Parameters for the sqlnet.ora File

5 Parameters for the sqlnet.ora File

This chapter provides a complete listing of the sqlnet.ora file configuration parameters. This chapter includes the following topics:

5.1 Overview of Profile Configuration File

The sqlnet.ora file is the profile configuration file. It resides on the client machines and the database server. Profiles are stored and implemented using this file. The database server can be configured with access control parameters in the sqlnet.ora file. These parameters specify whether clients are allowed or denied access based on the protocol.

The sqlnet.ora file enables you to do the following:

Specify the client domain to append to unqualified names
Prioritize naming methods
Enable logging and tracing features
Route connections through specific processes
Configure parameters for external naming
Configure Oracle Advanced Security
Use protocol-specific parameters to restrict access to the database

By default, the sqlnet.ora file is located in the ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory. The sqlnet.ora file can also be stored in the directory specified by the TNS_ADMIN environment variable.

Note:

The settings in the sqlnet.ora file apply to all pluggable databases (PDBs) in a multitenant container database environment.
Oracle Net Services supports the IFILE parameter in the sqlnet.ora file, with up to three levels of nesting. The parameter is added manually to the file. The following is an example of the syntax:
```
IFILE=/tmp/listener_em.ora
IFILE=/tmp/listener_cust1.ora
IFILE=/tmp/listener_cust2.ora 
```
Refer to Oracle Database Reference for additional information.

5.2 sqlnet.ora Profile Parameters

This section lists and describes the following sqlnet.ora file parameters:

5.2.1 BEQUEATH_DETACH

Purpose

To turn signal handling on or off for Linux and UNIX systems.

Default

Values

yes to turn signal handling off
no to leave signal handling on

Example

BEQUEATH_DETACH=yes

5.2.2 EXADIRECT_FLOW_CONTROL

Purpose

To enable or disable Exadirect flow control.

Usage Notes

If turned on, the parameter enables Oracle Net to broadcast available receive window to the sender. The sender limits the sends based on the receiver broadcast window.

Default

off

Example

EXADIRECT_FLOW_CONTROL=on

5.2.3 DEFAULT_SDU_SIZE

Purpose

To specify the session data unit (SDU) size, in bytes to connections.

Usage Notes

Oracle recommends setting this parameter in both the client-side and server-side sqlnet.ora file to ensure the same SDU size is used throughout a connection. When the configured values of client and database server do not match for a session, the lower of the two values is used.

You can override this parameter for a particular client connection by specifying the SDU parameter in the connect descriptor for a client.

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for complete SDU usage and configuration information

Default

8192 bytes (8 KB)

Values

512 to 2097152 bytes

Example

DEFAULT_SDU_SIZE=4096

5.2.4 DISABLE_OOB

Purpose

To enable or disable Oracle Net to send or receive out-of-band break messages using urgent data provided by the underlying protocol.

Usage Notes

If turned off, then the parameter enables Oracle Net to send and receive break messages. If turned on, then the parameter disables the ability to send and receive break messages. Once enabled, this feature applies to all protocols used by this client.

Default

off

Example

DISABLE_OOB=on

See Also:

Operating system-specific documentation to determine if the protocols you are using support urgent data requests. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol that supports this feature.

5.2.5 HTTPS_SSL_VERSION

Use the sqlnet.ora profile parameter HTTPS_SSL_VERSION to control the Secure Sockters Later (SSL) that XDB HTTPS connections use.

Purpose

Use HTTPS_SSL_VERSION to control the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) version that XDB HTTPS connections use.

Usage Notes

Note that the SSL_VERSION parameter no longer controls the SSL version that HTTPS uses. You can set this parameter to any valid HTTPS_SSL_VERSION values.

Default

1.1 or 1.2, meaning TLSv1.1 or TLSv1.2.

Values

Any valid HTTPS_SSL_VERSION value.

5.2.6 NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN

Purpose

To set the domain from which the client most often looks up names resolution requests.

Usage Notes

When this parameter is set, the default domain name is automatically appended to any unqualified net service name or service name.

For example, if the default domain is set to us.example.com, then the connect string CONNECT scott@sales gets searched as sales.us.example.com. If the connect string includes the domain extension, such as CONNECT scott@sales.us.example.com, then the domain is not appended to the string.

Default

None

Example

NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN=example.com

5.2.7 NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH

Purpose

To specify the order of the naming methods used for client name resolution lookups.

Default

NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames, ldap, ezconnect)

Values

The following table shows the NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH values for the naming methods.

Naming Method Value	Description
`tnsnames` (local naming method)	Set to resolve a network service name through the `tnsnames.ora` file on the client.
`ldap (`directory naming method)	Set to resolve a database service name, net service name, or network service alias through a directory server.
`ezconnect` or `hostname` (Easy Connect naming method)	Select to enable clients to use a TCP/IP connect identifier, consisting of a host name and optional port and service name.
`nis` (external naming method)	Set to resolve service information through an existing Network Information Service (NIS).

Example

NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(tnsnames)

5.2.8 NAMES.LDAP_AUTHENTICATE_BIND

Purpose

To specify whether the LDAP naming adapter should attempt to authenticate using a specified wallet when it connects to the LDAP directory to resolve the name in the connect string.

Usage Notes

The parameter value is Boolean.

If the parameter is set to TRUE, then the LDAP connection is authenticated using a wallet whose location must be specified in the WALLET_LOCATION parameter.

If the parameter is set to FALSE, then the LDAP connection is established using an anonymous bind.

Default

false

Example

NAMES.LDAP_AUTHENTICATE_BIND=true

5.2.9 NAMES.LDAP_CONN_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify number of seconds for a non-blocking connect timeout to the LDAP server.

Usage Notes

The parameter value -1 is for infinite timeout.

Default

15 seconds

Values

Values are in seconds. The range is -1 to the number of seconds acceptable for your environment. There is no upper limit.

Example

names.ldap_conn_timeout = -1

5.2.10 NAMES.LDAP_PERSISTENT_SESSION

Purpose

To specify whether the LDAP naming adapter should leave the session with the LDAP server open after name lookup is complete.

Usage Notes

The parameter value is Boolean.

If the parameter is set to TRUE, then the connection to the LDAP server is left open after the name lookup is complete. The connection will effectively stay open for the duration of the process. If the connection is lost, then it is re-established as needed.

If the parameter is set to FALSE, then the LDAP connection is terminated as soon as the name lookup completes. Every subsequent lookup opens the connection, performs the lookup, and closes the connection. This option prevents the LDAP server from having a large number of clients connected to it at any one time.

Default

false

Example

NAMES.LDAP_PERSISTENT_SESSION=true

5.2.11 NAMES.NIS.META_MAP

Purpose

To specify the map file to be used to map Network Information Service (NIS) attributes to an NIS mapname.

Default

sqlnet.maps

Example

NAMES.NIS.META_MAP=sqlnet.maps

5.2.12 RECV_BUF_SIZE

Purpose

To specify the buffer space limit for receive operations of sessions.

Usage Notes

You can override this parameter for a particular client connection by specifying the RECV_BUF_SIZE parameter in the connect descriptor for a client.

This parameter is supported by the TCP/IP, TCP/IP with SSL, and SDP protocols.

Note:

Additional protocols might support this parameter on certain operating systems. Refer to the operating system-specific documentation for additional information about additional protocols that support this parameter.

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for additional information about configuring this parameter

Default

The default value for this parameter is operating system specific. The default for Linux 2.6 operating system is 87380 bytes.

Example

RECV_BUF_SIZE=11784

5.2.13 SDP.PF_INET_SDP

Purpose

To specify the protocol family or address family constant for the SDP protocol on your system.

Default

Values

Any positive integer

Example

SDP.PF_INET_SDP=30

5.2.14 SEC_USER_AUDIT_ACTION_BANNER

Purpose

To specify a text file containing the banner contents that warn the user about possible user action auditing.

Usage Notes

The complete path of the text file must be specified in the sqlnet.ora file on the server. Oracle Call Interface (OCI) applications can make use of OCI features to retrieve this banner and display it to the user.

Default

None

Values

Name of the file for which the database owner has read permissions.

Example

SEC_USER_AUDIT_ACTION_BANNER=/opt/oracle/admin/data/auditwarning.txt

5.2.15 SEC_USER_UNAUTHORIZED_ACCESS_BANNER

Purpose

To specify a text file containing the banner contents that warn the user about unauthorized access to the database.

Usage Notes

The complete path of the text file must be specified in the sqlnet.ora file on the server. OCI applications can make use of OCI features to retrieve this banner and display it to the user.

Default

None

Values

Name of the file for which the database owner has read permissions.

Example

SEC_USER_UNAUTHORIZED_ACCESS_BANNER=/opt/oracle/admin/data/unauthwarning.txt

5.2.16 SEND_BUF_SIZE

Purpose

To specify the buffer space limit for send operations of sessions.

Usage Notes

You can override this parameter for a particular client connection by specifying the SEND_BUF_SIZE parameter in the connect descriptor for a client.

This parameter is supported by the TCP/IP, TCP/IP with SSL, and SDP protocols.

Note:

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for additional information about configuring this parameter

Default

The default value for this parameter is operating system specific. The default for Linux 2.6 operating system is 16 KB.

Example

SEND_BUF_SIZE=11784

5.2.17 SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO

Use the sqlnet.ora compatibility parameter SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO to configure your client-side network connection by reviewing the specified encryption and crypto-checksum algorithms.

Purpose

To configure your client-side network connection by reviewing the encryption and crypto-checksum algorithms enabled on the client and server. This ensures that the connection does not encounter compatibility issues and your configuration uses supported strong algorithms.

Usage Notes

The DES, DES40, 3DES112, 3DES168, RC4_40, RC4_56, RC4_128, RC4_256, and MD5 algorithms are deprecated in this release.

As a result of this deprecation, Oracle recommends that you review your network encryption and integrity configuration to check if you have specified any of the deprecated weak algorithms.

To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.
If you set this parameter to TRUE, then you can specify deprecated algorithms for backward compatibility. This configuration allows patched clients to connect to unpatched servers, and thus such a connection is less secure.
If you set this parameter to FALSE, then you can specify only supported algorithms so that clients and servers can communicate in a fully patched environment. The server enforces key fold-in for all Kerberos and JDBC thin clients. This configuration strengthens the connection between clients and servers by using strong native network encryption and integrity capabilities.

Using this setting, if native network encryption or checksumming is enabled and a patched server or client attempts to communicate with an unpatched old client or server, then the connection fails with an error message.

Values

TRUE
FALSE

Default Value

TRUE

Recommended Value

FALSE

Note:

Before setting this parameter to FALSE, you must remove all deprecated algorithms listed in the server and client sqlnet.ora files.

Example

SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO = FALSE

Related Topics

5.2.18 SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO_CLIENTS

Use the sqlnet.ora compatibility parameter SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO_CLIENTS to configure your server-side network connection by reviewing the specified encryption and crypto-checksum algorithms.

Purpose

To configure your server-side network connection by reviewing the encryption and crypto-checksum algorithms enabled on the client and server. This ensures that the connection does not encounter compatibility issues and your configuration uses supported strong algorithms.

Usage Notes

The DES, DES40, 3DES112, 3DES168, RC4_40, RC4_56, RC4_128, RC4_256, and MD5 algorithms are deprecated in this release.

As a result of this deprecation, Oracle recommends that you review your network encryption and integrity configuration to check if you have specified any of the deprecated weak algorithms.

To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.
If you set this parameter to TRUE, then you can specify deprecated algorithms for backward compatibility. This configuration allows patched servers to connect to unpatched clients, and thus such a connection is less secure.
If you set this parameter to FALSE, then you can specify only supported algorithms so that clients and servers can communicate in a fully patched environment. The server enforces key fold-in for all Kerberos and JDBC thin clients. This configuration strengthens the connection between clients and servers by using strong native network encryption and integrity capabilities.

Using this setting, if native network encryption or checksumming is enabled and a patched server or client attempts to communicate with an unpatched old client or server, then the connection fails with an error message.

Values

TRUE
FALSE

Default Value

TRUE

Recommended Value

FALSE

Note:

Before setting this parameter to FALSE, you must remove all deprecated algorithms listed in the server and client sqlnet.ora files.

Example

SQLNET.ALLOW_WEAK_CRYPTO_CLIENTS = FALSE

Related Topics

5.2.19 SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_CLIENT

Purpose

To set the minimum authentication protocol allowed for clients, and when a server is acting as a client, such as connecting over a database link, when connecting to Oracle Database instances.

Usage Notes

The term VERSION in the parameter name refers to the version of the authentication protocol, not the Oracle Database release.

If the version does not meet or exceed the value defined by this parameter, then authentication fails with an ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol error.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

Values

12a for Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.2) or later (strongest protection)

Note:
Using this setting, the clients can only authenticate using a de-optimized password version. For example, the 12C password version.
12 for the critical patch updates CPUOct2012 and later Oracle Database 11g authentication protocols (stronger protection)

Note:
Using this setting, the clients can only authenticate using a password hash value that uses salt. For example, the 11G or 12C password versions.
11 for Oracle Database 11g authentication protocols (default)
10 for Oracle Database 10g authentication protocols
8 for Oracle8i authentication protocol

Default

Example

If an Oracle Database 12c database hosts a database link to an Oracle Database 10g database, then the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_CLIENT parameter should be set as follows in order for the database link connection to proceed:

SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_CLIENT=10

See Also:

Oracle Database Reference

5.2.20 SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER

Purpose

To set the minimum authentication protocol allowed when connecting to Oracle Database instances.

Usage Notes

The term VERSION in the parameter name refers to the version of the authentication protocol, not the Oracle Database release.

The authentication fails with an ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol error or an ORA-03134: Connections to this server version are no longer supported error if the client does not have the ability listed in the "Ability Required of the Client" column corresponding to the row matching the value of the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER parameter in Table 1.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

A setting of 8 permits all password versions, and allows any combination of the DBA_USERS.PASSWORD_VERSIONS values 10G, 11G, and 12C.

A setting of 12a permits only the 12C password version.

A greater value means the server is less compatible in terms of the protocol that clients must understand in order to authenticate. The server is also more restrictive in terms of the password version that must exist to authenticate any specific account. Whether a client can authenticate to a specific account depends on both the server's setting of its SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER parameter, as well as on the password versions which exist for the specified account. The list of password versions can be seen in DBA_USERS.PASSWORD_VERSIONS.

Note the following implications of setting the value to 12 or 12a:

A value of FALSE for the SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON Oracle instance initialization parameter must not be used because password case insensitivity requires the use of the 10G password version. If the SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON Oracle instance initialization parameter is set to FALSE, then user accounts and secure roles become unusable because Exclusive Mode excludes the use of the 10G password version. The SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON Oracle instance initialization parameter enables or disables password case sensitivity. However, since Exclusive mode is enabled by default in this release, disabling the password case sensitivity is not supported.
Note:
- The use of the Oracle instance initialization parameter SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON is deprecated in favor of setting the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER parameter to 12 to ensure that passwords are treated in a case-sensitive fashion.
- Disabling password case sensitivity is not supported in Exclusive mode (when SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER is set to 12 or 12a.)
Releases of OCI clients earlier than Oracle Database 10g cannot authenticate to the Oracle database using password-based authentication.
If the client uses Oracle Database 10g, then the client will receive an ORA-03134: Connections to this server version are no longer supported error message. To allow the connection, set the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER value to 8. Ensure the DBA_USERS.PASSWORD_VERSIONS value for the account contains the value 10G. It may be necessary to reset the password for that account.

Note the following implication of setting the value to 12a:

To take advantage of the new 12C password version introduced in Oracle Database release 12.2, user passwords should be expired to encourage users to change their passwords and cause the new 12C password version to be generated for their account. By default in this release, new passwords are treated in a case-sensitive fashion. When an account password is changed, the earlier 10G case-insensitive password version is automatically removed, and the new 12C password version is generated.
When an account password is changed, the earlier 10G case-insensitive password version and the 11G password version are both automatically removed.
JDBC Thin Client Support:

In Oracle Database release 12.1.0.2 and later, if you set the sqlnet.ora parameter SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER to 12a and you create a new account or change the password of an existing account, then only the new 12C password version is generated. The 12C password version is based on a SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm) SHA-512 salted cryptographic hash deoptimized using the PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2) algorithm. When the database server is running with ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER set to 12a, it is running in Exclusive Mode. In this mode, to log in using a JDBC client, the JRE version must be at least version 8. The JDBC client enables its O7L_MR capability flag only when it is running with at least version 8 of the JRE.

Note:
Check the PASSWORD_VERSIONS column of the DBA_USERS catalog view to see the list of password versions for any given account.

If you set the sqlnet.ora parameter SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER to 12, the server runs in Exclusive Mode and only the 11G and 12C password versions (the SHA-1 and PBKDF2 SHA-2 based hashes of the password, respectively) are generated and allowed to be used. In such cases, fully-patched JDBC clients having the CPUOct2012 patch can connect because these JDBC clients provide the O5L_NP client ability.

Older JDBC clients which do not have the CPUOct2012 containing the fix for the stealth password cracking vulnerability CVE-2012-3132, do not provide the O5L_NP client ability. Therefore, ensure that all the JDBC clients are patched properly.

The client must support certain abilities of the authentication protocol before the server will authenticate. If the client does not support a specified authentication ability, then the server rejects the connection with an ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol error message.

The following is the list of all client abilities. Some clients do not have all abilities. Clients that are more recent have all the capabilities of the older clients, but older clients tend to have less abilities than more recent clients.

O7L_MR: The ability to perform the Oracle Database 10g authentication protocol using the 12C password version. For JDBC clients, only those running on at least JRE version 8 offer the O7L_MR capability.
O5L_NP: The ability to perform the Oracle Database 10g authentication protocol using the 11G password version, and generating a session key encrypted for critical patch update CPUOct2012.
O5L: The ability to perform the Oracle Database 10g authentication protocol using the 10G password version.
O4L: The ability to perform the Oracle9i database authentication protocol using the 10G password version.
O3L: The ability to perform the Oracle8i database authentication protocol using the 10G password version.

An ability which appears higher in the above list is more recent and secure than an ability which appears lower in the list. Clients that are more recent have all the capabilities of the older clients.

The following table describes:

the allowed settings of the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER parameter
its effect on the generated password versions when an account is created or a password is changed
the ability flag required of the client to authenticate while the server has this setting
and whether the setting is considered to be an Exclusive Mode.

Table 5-1 SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER Settings

Value of the ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER Parameter	Generated Password Version	Ability Required of the Client	Meaning for Clients	Server Runs in Exclusive Mode
`12a`	`12C`	`O7L_MR`	Only Oracle Database 12c release 1 (12.1.0.2 or later) clients can connect to the server.	Yes because it excludes the use of both `10G` and `11G` password versions.
`12`	`11G`, `12C`	`O5L_NP`	Oracle Database 11g release 2 (11.2.0.3 or later) clients can connect to the server. Older clients need the critical patch update CPUOct2012 or later, to gain the O5L_NP ability. Only older clients which have applied critical patch update CPUOct2012 or later can connect to the server.	Yes because it excludes the use of the `10G` password version.
`11`	`10G`, `11G`, `12C`	`O5L`	Clients using Oracle Database 10g and later can connect to the server. Clients using releases earlier than Oracle Database release 11.2.0.3 that have not applied critical patch update CPUOct2012 or later patches must use the `10G` password version.	No
`10`	`10G`, `11G`, `12C`	`O5L`	It has the same meaning as the earlier row.	No
`9`	`10G`, `11G`, `12C`	`O4L`	It has the same meaning as the earlier row.	No
`8`	`10G`, `11G`, `12C`	`O3L`	It has the same meaning as the earlier row.	No

Values

12a for Oracle Database 12c release 12.1.0.2 or later authentication protocols (strongest protection)
12 for Oracle Database 12c release 12.1 authentication protocols (default and recommended value)
11 for Oracle Database 11g authentication protocols
10 for Oracle Database 10g authentication protocols
9 for Oracle9i Database authentication protocol
8 for Oracle8i Database authentication protocol

Note:

Starting with Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2), the default value is 12.
For earlier releases, the value 12 can be used after the critical patch updates CPUOct2012 and later are applied.

Default

Example

SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER=12

5.2.21 SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES

Purpose

To enable one or more authentication services. If authentication has been installed, then it is recommended that this parameter be set to either none or to one of the listed authentication methods.

Usage Notes

When using the SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES value all, the server attempts to authenticate using each of the following methods. The server falls back to the ones lower on the list if the ones higher on the list were unsuccessful.

Authentication based on a service external to the database, such as a service on the network layer, Kerberos, or RADIUS.
Authentication based on the operating system user's membership in an administrative operating system group. Group names are platform-specific. This authentication is applicable to administrative connections only.
Authentication performed by the database.
Authentication based on credentials stored in a directory server.

Operating system authentication allows access to the database using any user name and any password when an administrative connection is attempted, such as using the AS SYSDBA clause when connecting using SQL*Plus. An example of a connection is as follows.

sqlplus ignored_username/ignored_password AS SYSDBA

When the operating-system user who issued the preceding command is already a member of the appropriate administrative operating system group, then the connection is successful. This is because the user name and password are ignored by the server due to checking the group membership first.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide for additional information about authentication methods

Default

all

Note:

When installing the database with Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), this parameter may be set to nts in the sqlnet.ora file.

Values

Authentication methods available with Oracle Net Services:

none for no authentication methods, including Microsoft Windows native operating system authentication. When SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES is set to none, a valid user name and password can be used to access the database.
all for all authentication methods.
beq for native operating system authentication for operating systems other than Microsoft Windows
kerberos5 for Kerberos authentication
nts for Microsoft Windows native operating system authentication
radius for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) authentication
tcps for SSL authentication

Example

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(kerberos5)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.22 SQLNET.CLIENT_REGISTRATION

Purpose

To set a unique identifier for the client computer.

Usage Notes

This identifier is passed to the listener with any connection request, and is included in the audit trail. The identifier can be any alphanumeric string up to 128 characters long.

Default

None

Example

SQLNET.CLIENT_REGISTRATION=1432

5.2.23 SQLNET.COMPRESSION

Purpose

To enable or disable data compression. If both the server and client have this parameter set to ON, then compression is used for the connection.

Note:

The SQLNET.COMPRESSION parameter applies to all database connections, except for Oracle Data Guard streaming redo and SecureFiles LOBs (Large Objects).

Default

off

Values

on to enable data compression.
off to disable data compression.

Example

SQLNET.COMPRESSION=on

5.2.24 SQLNET.COMPRESSION_ACCELERATION

Purpose

To specify the use of hardware accelerated version of compression using this parameter if it is available for that platform.

Usage Notes

This parameter can be specified under Oracle Connection Manager alias description.

Default

Values

on
off
0
1

Example 5-1 Example

compression_acceleration = on

5.2.25 SQLNET.COMPRESSION_LEVELS

Purpose

To specify the compression level.

Usage Notes

The compression levels are used at time of negotiation to verify which levels are used at both ends, and to select one level.

For Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP), only the compression level low is supported.

Default

low

Values

low to use low CPU usage and low compression ratio.
high to use high CPU usage and high compression ratio.

Example

SQLNET.COMPRESSION_LEVELS=(high)

5.2.26 SQLNET.COMPRESSION_THRESHOLD

Purpose

To specify the minimum data size, in bytes, for which compression is needed.

Usage Notes

Compression is not be done if the size of the data to be sent is less than this value.

Default

1024 bytes

Example

SQLNET.COMPRESSION_THRESHOLD=1024

5.2.27 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the checksum behavior for the client.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

Default

accepted

Values

accepted to enable the security service if required or requested by the other side.
rejected to disable the security service, even if required by the other side.
requested to enable the security service if the other side allows it.
required to enable the security service and disallow the connection if the other side is not enabled for the security service.

Example

SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT=accepted

5.2.28 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the checksum behavior for the database server.

Default

accepted

Values

accepted to enable the security service if required or requested by the other side.
rejected to disable the security service, even if required by the other side.
requested to enable the security service if the other side allows it.
required to enable the security service and disallow the connection if the other side is not enabled for the security service.

Example

SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER=accepted

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.29 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify a list of crypto-checksum algorithms for the client to use.

Default

All available algorithms

Values

MD5 for the RSA Data Security MD5 algorithm.

The MD5 algorithm is deprecated in this release. To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.
SHA1 for the Secure Hash Algorithm.
SHA256 for SHA-2 uses 256 bits with the hashing algorithm.
SHA384 for SHA-2 uses 384 bits with the hashing algorithm.
SHA512 for SHA-2 uses 512 bits with the hashing algorithm.

Example

SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT=(SHA256, MD5)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.30 SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER

Purpose

To specify a list of crypto-checksum algorithms for the database server to use.

Default

All available algorithms

Values

MD5 for the RSA Data Security's MD5 algorithm

The MD5 algorithm is deprecated in this release. To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.
SHA1 for the Secure Hash algorithm.
SHA256 for SHA-2 uses 256 bits with the hashing algorithm.
SHA384 for SHA-2 uses 384 bits with the hashing algorithm.
SHA512 for SHA-2 uses 512 bits with the hashing algorithm.

Example

SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER=(SHA256, MD5)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.31 SQLNET.DBFW_PUBLIC_KEY

Purpose

To provide Oracle Database Firewall public keys to Advanced Security Option (ASO) by specifying the file that stores the Oracle Database Firewall public keys.

Default

None

Values

Full path name of the operating system file that has the public keys.

Example

SQLNET.DBFW_PUBLIC_KEY="/path_to_file/dbfw_public_key_file.txt"

See Also:

5.2.32 SQLNET.DOWN_HOSTS_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify the amount of time in seconds that information about the down state of server hosts is kept in client process cache.

Usage Notes

Clients discover the down state of server hosts when attempting connections. When a connection attempt fails, the information about the down state of the server host is added to the client process cache. Subsequent connection attempts by the same client process move the down hosts to the end of the address list, thereby reducing the priority of such hosts. When the time specified by the SQLNET.DOWN_HOSTS_TIMEOUT parameter has passed, the host is purged from the process cache, and its priority in the address list is restored.

Default

600 seconds (10 minutes)

Values

Any positive integer

Example

SQLNET.DOWN_HOSTS_TIMEOUT=60

5.2.33 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT

Purpose

To turn encryption on for the client.

Default

accepted

Values

accepted to enable the security service if required or requested by the other side.
rejected to disable the security service, even if required by the other side.
requested to enable the security service if the other side allows it.
required to enable the security service and disallow the connection if the other side is not enabled for the security service.

Example

SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT=accepted

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.34 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER

Purpose

To turn encryption on for the database server.

Default

accepted

Values

accepted to enable the security service if required or requested by the other side.
rejected to disable the security service, even if required by the other side.
requested to enable the security service if the other side allows it.
required to enable the security service and disallow the connection if the other side is not enabled for the security service.

Example

SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER=accepted

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.35 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify a list of encryption algorithms for the client to use.

Default

All available algorithms.

Values

One or more of the following:

3des112 for triple DES with a two-key (112-bit) option
3des168 for triple DES with a three-key (168-bit) option
aes128 for AES (128-bit key size)
aes192 for AES (192-bit key size)
aes256 for AES (256-bit key size)
des for standard DES (56-bit key size)
des40 for DES (40-bit key size)
rc4_40 for RSA RC4 (40-bit key size)
rc4_56 for RSA RC4 (56-bit key size)
rc4_128 for RSA RC4 (128-bit key size)
rc4_256 for RSA RC4 (256-bit key size)

The DES, DES40, 3DES112, 3DES168, RC4_40, RC4_56, RC4_128, and RC4_256 algorithms are deprecated in this release.

To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.

Example

SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT=(rc4_56)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.36 SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER

Purpose

To specify a list of encryption algorithms for the database server to use.

Default

All available algorithms.

Values

One or more of the following:

3des112 for triple DES with a two-key (112-bit) option
3des168 for triple DES with a three-key (168-bit) option
aes128 for AES (128-bit key size)
aes192 for AES (192-bit key size)
aes256 for AES (256-bit key size)
des for standard DES (56-bit key size)
des40 for DES40 (40-bit key size)
rc4_40 for RSA RC4 (40-bit key size)
rc4_56 for RSA RC4 (56-bit key size)
rc4_128 for RSA RC4 (128-bit key size)
rc4_256 for RSA RC4 (256-bit key size)

The DES, DES40, 3DES112, 3DES168, RC4_40, RC4_56, RC4_128, and RC4_256 algorithms are deprecated in this release.

To transition your Oracle Database environment to use stronger algorithms, download and install the patch described in My Oracle Support note 2118136.2.

Example

SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER=(rc4_56, des, ...)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.37 SQLNET.EXPIRE_TIME

Purpose

To specify a time interval, in minutes, to send a check to verify that client/server connections are active.

Usage Notes

Setting a value greater than 0 ensures that connections are not left open indefinitely, due to an abnormal client termination. If the system supports TCP keepalive tuning, then Oracle Net Services automatically uses the enhanced detection model, and tunes the TCP keepalive parameters

If the probe finds a terminated connection, or a connection that is no longer in use, then it returns an error, causing the server process to exit.

This parameter is primarily intended for the database server, which typically handles multiple connections at any one time.

Limitations on using this terminated connection detection feature are:

It is not allowed on bequeathed connections.
Though very small, a probe packet generates additional traffic that may downgrade network performance.
Depending on which operating system is in use, the server may need to perform additional processing to distinguish the connection probing event from other events that occur. This can also result in degraded network performance.

Default

Minimum Value

Recommended Value

Example

SQLNET.EXPIRE_TIME=10

5.2.38 SQLNET.INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, for a client to connect with the database server and provide the necessary authentication information.

Usage Notes

If the client fails to establish a connection and complete authentication in the time specified, then the database server terminates the connection. In addition, the database server logs the IP address of the client and an ORA-12170: TNS:Connect timeout occurred error message to the sqlnet.log file. The client receives either an ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact or an ORA-12637: Packet receive failed error message.

The default value of this parameter is appropriate for typical usage scenarios. However, if you need to explicitly set a different value, then Oracle recommends setting this parameter in combination with the INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_listener_name parameter in the listener.ora file. When specifying the values for these parameters, note the following recommendations:

Set both parameters to an initial low value.
Set the value of the INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_listener_name parameter to a lower value than the SQLNET.INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT parameter.

For example, you can set INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_listener_name to 2 seconds and SQLNET.INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT parameter to 3 seconds. If clients are unable to complete connections within the specified time due to system or network delays that are normal for the particular environment, then increment the time as needed.

Default

60 seconds

Example

SQLNET.INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=3

See Also:

"Control Parameters" for additional information about INBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_listener_name
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for additional information about configuring these parameters

5.2.39 SQLNET.FALLBACK_AUTHENTICATION

Purpose

To specify whether password-based authentication is going to be attempted if Kerberos authentication fails. This is relevant for direct connections as well as database link connections.

Default

FALSE

Example

SQLNET.FALLBACK_AUTHENTICATION=TRUE

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.40 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CC_NAME

Purpose

To specify the complete path name to the Kerberos credentials cache file.

Usage Notes

The MSLSA option specifies the file is on Microsoft Windows, and is running Microsoft KDC.

The OS_MEMORY option specifies that an operating system-managed memory credential is used for the credential cache file. This option is supported for all operating systems with such a feature.

Default

/usr/tmp/krbcache on Linux and UNIX operating systems

c:\tmp\krbcache on Microsoft Windows operating systems

Examples

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CC_NAME=/usr/tmp/krbcache

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CC_NAME=MSLSA

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CC_NAME=OS_MEMORY

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.41 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CLOCKSKEW

Purpose

To specify how many seconds can pass before a Kerberos credential is considered out of date.

Default

300

Example

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CLOCKSKEW=1200

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.42 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF

Purpose

To specify the complete path name to the Kerberos configuration file, which contains the realm for the default Key Distribution Center (KDC) and maps realms to KDC hosts.

Usage Notes

The KDC maintains a list of user principals and is contacted through the kinit program for the user's initial ticket.

The AUTO_DISCOVER option allows the automatic discovery of KDC and realms. It is the default configuration for Kerberos clients. If there are multiple realms to be specified, then Oracle recommends creating configuration files instead of using the AUTO_DISCOVER option. This option is supported for all operating systems with such a feature.

Default

/krb5/krb.conf on Linux and UNIX operating systems

c:\krb5\krb.conf on Microsoft Windows operating systems

Values

Directory path to krb.conf file
AUTO_DISCOVER

Example

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF=/krb5/krb.conf

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.43 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF_LOCATION

Purpose

To specify the directory for the Kerberos configuration file. The parameter also specifies the file is created by the system, and not by the client.

Usage Notes

The configuration file uses DNS lookup to obtain the realm for the default KDC, and maps realms to the KDC hosts. This option is supported for all operating systems with such a feature.

Default

/krb5 on Linux and UNIX operating systems

c:\krb5 on Microsoft Windows operating systems

Example

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF_LOCATION=/krb5

5.2.44 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_KEYTAB

Purpose

To specify the complete path name to the Kerberos principal/secret key mapping file, which is used to extract keys and decrypt incoming authentication information.

Default

/etc/v5srvtab on Linux and UNIX operating systems

c:\krb5\v5srvtab on Microsoft Windows operating systems

Example

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_KEYTAB=/etc/v5srvtab

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.45 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_REALMS

Purpose

To specify the complete path name to the Kerberos realm translation file, which provides a mapping from a host name or domain name to a realm.

Default

/krb5/krb.realms on Linux and UNIX operating systems

c:\krb5\krb.realms on Microsoft Windows operating systems

Example

SQLNET.KERBEROS5_REALMS=/krb5/krb.realms

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.46 SQLNET.KERBEROS5_REPLAY_CACHE

Purpose

To specify replay cache is stored in operating system-managed memory on the server, and that file-based replay cache is not used.

Usage Notes

The OS_MEMORY option specifies the replay cache is stored in operating system-managed memory on the server, and file-based replay cache is not used.

Example

SQLNET_KERBEROS5_REPLAY_CACHE=OS_MEMORY

5.2.47 SQLNET.OUTBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT

Bug 5052337

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, for a client to establish an Oracle Net connection to the database instance.

Usage Notes

If an Oracle Net connection is not established in the time specified, then the connect attempt is terminated. The client receives an ORA-12170: TNS:Connect timeout occurred error.

The outbound connect timeout interval is a superset of the TCP connect timeout interval, which specifies a limit on the time taken to establish a TCP connection. Additionally, the outbound connect timeout interval includes the time taken to be connected to an Oracle instance providing the requested service.

Without this parameter, a client connection request to the database server may block for the default TCP connect timeout duration (60 seconds) when the database server host system is unreachable.

The outbound connect timeout interval is only applicable for TCP, TCP with SSL, and IPC transport connections.

This parameter is overridden by the CONNECT_TIMEOUT parameter in the address description.

Default

None

Example

SQLNET.OUTBOUND_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=10

5.2.48 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE

Purpose

To specify an alternate RADIUS server to use in case the primary server is unavailable.

Usage Notes

The value can be either the IP address or host name of the server.

Default

None

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE=radius2

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.49 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_PORT

Purpose

To specify the listening port of the alternate RADIUS server.

Default

1645

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_PORT=1667

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.50 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_RETRIES

Purpose

To specify the number of times the database server should resend messages to the alternate RADIUS server.

Default

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_RETRIES=4

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.51 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION

Purpose

To specify the location of the primary RADIUS server, either by its host name or IP address.

Default

Local host

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENETICATION=officeacct

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.52 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_INTERFACE

Purpose

To specify the class containing the user interface used to interact with the user.

Default

DefaultRadiusInterface

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_INTERFACE=DefaultRadiusInterface

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.53 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_PORT

Purpose

To specify the listening port of the primary RADIUS server.

Default

1645

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_PORT=1667

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.54 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_RETRIES

Purpose

To specify the number of times the database server should resend messages to the primary RADIUS server.

Default

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_RETRIES=4

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.55 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, that the database server should wait for a response from the primary RADIUS server.

Default

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_TIMEOUT=10

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.56 SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_RESPONSE

Purpose

To turn challenge response on or off.

Default

off

Values

on | off

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_RESPONSE=on

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.57 SQLNET.RADIUS_SECRET

Purpose:

To specify the location of the RADIUS secret key.

Default

The ORACLE_HOME/network/security/radius.key file.

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_SECRET=oracle/bin/admin/radiuskey

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.58 SQLNET.RADIUS_SEND_ACCOUNTING

Purpose

To turn accounting on and off. If enabled, then packets are sent to the active RADIUS server at listening port plus one.

Usage Notes

The default port is 1646.

Default

off

Values

on | off

Example

SQLNET.RADIUS_SEND_ACCOUNTING=on

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.59 SQLNET.RECV_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, for a database server to wait for client data after establishing a connection. A client must send some data within the time interval.

Usage Notes

Setting this parameter is recommended for environments in which clients shut down on occasion or abnormally. If a client does not send any data in time specified, then the database server logs ORA-12535: TNS:operation timed out and ORA-12609: TNS: Receive timeout occurred messages to the sqlnet.log file. Without this parameter, the database server may continue to wait for data from clients that may be down or are experiencing difficulties.

You can also set this parameter on the client-side to specify the time, in seconds, for a client to wait for response data from the database server after connection establishment. Without this parameter, the client may wait a long period of time for a response from a database server saturated with requests. If you choose to set the value, then set the value to an initial low value and adjust according to system and network capacity. If necessary, use this parameter with the SQLNET.SEND_TIMEOUT parameter.

Default

None

Example

SQLNET.RECV_TIMEOUT=3

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for additional information about configuring these parameters

5.2.60 SQLNET.SEND_TIMEOUT

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, for a database server to complete a send operation to clients after establishing a connection.

Usage Notes

Setting this parameter is recommended for environments in which clients shut down occasionally or abnormally.

If the database server cannot complete a send operation in the time specified, then it logs ORA-12535: TNS:operation timed out and ORA-12608: TNS: Send timeout occurred messages to the sqlnet.log file. Without this parameter, the database server may continue to send responses to clients that are unable to receive data due to a downed computer or a busy state.

You can also set this parameter on the client-side to specify the time, in seconds, for a client to complete send operations to the database server after connection establishment. Without this parameter, the client may continue to send requests to a database server already saturated with requests. If you choose to set the value, then set the value to an initial low value and adjust according to system and network capacity. If necessary, use this parameter with the SQLNET.RECV_TIMEOUT parameter.

Default

None

Example

SQLNET.SEND_TIMEOUT=3

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for additional information about configuring this parameter

5.2.61 SQLNET.USE_HTTPS_PROXY

Purpose

To enable forward HTTP proxy tunneling client connections.

Usage Notes

If turned on, the clients can tunnel secure connections over forward HTTP proxy using HTTP CONNECT method. This helps in accessing the public cloud database service as it eliminates the requirement to open an outbound port on a client side firewall.

This parameter is applicable with Oracle Connection Manager on the server side.

Default

off

Example

SQLNET.USE_HTTPS_PROXY=on

5.2.62 SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE

OracleMetaLink note 340559.1.

Purpose

To determine whether the client should override the strong authentication credential with the password credential in the stored wallet to log in to the database.

Usage Notes

When wallets are used for authentication, the database credentials for user name and password are securely stored in an Oracle wallet. The auto-login feature of the wallet is turned on so the database does not need a password to open the wallet. From the wallet, the database gets the credentials to access the database for the user.

Wallet usage can simplify large-scale deployments that rely on password credentials for connecting to databases. When this feature is configured, application code, batch jobs, and scripts do not need embedded user names and passwords. Risk is reduced because such passwords are no longer exposed in the clear, and password management policies are more easily enforced without changing application code whenever user names or passwords change.

Users connect using the connect /@database_name command instead of specifying a user name and password explicitly. This simplifies the maintenance of the scripts and secures the password management for the applications.

Middle-tier applications create an Oracle Applications wallet at installation time to store the application's specific identity. The password may be randomly generated rather than hardcoded. When an Oracle application accesses the database, it sets appropriate values for SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES and WALLET_LOCATION. The new wallet-based password authentication code uses the password credential in the Oracle Applications wallet to log on to the database.

Values

true | false

Examples

SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE=true

See Also:

In order to use wallets, a wallet must be configured on the client. Refer to Oracle Database Security Guide for additional information about configuring the clients.

5.2.63 SSL_CERT_REVOCATION

Purpose

To configure a revocation check for a certificate.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

Default

none

Values

none disables certificate revocation status checking. This is the default value.

Note:
Oracle recommends that you do not set the SSL_CERT_REVOCATION parameter to none because this removes a critical component in certificate-based authentication. Without certificate revocation status checking, you cannot protect against stolen certificates that are used for authentication. Set the none value only in cases where mitigating controls safeguard the use of certificates for authentication, such as network access control lists or Oracle Database Vault policies that limit the database connection to trusted clients.
requested to perform certificate revocation in case a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) is available. Reject SSL connection if the certificate is revoked. If no appropriate CRL is found to determine the revocation status of the certificate and the certificate is not revoked, then accept the SSL connection.
required to perform certificate revocation when a certificate is available. If a certificate is revoked and no appropriate CRL is found, then reject the SSL connection. If no appropriate CRL is found to ascertain the revocation status of the certificate and the certificate is not revoked, then accept the SSL connection.

Example

SSL_CERT_REVOCATION=required

5.2.64 SSL_CRL_FILE

Purpose

To specify the name of the file where you can assemble the CRL for client authentication.

Usage Notes

This file contains the PEM-encoded CRL files, in order of preference. You can use this file alternatively or in addition to the SSL_CERT_PATH parameter. This parameter is only valid if SSL_CERT_REVOCATION is set to either requested or required.

Default

None

Example

SSL_CRL_FILE=

5.2.65 SSL_CRL_PATH

Purpose

To specify the destination directory of the CRL of CA.

Usage Notes

The files in this directory are hashed symbolic links created by Oracle Wallet Manager.

This parameter is only valid if SSL_CERT_REVOCATION is set to either requested or required.

Default

None

Example

SSL_CRL_PATH=

5.2.66 SSL_CIPHER_SUITES

Purpose

To control which combination of encryption and data integrity is used by the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Cipher suites that use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) only work with Transport Layer Security (TLS 1.0).

Default

None

Values

Ciphers updated based on bug 19139199.

SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
SSL_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
SSL_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSL_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5

Note:

SSL_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA and SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 do not the provide authentication of the communicating parties, and can be vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Oracle recommends that you do not use these cipher suites to protect sensitive data. However, they are useful if the communicating parties want to remain anonymous or simply do not want the overhead caused by mutual authentication.

Example

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(ssl_rsa_with_aes_128_cbc_sha256)

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide for additional information about cipher suite values

5.2.67 SSL_EXTENDED_KEY_USAGE

Purpose

To specify the purpose of the key in the certificate.

Usage Notes

When this parameter is specified, the certificate with the matching extended key is used.

Values

client authentication

Example

SSL_EXTENDED_KEY_USAGE="client authentication"

5.2.68 SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH

Purpose

To enforce that the distinguished name (DN) for the database server matches its service name.

Usage Notes

If you enforce the match verifications, then SSL ensures that the certificate is from the server. If you select to not enforce the match verification, then SSL performs the check but allows the connection, regardless if there is a match. Not enforcing the match allows the server to potentially fake its identify.

In addition to the sqlnet.ora file, configure the tnsnames.ora parameter SSL_SERVER_CERT_DN to enable server DN matching.

Default

Values

yes | on | true to enforce a match. If the DN matches the service name, then the connection succeeds. If the DN does not match the service name, then the connection fails.
no | off | false to not enforce a match. If the DN does not match the service name, then the connection is successful, but an error is logged to the sqlnet.log file.

Example

SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH=yes

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.69 SSL_VERSION

Purpose

To limit allowable SSL or TLS versions used for connections.

Usage Notes

Clients and database servers must use a compatible version. This parameter should only be used when absolutely necessary for backward compatibility. The current default uses TLS version 1.2 which is the version required for multiple security compliance requirements.

Default

1.2

Values

undetermined | 3.0 | 1.0| 1.1 | 1.2

If you want to specify one version or another version, then use “or”. The following values are permitted:

1.0 or 3.0 | 1.2 or 3.0 | 1.1 or 1.0 | 1.2 or 1.0 | 1.2 or 1.1 | 1.1 or 1.0 or 3.0 |
1.2 or 1.0 or 3.0 | 1.2 or 1.1 or 1.0 | 1.2 or 1.1 or 3.0 |1.2 or 1.1 or 1.0 or 3.0

Example

SSL_VERSION=1.2

The remaining version numbers correspond to the TLS versions, such as, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, and TLSv1.2.

See Also:

Oracle Database Security Guide

5.2.70 TCP.CONNECT_TIMEOUT

25800-1 IPv6

Purpose

To specify the time, in seconds, for a client to establish a TCP connection (PROTOCOL=tcp in the TNS connect address) to the database server.

Usage Notes

If a TCP connection to the database host is not established in the time specified, then the connection attempt is terminated. The client receives an ORA-12170: TNS:Connect timeout occurred error.

The timeout applies to each IP address that resolves to a host name. For example, if a host name resolves to an IPv6 and an IPv4 address, and if the host is not reachable through the network, then the connection request times out twice because there are two IP addresses. In this example, the default timeout setting of 60 would cause a timeout in 120 seconds.

Default

Example

TCP.CONNECT_TIMEOUT=10

5.2.71 TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES

Purpose

To specify which clients are denied access to the database.

Usage Notes

This parameter is only valid when the TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING parameter is set to yes.

This parameter can use wildcards for IPv4 addresses and CIDR notation for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Syntax

TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES=(hostname | ip_address, hostname | ip_address, ...)

Example

TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES=(finance.us.example.com, mktg.us.example.com, 192.0.2.25,
 172.30.*, 2001:DB8:200C:417A/32)

5.2.72 TCP.INVITED_NODES

Purpose

To specify which clients are allowed access to the database. This list takes precedence over the TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES parameter if both lists are present.

Syntax

TCP.INVITED_NODES=(hostname | ip_address, hostname | ip_address, ...)

Usage Notes

This parameter is only valid when the TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING parameter is set to yes.
This parameter can use wildcards for IPv4 addresses and CIDR notation for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Example

TCP.INVITED_NODES=(sales.us.example.com, hr.us.example.com, 192.0.*,
 2001:DB8:200C:433B/32)

5.2.73 TCP.NODELAY

Purpose

To preempt delays in buffer flushing within the TCP/IP protocol stack.

Default

yes

Values

yes | no

Example

TCP.NODELAY=yes

5.2.74 TCP.QUEUESIZE

Purpose

To configure the maximum length of the queue for pending connections on a TCP listening socket.

Default

System-defined maximum value. The defined maximum value for Linux is 128.

Values

Any integer value up to the system-defined maximum.

Examples

TCP.QUEUESIZE=100

5.2.75 TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING

Purpose

To enable and disable valid node checking for incoming connections.

Usage Notes

If this parameter is set to yes, then incoming connections are allowed only if they originate from a node that conforms to list specified by TCP.INVITED_NODES or TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES parameters.

The TCP.INVITED_NODES and TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES parameters are valid only when the TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING parameter is set to yes.

This parameter and the depending parameters, TCP.INVITED_NODES and TCP.EXCLUDED_NODES must be set in the sqlnet.ora file of the listener. This is important in an Oracle RAC environment where the listener runs out of the Oracle Grid Infrastructure home. Setting the parameter in the database home does not have any effect in Oracle RAC environments. In such environments, the address of all Single Client Access Name (SCANs), Virtual IPs (VIPs), local IP must be included in the TCP.INVITED_NODES list.

In VLAN environments, the sqlnet.ora file present in the Oracle Grid Infrastructure home should include all the addresses of all the VLANs. The VLANs perform the network segregation, whereas the INVITED_NODES allows or restricts access to databases within the VLANs.

If multiple databases within the same VLAN require different INVITED_NODE lists, then separate listeners are required.

Default

Values

yes | no

Example

TCP.VALIDNODE_CHECKING=yes

5.2.76 TNSPING.TRACE_DIRECTORY

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the TNSPING utility trace file, tnsping.trc.

Default

The ORACLE_HOME/network/trace directory.

Example

TNSPING.TRACE_DIRECTORY=/oracle/traces

5.2.77 TNSPING.TRACE_LEVEL

Purpose

To turn TNSPING utility tracing on at a specified level or to turn it off.

Default

off

Values

off for no trace output
user for user trace information
admin for administration trace information
support for Oracle Support Services trace information

Example

TNSPING.TRACE_LEVEL=admin

5.2.78 USE_CMAN

Purpose

To specify client routing to Oracle Connection Manager.

Usage Notes

If set to true, then the parameter routes the client to a protocol address for Oracle Connection Manager.

If set to false, then the client picks one of the address lists at random and fails over to the other address list if the chosen ADDRESS_LIST fails. With USE_CMAN=true, the client always uses the first address list.

If no Oracle Connection Manager addresses are available, then connections are routed through any available listener address.

Default

false

Values

true | false

Example

USE_CMAN=true

5.2.79 USE_DEDICATED_SERVER

Purpose

To append (SERVER=dedicated) to the CONNECT_DATA section of the connect descriptor used by the client.

Usage Notes

It overrides the current value of the SERVER parameter in the tnsnames.ora file.

If set to on, then the parameter USE_DEDICATED_SERVER automatically appends (SERVER=dedicated) to the connect data for a connect descriptor. This way connections from this client use a dedicated server process, even if shared server is configured.

Default

off

Values

on to append (SERVER=dedicated)
off to send requests to existing server processes

Example

USE_DEDICATED_SERVER=on

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for complete configuration information

5.2.80 WALLET_LOCATION

Purpose

To specify the location of wallets. Wallets are certificates, keys, and trustpoints processed by SSL.

Usage Notes

The key/value pair for Microsoft certificate store (MCS) omits the METHOD_DATA parameter because MCS does not use wallets. Instead, Oracle PKI (public key infrastructure) applications obtain certificates, trustpoints and private keys directly from the user's profile.

If an Oracle wallet is stored in the Microsoft Windows registry and the wallet's key (KEY) is SALESAPP, then the storage location of the encrypted wallet is HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\WALLETS\SALESAPP\EWALLET.P12. The storage location of the decrypted wallet is HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\WALLETS\SALESAPP\CWALLET.SSO.

Syntax

The syntax depends on the wallet, as follows:

Oracle wallets on the file system:

WALLET_LOCATION=
  (SOURCE=
    (METHOD=file)
    (METHOD_DATA=
       (DIRECTORY=directory)
       [(PKCS11=TRUE/FALSE)]))

Microsoft certificate store:

WALLET_LOCATION=
  (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=mcs))

Oracle wallets in the Microsoft Windows registry:

WALLET_LOCATION=
   (SOURCE=
      (METHOD=reg)
      (METHOD_DATA=
         (KEY=registry_key)))

Entrust wallets:

WALLET_LOCATION=
   (SOURCE=
      (METHOD=entr)
      (METHOD_DATA=
         (PROFILE=file.epf)
         (INIFILE=file.ini)))

Additional Parameters

WALLET_LOCATION supports the following parameters:

SOURCE: The type of storage for wallets, and storage location.
METHOD: The type of storage.
METHOD_DATA: The storage location.
DIRECTORY: The location of Oracle wallets on file system.
KEY: The wallet type and location in the Microsoft Windows registry.
PROFILE: The Entrust profile file (.epf).
INIFILE: The Entrust initialization file (.ini).

Default

None

Values

true | false

Examples

Oracle wallets on file system:

WALLET_LOCATION=  
  (SOURCE=
      (METHOD=file)
      (METHOD_DATA=  
         (DIRECTORY=/etc/oracle/wallets/databases)))

Microsoft certificate store:

WALLET_LOCATION=
   (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=mcs))

Oracle Wallets in the Microsoft Windows registry:

WALLET_LOCATION=
   (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=REG)
     (METHOD_DATA=
        (KEY=SALESAPP)))

Entrust Wallets:

WALLET_LOCATION=
   (SOURCE=
     (METHOD=entr)
     (METHOD_DATA=
       (PROFILE=/etc/oracle/wallets/test.epf)
       (INIFILE=/etc/oracle/wallets/test.ini)))

5.3 ADR Diagnostic Parameters in sqlnet.ora

Since Oracle Database 11g, Oracle Database includes an advanced fault diagnosability infrastructure for preventing, detecting, diagnosing, and resolving problems. The problems are critical errors such as those caused by database code bugs, metadata corruption, and customer data corruption.

When a critical error occurs, it is assigned an incident number, and diagnostic data for the error, such as traces and dumps, is immediately captured and tagged with the incident number. The data is then stored in the Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR), a file-based repository outside the database.

This section describes the parameters used when ADR is enabled. Non-ADR parameters listed in the sqlnet.ora file are ignored when ADR is enabled. "Non-ADR Diagnostic Parameters in sqlnet.ora" Non-ADR Diagnostic Parameters in sqlnet.ora describes the parameters used when ADR is disabled. ADR is enabled by default.

The following sqlnet.ora parameters are used when ADR is enabled (when DIAG_ADR_ENABLED is set to on):

5.3.1 ADR_BASE

Purpose

To specify the base directory into which tracing and logging incidents are stored when ADR is enabled.

Default

The default on the server side is ORACLE_BASE, or ORACLE_HOME/log, if ORACLE_BASE is not defined.

Values

Any valid directory path to a directory with write permission.

Example

ADR_BASE=/oracle/network/trace

See Also:

Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for the default directory on the client side

5.3.2 DIAG_ADR_ENABLED

Purpose

To specify whether ADR tracing is enabled.

Usage Notes

If the DIAG_ADR_ENABLED parameter is set to OFF, then non-ADR file tracing is used.

Default

Values

on | off

Example

DIAG_ADR_ENABLED=on

5.3.3 TRACE_LEVEL_CLIENT

Purpose

To turn client tracing on at a specified level or to turn it off.

Usage Notes

This parameter is also applicable when non-ADR tracing is used.

Default

off or 0

Values

off or 0 for no trace output
user or 4 for user trace information
admin or 10 for administration trace information
support or 16 for Oracle Support Services trace information

Example

TRACE_LEVEL_CLIENT=user

5.3.4 TRACE_LEVEL_SERVER

Purpose

To turn server tracing on at a specified level or to turn it off.

Usage Notes

This parameter is also applicable when non-ADR tracing is used.

Default

off or 0

Values

off or 0 for no trace output
user or 4 for user trace information
admin or 10 for administration trace information
support or 16 for Oracle Support Services trace information

Example

TRACE_LEVEL_SERVER=admin

5.3.5 TRACE_TIMESTAMP_CLIENT

Purpose

To add a time stamp in the form of dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss:mil to every trace event in the client trace file, which has a default name of sqlnet.trc.

Usage Notes

This parameter is also applicable when non-ADR tracing is used.

Default

Values

on or true | off or false

Example

TRACE_TIMESTAMP_CLIENT=true

5.3.6 TRACE_TIMESTAMP_SERVER

Purpose

To add a time stamp in the form of dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss:mil to every trace event in the database server trace file, which has a default name of svr_pid.trc.

Usage Notes

This parameter is also applicable when non-ADR tracing is used.

Default

Values

on or true | off or false

Example

TRACE_TIMESTAMP_SERVER=true

5.4 Non-ADR Diagnostic Parameters in sqlnet.ora

This section lists the sqlnet.ora parameters used when ADR is disabled.

Note:

The default value of DIAG_ADR_ENABLED is on. Therefore, the DIAG_ADR_ENABLED parameter must explicitly be set to off in order for non-ADR tracing to be used.

5.4.1 LOG_DIRECTORY_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the client log file.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

ORACLE_HOME/network/log

Values

Any valid directory path.

Example

LOG_DIRECTORY_CLIENT=/oracle/network/log

5.4.2 LOG_DIRECTORY_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the database server log file.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

ORACLE_HOME/network/trace

Values

Any valid directory path to a directory with write permission.

Example

LOG_DIRECTORY_SERVER=/oracle/network/trace

5.4.3 LOG_FILE_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the name of the log file for the client.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

ORACLE_HOME/network/log/sqlnet.log

Values

The default value cannot be changed.

5.4.4 LOG_FILE_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the name of the log file for the database server.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

sqlnet.log

Values

Any valid directory path to a directory with write permission.

Example

LOG_FILE_SERVER=svr.log

5.4.5 TRACE_DIRECTORY_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the client trace file.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

Bug 4465954

The current working directory.

Values

Any valid directory path to a directory with write permission.

Example

TRACE_DIRECTORY_CLIENT=/oracle/traces

5.4.6 TRACE_DIRECTORY_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the database server trace file. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

 ORACLE_HOME/network/trace

Values

Any valid directory path to a directory with write permission.

Example

TRACE_DIRECTORY_SERVER=/oracle/traces

5.4.7 TRACE_FILE_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the name of the client trace file.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

ORACLE_HOME/network/trace/cli.trc

Values

Any valid file name.

Example

TRACE_FILE_CLIENT=clientsqlnet.trc

5.4.8 TRACE_FILE_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the destination directory for the database server trace output.

Usage Notes

Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

ORACLE_HOME/network/trace/svr_pid.trc

Values

Any valid file name. The process identifier (pid) is appended to the name automatically.

Example

TRACE_FILE_SERVER=svrsqlnet.trc

5.4.9 TRACE_FILEAGE_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the maximum age of client trace files in minutes.

Usage Notes

When the age limit is reached, the trace information is written to the next file. The number of files is specified with the TRACE_FILENO_CLIENT parameter. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

Unlimited

This is the same as setting the parameter to 0.

Example 5-2 Example

TRACE_FILEAGE_CLIENT=60

5.4.10 TRACE_FILEAGE_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the maximum age of database server trace files in minutes.

Usage Notes

When the age limit is reached, the trace information is written to the next file. The number of files is specified with the TRACE_FILENO_SERVER parameter. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

Unlimited

This is the same as setting the parameter to0.

Example 5-3 Example

TRACE_FILEAGE_SERVER=60

5.4.11 TRACE_FILELEN_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the size of the client trace files in kilobytes (KB).

Usage Notes

When the size is met, the trace information is written to the next file. The number of files is specified with the TRACE_FILENO_CLIENT parameter. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Example

TRACE_FILELEN_CLIENT=100

5.4.12 TRACE_FILELEN_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the size of the database server trace files in kilobytes (KB).

Usage Notes

When the size is met, the trace information is written to the next file. The number of files is specified with the TRACE_FILENO_SERVER parameter. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Example

TRACE_FILELEN_SERVER=100

5.4.13 TRACE_FILENO_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify the number of trace files for client tracing.

Usage Notes

When this parameter is set with the TRACE_FILELEN_CLIENT parameter, trace files are used in a cyclical fashion. The first file is filled first, then the second file, and so on. When the last file has been filled, then the first file is re-used, and so on.

When this parameter is set with theTRACE_FILEAGE_CLIENT parameter, trace files are cycled based on their age. The first file is used until the age limit is reached, then the second file is used, and so on. When the last file's age limit is reached, the first file is re-used, and so on.

When this parameter is set with both the TRACE_FILELEN_CLIENT and TRACE_FILEAGE_CLIENT parameters, trace files are cycled when either the size limit or the age limit is reached.

The trace file names are distinguished from one another by their sequence number. For example, if the default trace file of sqlnet.trc is used, and this parameter is set to 3, then the trace files would be named sqlnet1.trc, sqlnet2.trc and sqlnet3.trc.

In addition, trace events in the trace files are preceded by the sequence number of the file. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

None

Example

TRACE_FILENO_CLIENT=3

5.4.14 TRACE_FILENO_SERVER

Purpose

To specify the number of trace files for database server tracing.

Usage Notes

When this parameter is set with the TRACE_FILELEN_SERVER parameter, trace files are used in a cyclical fashion. The first file is filled first, then the second file, and so on. When the last file has been filled, then the first file is re-used, and so on.

When this parameter is set with theTRACE_FILEAGE_SERVER parameter, trace files are cycled based on the age of the trace file. The first file is used until the age limit is reached, then the second file is used, and so on. When the last file's age limit is reached, the first file is re-used, and so on.

When this parameter is set with both the TRACE_FILELEN_SERVER and TRACE_FILEAGE_SERVER parameters, trace files are cycled when either the size limit or the age limit is reached.

The trace file names are distinguished from one another by their sequence number. For example, if the default trace file of svr_pid.trc is used, and this parameter is set to 3, then the trace files would be named svr1_pid.trc, svr2_pid.trc and svr3_pid.trc.

In addition, trace events in the trace files are preceded by the sequence number of the file. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

None

Example

TRACE_FILENO_SERVER=3

5.4.15 TRACE_UNIQUE_CLIENT

Purpose

To specify whether a unique trace file is created for each client trace session.

Usage Notes

When the value is set to on, a process identifier is appended to the name of each trace file, enabling several files to coexist. For example, trace files named sqlnetpid.trc are created if default trace file name sqlnet.trc is used. When the value is set to off, data from a new client trace session overwrites the existing file. Use this parameter when ADR is not enabled.

Default

Values

on or off

Example

TRACE_UNIQUE_CLIENT=on