solaris ZFS boot loader. By default, this system will boot from a ZFS root file system. Note that the contents of the file varies, depending on the installation type.

New installation or standard upgrade:

title Solaris 10 s10x_nbu6wos_nightly X86
findroot (pool_rpool,0,a)
kernel$  /platform/i86pc/multiboot  -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title Solaris failsafe
findroot (pool_rpool,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe

Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade

title be1
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
bootfs rpool/ROOT/szboot_0508
kernel$  /platform/i86pc/multiboot  -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title be1 failsafe
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-sa

Example 11-7 menu.lst File on a System With a UFS Boot Loader

The following examples show what a menu.lst file looks like on a system that has a UFS root file system installed. By default, this system will boot from a UFS root file system.

New installation or standard upgrade:

title Solaris 10 s10x_nbu6wos_nightly X86
findroot (rootfs0,0,a)
kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title Solaris failsafe
findroot (rootfs0,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe

Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade:

title be1
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
kernel /platform/i86pc/multiboot
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title be1 failsafe
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe

x86: Locating the Active GRUB menu.lst File

On systems that have a ZFS root, the active menu.lst file is typically located in /pool-name/boot/grub/menu.lst.

On systems that have a UFS root, the active menu.lst file is typically located in /boot/grub/menu.lst.

To locate the active GRUB menu, use the bootadm command with the list-menu subcommand:

# bootadm list-menu

This command also lists the contents of the active menu.lst file:

# bootadm list-menu
The location for the active GRUB menu is: /pool-name/boot/grub/menu.lst
default 0
timeout 10
0 be1
1 be1 failsafe
2 be3
3 be3 failsafe
4 be2
5 be2 failsafe

For further instructions on using the bootadm command, see Using the bootadm Command to Manage the Boot Archives.

x86: Implementation of the findroot Command

All installation methods, including Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade, now use the findroot command for specifying which disk slice on an x86 based system to boot. This enhancement supports booting systems with Oracle Solaris ZFS roots, as well as UFS roots. This information is located in the menu.lst file that is used by GRUB. Previously, the root command, root (hd0.0.a), was explicitly used to specify which disk slice to boot.

The installation methods include Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade, Oracle Solaris JumpStart, and the installation GUI program.

In addition to the findroot command, is a signature file on the slice, (mysign, 0, a), where mysign is the name of a signature file that is located in the /boot/grub/bootsign directory. When booting a system from a ZFS root, the ZFS GRUB plug-in looks for and tries to mount a ZFS file system in slice a of fdisk partition 0.

The name of the signature file varies, depending on the installation method that was used. For more information about the naming conventions that are used by the findroot command, see Naming Conventions That Are Used by the findroot Command.

Additional menu entries that also use the findroot command can be added to the GRUB menu after an installation or upgrade. For instructions, see x86: How to Add GRUB Menu Entries That Use the findroot Command.

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Caution - The boot signature must be unique. Do not use or remove system-generated signatures or user signatures that are duplicated across multiple instances of the Oracle Solaris software. Doing so might result in booting an incorrect OS instance or prevent the system from booting.

---

Note that the root command can still be used in the menu.lst file in certain instances, for example to boot Windows. However, do not use the root command in cases where the findroot command is the preferred choice.

Example 11-8 x86: Default menu.lst file on a System That Supports a UFS Boot Loader

The following example shows the format of a menu.lst file entry that uses the findroot command:

title Solaris 10 s10x_nbu6wos_nightly X86
findroot (pool_rpool,0,a)
kernel$  /platform/i86pc/multiboot  -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title Solaris failsafe
findroot (pool_rpool,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe

Example 11-9 x86: Default menu.lst file That Supports an Oracle Solaris ZFS Boot Loader

This is an example of a menu.lst file on system that supports an Oracle Solaris ZFS boot loader. The information for booting from a ZFS root file system is automatically added to the file when an Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade is performed.

title be1
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
kernel$  /platform/i86pc/multiboot  -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
module /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

title be1 failsafe
findroot (BE_be1,0,a)
kernel /boot/multiboot kernel/unix -s    -B console=ttyb
module /boot/x86.miniroot-safe

x86: How to Add GRUB Menu Entries That Use the findroot Command

This procedure shows how to manually update the menu.lst file with user-defined entries that use the findroot command. Typically, these entries are added after an installation or an upgrade. For guidelines on adding user-defined entries that use the findroot command, see x86: Implementation of the findroot Command.

1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.

   Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services.

2. Create a boot signature file on the root (/) file system or root pool that will be booted.
   • For a ZFS pool, my-pool, create the boot signature file in the /my-pool/boot/grub/bootsign directory.

     #  touch /my-pool/boot/grub/bootsign/user-sign

   • For a UFS file system, create the boot signature file in the /boot/grub/bootsign directory of the root file system to be booted.

     #  touch /boot/grub/bootsign/user-sign

   ---

   Note - Make sure the file name that you choose for the boot signature is unique. Do not use system-generated signature names or user signature names that are duplicated across multiple instances of Oracle Solaris. Doing so might prevent the system from booting or cause the wrong Oracle Solaris instance to boot.

   ---

3. Add a menu entry that contains the findroot command.
   1. Locate the active menu.lst file:

      # bootadm list-menu

   2. Using a text editor, edit the active menu.lst file to add the following entry:

      title    User Solaris boot entry
      findroot  (user-sign, 3, c)
      kernel$   /platform/i86pc/multiboot
      module  /platform/i86pc/boot_archive

      In the preceding example, the 3 represents the 4th fdisk partition (partitions start at 0). The c represents the slice within a Solaris fdisk partition (slices start with a).

4. Reboot the system.

   The new entry is displayed in the GRUB menu and can be selected to boot the specified Oracle Solaris OS instance.