SQL Statements

SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an Oracle database.

The sections that follow show each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Subclauses for the syntax of the subclauses listed in the syntax for the statements.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL statements

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT
  { keystore_management_clauses
  | key_management_clauses
  | secret_management_clauses
  }

ALTER ANALYTIC VIEW

ALTER ANALYTIC VIEW [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] analytic_view_name 
  { RENAME TO new_av_name | COMPILE }

ALTER ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION

ALTER ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION [ IF EXISTS ] [ schema. ]
  attr_dim_name { RENAME TO new_attr_dim_name | COMPILE }

ALTER AUDIT POLICY

ALTER AUDIT POLICY policy
  [ ADD [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ] ]
  [ DROP [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ] ]
  [ CONDITION { DROP | 'audit_condition' 
    EVALUATE PER { STATEMENT | SESSION | INSTANCE }   } ]
  [ ONLY TOPLEVEL ]

ALTER CLUSTER

ALTER CLUSTER [ IF EXISTS ] [ schema. ] cluster
  { physical_attributes_clause
  | SIZE size_clause
  | [ MODIFY PARTITION partition ] allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  } ...
  [ parallel_clause ]

ALTER DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
  { startup_clauses
  | recovery_clauses
  | database_file_clauses
  | logfile_clauses
  | controlfile_clauses
  | standby_database_clauses
  | default_settings_clauses
  | instance_clauses
  | security_clause
  | prepare_clause
  | drop_mirror_copy
  | lost_write_protection
  | cdb_fleet_clauses
  | property_clause
  }

ALTER DATABASE DICTIONARY

ALTER DATABASE DICTIONARY 
{   ENCRYPT CREDENTIALS
  | REKEY CREDENTIALS
  | DELETE CREDENTIALS KEY 
}

ALTER DATABASE LINK

ALTER [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK [ IF EXISTS ] dblink
  { CONNECT TO user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
  | dblink_authentication
  }

ALTER DIMENSION

ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
  { ADD { level_clause
        | hierarchy_clause
        | attribute_clause
        | extended_attribute_clause
        }
  } ...
  |
  { DROP { LEVEL level [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
         | HIERARCHY hierarchy
         | ATTRIBUTE attribute [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column ] ]...
         }
  } ...
  |
  COMPILE

ALTER DISKGROUP

ALTER DISKGROUP
  { diskgroup_name
      { { { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause }
          [, { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause } ]...
        | resize_disk_clause
        } [ rebalance_diskgroup_clause ]
      | replace_disk_clause
      | rename_disk_clause
      | disk_online_clause
      | disk_offline_clause
      | rebalance_diskgroup_clause
      | check_diskgroup_clause
      | diskgroup_template_clauses
      | diskgroup_directory_clauses
      | diskgroup_alias_clauses
      | diskgroup_volume_clauses
      | diskgroup_attributes
      | modify_diskgroup_file
      | drop_diskgroup_file_clause
      | convert_redundancy_clause
      | usergroup_clauses
      | user_clauses
      | file_permissions_clause
      | file_owner_clause
      | scrub_clause
      | quotagroup_clauses
      | filegroup_clauses
      }
    | { diskgroup_name [, diskgroup_name ]...
      | ALL
      } { undrop_disk_clause
        | diskgroup_availability
        | enable_disable_volume
        }
  }

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive
  { SET DEFAULT
  | { ADD | MODIFY } TABLESPACE tablespace [flashback_archive_quota]
  | REMOVE TABLESPACE tablespace_name
  | MODIFY RETENTION flashback_archive_retention
  | PURGE { ALL | BEFORE { SCN expr | TIMESTAMP expr } }
  | [NO] OPTIMIZE DATA
  }

ALTER FUNCTION

ALTER FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] function_name
{ function_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER HIERARCHY

ALTER HIERARCHY [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] hierarchy_name 
  { RENAME TO new_hier_name | COMPILE }

ALTER INDEX

ALTER INDEX [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ]index
  { { deallocate_unused_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | shrink_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    | partial_index_clause
    } ...
  | rebuild_clause [ { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } INVALIDATION ]
  | PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
  | COMPILE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  | UNUSABLE [ ONLINE ] [ { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } INVALIDATION ]
  | VISIBLE | INVISIBLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COALESCE [ CLEANUP ] [ ONLY ] [ parallel_clause ]
  | { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
  | UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
  | alter_index_partitioning
  }

ALTER INDEXTYPE

ALTER INDEXTYPE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] indextype
  { { ADD | DROP } [ schema. ] operator ( parameter_types ) 
      [ , { ADD | DROP } [schema. ] operator ( parameter_types ) ]... [ using_type_clause ]
  | COMPILE
  }
  [ WITH LOCAL [ RANGE ] PARTITION ] [ storage_table_clause ]

ALTER INMEMORY JOIN GROUP

ALTER INMEMORY JOIN GROUP [ schema. ] join_group
  { ADD | REMOVE } ( [ schema. ] table ( column ) )

ALTER JAVA

ALTER JAVA
  { SOURCE | CLASS } [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ]object_name 
  [ RESOLVER 
      ( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )... )
  ]
  { { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
  | invoker_rights_clause
  }

ALTER LIBRARY

ALTER LIBRARY [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] library_name
{ library_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE

ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE
  { lockdown_features
  | lockdown_options
  | lockdown_statements
  }

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF EXISTS ]
  [ schema. ] materialized_view
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | modify_mv_column_clause
  | table_compression
  | inmemory_table_clause
  | LOB_storage_clause [, LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | modify_LOB_storage_clause [, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ alter_iot_clauses ]
  [ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
  [ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
  | alter_mv_refresh
  ]
  [ evaluation_edition_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } ON QUERY COMPUTATION ]
  [ alter_query_rewrite_clause
  | COMPILE
  | CONSIDER FRESH
  ]

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
  ON [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ]table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | add_mv_log_column_clause
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | move_mv_log_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ] [ mv_log_augmentation ] [  mv_log_purge_clause ] [ for_refresh_clause ]

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] zonemap_name
  { alter_zonemap_attributes
  | zonemap_refresh_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING
  | COMPILE
  | REBUILD
  | UNUSABLE
  }

ALTER OPERATOR

ALTER OPERATOR [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] operator
  { add_binding_clause
  | drop_binding_clause
  | COMPILE
  }

ALTER OUTLINE

ALTER OUTLINE [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
  { REBUILD
  | RENAME TO new_outline_name
  | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  } ...

ALTER PACKAGE

ALTER PACKAGE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] package_name
{ package_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
  { pdb_unplug_clause
  | pdb_settings_clauses
  | pdb_datafile_clause
  | pdb_recovery_clauses
  | pdb_change_state
  | pdb_change_state_from_root
  | application_clauses
  | snapshot_clauses
  | prepare_clause
  | drop_mirror_copy
  | lost_write_protection
  }

ALTER PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure_name
{ procedure_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER PROFILE

ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
  { resource_parameters | password_parameters } ...
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

ALTER RESOURCE COST

ALTER RESOURCE COST
  { { CPU_PER_SESSION
    | CONNECT_TIME
    | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
    | PRIVATE_SGA
    } integer
  } ...

ALTER ROLE

ALTER ROLE role
  { NOT IDENTIFIED
  | IDENTIFIED
      { BY password
      | USING [ schema. ] package
      | EXTERNALLY
      | GLOBALLY AS ' { domain_name_of_directory_group 
                       | AZURE_ROLE=value 
                       | IAM_GROUP_NAME=value } '
      }
  }
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  { ONLINE
  | OFFLINE
  | storage_clause
  | SHRINK [ TO size_clause ]
  }

ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] sequence
  { 
    { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
  | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
  | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
  |  RESTART
  | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
  | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
  | { ORDER | NOORDER }
  | { KEEP | NOKEEP }
  | { SCALE {EXTEND | NOEXTEND} | NOSCALE }
  | { SHARD {EXTEND | NOEXTEND} | NOSHARD }
  | { SESSION | GLOBAL }
  } ...

ALTER SESSION

 ALTER SESSION
  { ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
  | CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
    { DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
  | { ENABLE RESUMABLE [ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
    | DISABLE RESUMABLE
    }
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } SHARD DDL
  | SYNC WITH PRIMARY  
  | alter_session_set_clause
  }

ALTER SYNONYM

ALTER [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] synonym
  { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE | COMPILE }

ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER SYSTEM
  { archive_log_clause
  | checkpoint_clause
  | check_datafiles_clause
  | distributed_recov_clauses
  | FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | GLOBAL CONTEXT | BUFFER_CACHE | FLASH_CACHE
          | REDO TO target_db_name [ [ NO ] CONFIRM APPLY ] }
  | end_session_clauses
  | SWITCH LOGFILE
  | { SUSPEND | RESUME }
  | quiesce_clauses
  | rolling_migration_clauses
  | rolling_patch_clauses
  | security_clauses
  | affinity_clauses
  | shutdown_dispatcher_clause
  | REGISTER
  | SET alter_system_set_clause
        [ alter_system_set_clause ]...
  | RESET alter_system_reset_clause
          [ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
  | RELOCATE CLIENT client_id
  | cancel_sql_clause
  | FLUSH PASSWORDFILE_METADATA_CACHE
  }

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] table
  [ memoptimize_read_clause ] [ memoptimize_write_clause ]
  [ alter_table_properties
  | column_clauses
  | constraint_clauses
  | alter_table_partitioning [ { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } INVALIDATION ]
  | alter_external_table
  | move_table_clause
  | modify_to_partitioned
  | modify_opaque_type
  | immutable_table_clauses
  | blockchain_table_clauses 
  ]
  [ enable_disable_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS | CONTAINER_MAP | CONTAINERS_DEFAULT }
  ] ...

ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace [ IF EXISTS ] alter_tablespace_attrs

ALTER TABLESPACE SET

ALTER TABLESPACE SET tablespace_set alter_tablespace_attrs

ALTER TRIGGER

ALTER TRIGGER [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] trigger_name
  { trigger_compile_clause
  | { ENABLE| DISABLE }
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE }
  }

ALTER TYPE

ALTER TYPE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] type_name
{ alter_type_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER USER

ALTER USER [ IF EXISTS ]
  { user
    { IDENTIFIED
      { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
      | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
      | GLOBALLY [ AS ' { directory_DN | { {AZURE_USER | AZURE_ROLE }=value} 
                           | { { IAM_GROUP_NAME | IAM_PRINCIPAL_NAME }=value} 
                          }' 
                 ]
      }
    | NO AUTHENTICATION
    | DEFAULT COLLATION collation_name
    | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
    | [ LOCAL ] TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
    | { QUOTA { size_clause
              | UNLIMITED
              } ON tablespace
      } ...
    | PROFILE profile
    | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
                   | NONE
                   }
    | PASSWORD EXPIRE
    | EXPIRE PASSWORD ROLLOVER PERIOD
    | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
    | ENABLE EDITIONS [ FOR object_type [, object_type ]... ] [ FORCE ]
    | [HTTP] DIGEST { ENABLE | DISABLE }
    | CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL }
    | container_data_clause
    } ...
  | user [, user ]... proxy_clause
  }

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] view
  { ADD out_of_line_constraint
  | MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
      { RELY | NORELY }
  | DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         }
  | COMPILE
  | { READ ONLY | READ WRITE }
  | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE }
  }

ANALYZE

ANALYZE
  { { TABLE [ schema. ] table
    | INDEX [ schema. ] index
    } [ partition_extension_clause ]
  | CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
  }
  { validation_clauses
  | LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
  | DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
  }

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
  { column_association | function_association }
  [ storage_table_clause ]

AUDIT (Traditional Auditing)

AUDIT
  { audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause | IN SESSION CURRENT ]
  | audit_schema_object_clause
  | NETWORK
  | DIRECT_PATH LOAD [ auditing_by_clause ]
  } [ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
    [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
    [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

AUDIT (Unified Auditing)

AUDIT
  { POLICY policy
    [ { BY user [, user]... }
    | { EXCEPT user [, user]... }
    | by_users_with_roles ]
    [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
  }
  |
  { CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]...
      [, CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]... ]...
    [ BY user [, user]... ]
  }

CALL

CALL
  { routine_clause
  | object_access_expression
  }
  [ INTO :host_variable
    [ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ]

COMMENT

COMMENT ON
  { AUDIT POLICY policy
  | COLUMN [ schema. ]
      { table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
  | EDITION edition_name
  | INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  | MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
  | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] model
  | OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
  | TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
  }
  IS string

COMMIT

COMMIT [ WORK ]
  [ [ COMMENT string ]
    | [ WRITE [ WAIT | NOWAIT ] [ IMMEDIATE | BATCH ]
    ]
  | FORCE string [, integer ]
  ]

CREATE ANALYTIC VIEW

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ { FORCE | NOFORCE } ] 
   ANALYTIC VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] analytic_view 
    [ sharing clause ] 
    [ classification_clause ]...
    using_clause 
    dim_by_clause 
    measures_clause 
    [ default_measure_clause ] 
    [ default_aggregate_clause ]
    [ cache_clause ]

CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
  [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [ schema. ] attr_dimension [ sharing_clause ] 
  [ classification_clause ]... ]
  [ DIMENSION TYPE { STANDARD | TIME } ]
  attr_dim_using_clause
  attributes_clause
  [ attr_dim_level_clause ]...
  [ all_clause ]

CREATE AUDIT POLICY

CREATE AUDIT POLICY policy
  [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ]
  [ WHEN 'audit_condition' EVALUATE PER { STATEMENT | SESSION | INSTANCE } ]
  [ ONLY TOPLEVEL ]
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ]

CREATE CLUSTER

CREATE CLUSTER [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] cluster
  (column datatype [ COLLATE column_collation_name ] [ SORT ]
    [, column datatype [ COLLATE column_collation_name ] [ SORT ] ]...
  )
  [ { physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | { INDEX
      | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
        HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
      }
    }...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
  [ CACHE | NOCACHE ] [ cluster_range_partitions ]

CREATE CONTEXT

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
  USING [ schema. ] package
  [ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
  | ACCESSED GLOBALLY
  ]

CREATE CONTROLFILE

CREATE CONTROLFILE
  [ REUSE ] [ SET ] DATABASE database
  [ logfile_clause ]
  { RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
  [ DATAFILE file_specification
             [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ MAXLOGFILES integer
  | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
  | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
  | FORCE LOGGING
  | SET STANDBY LOGGING FOR {DATA AVAILABILITY | LOAD PERFORMANCE}
  ]...
  [ character_set_clause ]

CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
  { USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
  | USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
  | CONTROLFILE REUSE
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | CHARACTER SET charset
  | NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
  | SET DEFAULT
      { BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
  | database_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_clauses
  | set_time_zone_clause
  | [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ] USER_DATA TABLESPACE tablespace_name
      DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec [, datafile_tempfile_spec ]...
  | enable_pluggable_database
  }...

CREATE DATABASE LINK

CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK [ IF NOT EXISTS ] dblink
  [ CONNECT TO
    { CURRENT_USER
    | user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
    }
  | dblink_authentication
  ]...
  [ USING connect_string ]

CREATE DIMENSION

CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
  level_clause ...
  { hierarchy_clause
  | attribute_clause
  | extended_attribute_clause
  }...

CREATE DIRECTORY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY [ IF NOT EXISTS ] directory
  [ SHARING = { METADATA | NONE } ]
  AS 'path_name'

CREATE DISKGROUP

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
  [ { HIGH | NORMAL | FLEX | EXTENDED [ SITE site_name ] | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
  { [ QUORUM | REGULAR ] [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
    DISK qualified_disk_clause [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
  }...
  [ ATTRIBUTE { 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value' }
              [, 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value' ]... ]

CREATE EDITION

CREATE EDITION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] edition
  [ AS CHILD OF parent_edition ]

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE [DEFAULT] flashback_archive
  TABLESPACE tablespace
  [flashback_archive_quota]
  [ [NO] OPTIMIZE DATA ]
  flashback_archive_retention

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_function_source

CREATE HIERARCHY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] 
  HIERARCHY [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] hierarchy 
  [ sharing_clause ]
  [ classification_clause ]... ]
  hier_using_clause
  level_hier_clause
  [ hier_attrs_clause ]

CREATE INDEX

CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] index
  ON { cluster_index_clause
     | table_index_clause
     | bitmap_join_index_clause
     }
[ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
[ { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } INVALIDATION ]

CREATE INDEXTYPE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] indextype
  FOR [ schema. ] operator (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
        [, [ schema. ] operator (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
        ]...
  using_type_clause
  [WITH LOCAL [RANGE] PARTITION ]
  [ storage_table_clause ]

CREATE INMEMORY JOIN GROUP

CREATE INMEMORY JOIN GROUP [ schema. ] join_group
  ( [ schema. ] table ( column ) , [ schema. ] table ( column )
    [, [ schema. ] table ( column ) ]... )

CREATE JAVA

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ] [ NOFORCE ]
  JAVA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] { { SOURCE | RESOURCE } NAMED [ schema. ] primary_name
       | CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
       }
  [ SHARING = { METADATA | NONE } ]
  [ invoker_rights_clause ]
  [ RESOLVER ( (match_string [,] { schema_name | - })...) ]
  { USING { BFILE (directory_object_name, server_file_name)
          | { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE } subquery
          | 'key_for_BLOB'
          }
  | AS source_char
  }

CREATE LIBRARY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
LIBRARY [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_library_source

CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE

CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE profile_name

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] materialized_view
  [ OF [ schema. ] object_type ]
  [ ( { scoped_table_ref_constraint
      | column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]]
      }
      [, { scoped_table_ref_constraint
         | column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]]
         }
      ]...
    )
  ]
  [ DEFAULT COLLATION collation_name ]
  { ON PREBUILT TABLE
    [ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
  | physical_properties materialized_view_props
  }
  [ USING INDEX
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    ]...
  | USING NO INDEX
  ]
  [ create_mv_refresh ]
  [ evaluation_edition_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } ON QUERY COMPUTATION ]
  [ query_rewrite_clause ]
AS subquery

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ IF NOT EXISTS ] ON [ schema. ] table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | TABLESPACE tablespace
  | logging_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]...
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ table_partitioning_clauses ]
  [ WITH [ { OBJECT ID
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | ROWID
         | SEQUENCE
         | COMMIT SCN
         }
           [ { , OBJECT ID
             | , PRIMARY KEY
             | , ROWID
             | , SEQUENCE
             | , COMMIT SCN
             }
           ]... ]
    (column [, column ]...)
    [ new_values_clause ]
  ] [ mv_log_purge_clause ] [ for_refresh_clause ]

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

{ create_zonemap_on_table | create_zonemap_as_subquery }

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP ON TABLE

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
  [ schema. ] zonemap_name
  [ zonemap_attributes ]
  [ zonemap_refresh_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING ]
  ON [ schema. ] { table | materialized_view } ( column [, column]... )

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP AS SUBQUERY

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
  [ schema. ] zonemap_name
  [ zonemap_attributes ]
  [ zonemap_refresh_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING ]
  AS query_block

CREATE OPERATOR

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
   [ IF NOT EXISTS ][ schema. ] operator binding_clause

CREATE OUTLINE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
   [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
   [ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
   [ FOR CATEGORY category ]
   [ ON statement ]

CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PACKAGE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_package_source

CREATE PACKAGE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PACKAGE BODY [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_package_body_source

CREATE PFILE

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
   FROM { SPFILE [= 'spfile_name']
        | MEMORY
        }

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
  { { pdb_name [ AS APPLICATION CONTAINER ] } | { AS SEED } }
  {  create_pdb_from_seed | create_pdb_clone | create_pdb_from_xml | create_pdb_from_mirror_copy 
    | using_snapshot_clause | container_map_clause } pdb_snapshot_clause

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PROCEDURE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_procedure_source

CREATE PROFILE

CREATE PROFILE profile
  LIMIT { resource_parameters
        | password_parameters
        }...
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

CREATE RESTORE POINT

CREATE [ CLEAN ] RESTORE POINT restore_point
   [ FOR PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name ]
   [ AS OF {TIMESTAMP | SCN} expr ]
   [ PRESERVE
   | GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE
   ]

CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE role
   [ NOT IDENTIFIED
   | IDENTIFIED { BY password
                | USING [ schema. ] package
                | EXTERNALLY
                | GLOBALLY AS ' { domain_name_of_directory_group  
                                  | AZURE_ROLE=value 
                                  | IAM_GROUP_NAME=value } '             
                }
   ] [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  [ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...]

CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
   { create_table_statement
   | create_view_statement
   | grant_statement
   }...

CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [ schema. ] sequence
   [ SHARING = { METADATA | DATA | NONE } ]
   [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
   | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
   | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
   | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
   | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
   | { ORDER | NOORDER }
   | { KEEP | NOKEEP }
   | { SCALE {EXTEND | NOEXTEND} | NOSCALE }
   | { SHARD {EXTEND | NOEXTEND} | NOSHARD }
   | { SESSION | GLOBAL }
   ]...

CREATE SPFILE

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
  FROM { PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ] [ AS COPY ]
       | MEMORY
       }

CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
  [ PUBLIC ] [ IF NOT EXISTS ] SYNONYM
  [ schema. ] synonym
  [ SHARING = { METADATA | NONE } ]
  FOR [ schema. ] object [ @ dblink ]

CREATE TABLE

CREATE [ { GLOBAL | PRIVATE } TEMPORARY | SHARDED | DUPLICATED | 
  [ IMMUTABLE ] BLOCKCHAIN | IMMUTABLE ] TABLE
  [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [ schema. ] table
    [ SHARING = { METADATA | DATA | EXTENDED DATA | NONE } ]
  { relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table }
  [ MEMOPTIMIZE FOR READ ]
  [ MEMOPTIMIZE FOR WRITE ]
  [ PARENT [ schema. ] table ] [ MEMOPTIMIZE FOR READ ]

CREATE TABLESPACE

CREATE
   [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
   { permanent_tablespace_clause
   | temporary_tablespace_clause
   | undo_tablespace_clause
   }

CREATE TABLESPACE SET

CREATE TABLESPACE SET tablespace_set
  [ IN SHARDSPACE shardspace ]
  [ USING TEMPLATE 
    ( { DATAFILE [, file_specification ]... ] permanent_tablespace_attrs )
  ]

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TRIGGER plsql_trigger_source

CREATE TYPE

CREATE [OR REPLACE]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TYPE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_type_source

CREATE TYPE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TYPE BODY [ IF NOT EXISTS ] plsql_type_body_source

CREATE USER

CREATE USER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] user
   IDENTIFIED
        { BY password [ [HTTP] DIGEST { ENABLE | DISABLE } ]
        | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
        | GLOBALLY [ AS ' { directory_DN | { {AZURE_USER | AZURE_ROLE }=value} 
                           | { { IAM_GROUP_NAME | IAM_PRINCIPAL_NAME }=value} 
                          }' 
        ]
        }
   | NO AUTHENTICATION
   [ DEFAULT COLLATION collation_name
   | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
   | [ LOCAL ] TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
   | { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
   | PROFILE profile
   | PASSWORD EXPIRE
   | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
     | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
          { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
     | { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
     | PROFILE profile
     | PASSWORD EXPIRE
     | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     | ENABLE EDITIONS
     | CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL }
     ]...
  ]

CREATE VIEW

CREATE [OR REPLACE]
  [[NO] FORCE]
  [ EDITIONING | EDITIONABLE [ EDITIONING ] | NONEDITIONABLE ]
  VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ] [schema.] view
  [ SHARING = { METADATA | DATA | EXTENDED DATA | NONE } ]
  [ ( { alias [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ] [ inline_constraint... ]
      | out_of_line_constraint
      }
        [, { alias [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ] [ inline_constraint...]
           | out_of_line_constraint
           }
        ]
    )
  | object_view_clause
  | XMLType_view_clause
  ]
  [ DEFAULT COLLATION collation_name ]
  [ BEQUEATH { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER } ]
  AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ]
  [ CONTAINER_MAP | CONTAINERS_DEFAULT ]

DELETE

DELETE [ hint ]
   [ FROM ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   } [ t_alias ]
     [ where_clause ]
     [ returning_clause ]
     [error_logging_clause]

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
   { COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
               [, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
   | FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
                 [, [ schema. ]function ]...
   | PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
                [, [ schema. ]package ]...
   | TYPES [ schema. ]type
             [, [ schema. ]type ]...
   | INDEXES [ schema. ]index
               [, [ schema. ]index ]...
   | INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
                  [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
   }
   [ FORCE ]

DROP ANALYTIC VIEW

DROP ANALYTIC VIEW [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] analytic_view_name

DROP ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION

DROP ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] attr_dimension_name

DROP AUDIT POLICY

DROP AUDIT POLICY policy

DROP CLUSTER

DROP CLUSTER [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] cluster
   [ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ]

DROP CONTEXT

DROP CONTEXT namespace

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE LINK

DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK [ IF EXISTS ] dblink

DROP DIMENSION

DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension

DROP DIRECTORY

DROP DIRECTORY [ IF EXISTS ] directory_name

DROP DISKGROUP

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
   [  FORCE INCLUDING CONTENTS
   | { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } CONTENTS
   ]

DROP EDITION

DROP EDITION [ IF EXISTS ] edition [CASCADE]

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive

DROP FUNCTION

DROP FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] function_name

DROP HIERARCHY

DROP HIERARCHY [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] hierarchy_name

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] index [ ONLINE ]
            [ FORCE ] [ { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE } INVALIDATION ]

DROP INDEXTYPE

DROP INDEXTYPE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] indextype [ FORCE ]

DROP INMEMORY JOIN GROUP

DROP INMEMORY JOIN GROUP [ schema. ] join_group

DROP JAVA

DROP JAVA { SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
  [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] object_name

DROP LIBRARY

DROP LIBRARY [ IF EXISTS ] library_name

DROP LOCKDOWN PROFILE

DROP LOCKDOWN PROFILE profile_name

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] materialized_view
   [ PRESERVE TABLE ]

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] table

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] zonemap_name

DROP OPERATOR

DROP OPERATOR [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] operator [ FORCE ]

DROP OUTLINE

DROP OUTLINE outline

DROP PACKAGE

DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] package

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name
  [ { KEEP | INCLUDING } DATAFILES ]

DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] procedure

DROP PROFILE

DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ]

DROP RESTORE POINT

DROP RESTORE POINT restore_point [ FOR PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name ]

DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE role

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment

DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] sequence_name

DROP SYNONYM

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] synonym [FORCE]

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [ schema. ] table
  [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] [ PURGE ]

DROP TABLESPACE

DROP TABLESPACE [ IF EXISTS ] tablespace
  [ { DROP | KEEP } QUOTA ]
  [ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ { AND | KEEP } DATAFILES ] [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ]

DROP TABLESPACE SET

DROP TABLESPACE SET tablespace_set
   [ { DROP | KEEP } QUOTA ]
   [ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ { AND | KEEP } DATAFILES ] [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ]

DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] trigger

DROP TYPE

DROP TYPE [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] type_name [ FORCE | VALIDATE ]

DROP TYPE BODY

DROP TYPE BODY [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] type_name

DROP USER

DROP USER [ IF EXISTS ] user [ CASCADE ]

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ][ schema. ] view [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN
   [ SET STATEMENT_ID = string ]
   [ INTO [ schema. ] table [ @ dblink ] ]
FOR statement

FLASHBACK DATABASE

FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] [ PLUGGABLE ] DATABASE [ database ]
   { TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        | RESTORE POINT restore_point
        }
   }
   | { TO BEFORE { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
                 | RESETLOGS
                 }
   }

FLASHBACK TABLE

FLASHBACK TABLE
   [ schema. ] table
     [, [ schema. ] table ]...
   TO { { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        | RESTORE POINT restore_point
        } [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
      | BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
      }

GRANT

GRANT
  { { { grant_system_privileges | grant_object_privileges }
      [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] }
  | grant_roles_to_programs
  }

INSERT

INSERT [ hint ]
   { single_table_insert | multi_table_insert }

LOCK TABLE

LOCK TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
   [ partition_extension_clause
   | @ dblink
   ] [, [ schema. ] { table | view }
      [ partition_extension_clause
      | @ dblink
      ]
     ]...
   IN lockmode MODE
   [ NOWAIT
   | WAIT integer
   ]

MERGE

MERGE [ hint ]
   INTO [ schema. ] { table | view } [ t_alias ]
   USING { [ schema. ] { table | view }
         | ( subquery )
         } [ t_alias ]
   ON ( condition )
   [ merge_update_clause ]
   [ merge_insert_clause ]
   [ error_logging_clause ]

NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing)

NOAUDIT 
   { audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause ]
   | audit_schema_object_clause
   | NETWORK
   | DIRECT_PATH LOAD [ auditing_by_clause ]
   }
   [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
   [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing)

NOAUDIT
  { POLICY policy [ { BY user [, user]... } | by_users_with_roles ] 
    [ WHENEVER  [ NOT ]  SUCCESSFUL ] }
  |
  { CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]...
      [, CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]... ]...
    [ BY user [, user]... ]
  }

PURGE

PURGE
  { TABLE table
  | INDEX index
  | TABLESPACE tablespace [ USER username ]
  | TABLESPACE SET tablespace_set [ USER username ]
  | RECYCLEBIN
  | DBA_RECYCLEBIN
  }

RENAME

RENAME old_name TO new_name

REVOKE

REVOKE
  { { revoke_system_privileges | revoke_object_privileges }
    [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] }
  | revoke_roles_from_programs

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
   [ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
   | FORCE string
   ]

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint

SELECT

subquery [ for_update_clause ]

SET CONSTRAINT[S]

SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
    { constraint [, constraint ]...
    | ALL
    }
    { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

SET ROLE

SET ROLE
   { role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
     [, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
   | NONE
   }

SET TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION
   { { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
     | ISOLATION LEVEL
       { SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
     | USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
     } [ NAME string ]
   | NAME string
   }

TRUNCATE CLUSTER

TRUNCATE CLUSTER [schema.] cluster
  [ {DROP | REUSE} STORAGE ]

TRUNCATE TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE [schema.] table
  [ {PRESERVE | PURGE} MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
  [ {DROP [ ALL ] | REUSE} STORAGE ] [ CASCADE ]

UPDATE

UPDATE [ hint ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   } [ t_alias ]
   update_set_clause
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ]
   [error_logging_clause]

1 SQL Statements

Syntax for SQL Statements