This topic briefly describes the new PL/SQL features that this book documents and provides links to more information.
The new PL/SQL features for 11g Release 1 (11.1) are:
Enhancements to Regular Expression Built-in SQL Functions
The regular expression built-in functions REGEXP_INSTR and REGEXP_SUBSTR have increased functionality. A new regular expression built-in function, REGEXP_COUNT, returns the number of times a pattern appears in a string. These functions act the same in SQL and PL/SQL.
See Also:
Oracle Database Advanced Application Developer's Guide for information about the implementation of regular expressions
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed descriptions of the REGEXP_INSTR, REGEXP_SUBSTR, and REGEXP_COUNT functions
SIMPLE_INTEGER, SIMPLE_FLOAT, and SIMPLE_DOUBLE Data Types
The SIMPLE_INTEGER, SIMPLE_FLOAT, and SIMPLE_DOUBLE data types are predefined subtypes of PLS_INTEGER, BINARY_FLOAT, and BINARY_DOUBLE, respectively. Each subtype has the same range as its base type and has a NOT NULL constraint.
SIMPLE_INTEGER differs significantly from PLS_INTEGER in its overflow semantics, but SIMPLE_FLOAT and SIMPLE_DOUBLE are identical to their base types, except for their NOT NULL constraint.
You can use SIMPLE_INTEGER when the value will never be NULL and overflow checking is unnecessary. You can use SIMPLE_FLOAT and SIMPLE_DOUBLE when the value will never be NULL. Without the overhead of checking for nullness and overflow, these subtypes provide significantly better performance than their base types when PLSQL_CODE_TYPE='NATIVE', because arithmetic operations on SIMPLE_INTEGER values are done directly in the hardware. When PLSQL_CODE_TYPE='INTERPRETED', the performance improvement is smaller.
For more information, see:
The CONTINUE statement exits the current iteration of a loop and transfers control to the next iteration (in contrast with the EXIT statement, which exits a loop and transfers control to the end of the loop). The CONTINUE statement has two forms: the unconditional CONTINUE and the conditional CONTINUE WHEN.
For more information, see:
Sequences in PL/SQL Expressions
The pseudocolumns CURRVAL and NEXTVAL make writing PL/SQL source code easier for you and improve run-time performance and scalability. You can use sequence_name.CURRVAL and sequence_name.NEXTVAL wherever you can use a NUMBER expression.
For more information, see CURRVAL and NEXTVAL.
Both native dynamic SQL and the DBMS_SQL package have been enhanced.
Native dynamic SQL now supports a dynamic SQL statement larger than 32 KB by allowing it to be a CLOB—see EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement and OPEN-FOR Statement.
In the DBMS_SQL package:
All data types that native dynamic SQL supports are supported.
The DBMS_SQL.PARSE function accepts a CLOB argument, allowing dynamic SQL statements larger than 32 KB.
The new DBMS_SQL.TO_REFCURSOR Function enables you to switch from the DBMS_SQL package to native dynamic SQL.
The new DBMS_SQL.TO_CURSOR_NUMBER Function enables you to switch from native dynamic SQL to the DBMS_SQL package.
Named and Mixed Notation in PL/SQL Subprogram Invocations
Before Release 11.1, a SQL statement that invoked a PL/SQL subprogram had to specify the actual parameters in positional notation. As of Release 11.1, named and mixed notation are also allowed. This improves usability when a SQL statement invokes a PL/SQL subprogram that has many defaulted parameters, and few of the actual parameters must differ from their default values.
For an example, see the SELECT statements following Example 8-8.
A function result cache can save significant space and time. Each time a result-cached function is invoked with different parameter values, those parameters and their result are stored in the cache. Subsequently, when the same function is invoked with the same parameter values, the result is retrieved from the cache, instead of being recomputed.
Before Release 11.1, if you wanted your PL/SQL application to cache the results of a function, you had to design and code the cache and cache-management subprograms. If multiple sessions ran your application, each session had to have its own copy of the cache and cache-management subprograms. Sometimes each session had to perform the same expensive computations.
As of Release 11.1, PL/SQL provides a function result cache. To use it, use the RESULT_CACHE clause in each PL/SQL function whose results you want cached. Because the function result cache is stored in a shared global area (SGA), it is available to any session that runs your application.
If you convert your application to PL/SQL function result caching, your application will use more SGA, but significantly less total system memory.
For more information, see:
A compound trigger is a Database Manipulation Language (DML) trigger that can fire at more than one timing point.
The body of a compound trigger supports a common PL/SQL state that the code for all of its sections can access. The common state is established when the triggering statement starts and destroyed when the triggering statement completes, even when the triggering statement causes an error.
Before Release 11.1, application developers modeled the common state with an ancillary package. This approach was both cumbersome to program and subject to memory leak when the triggering statement caused an error and the after-statement trigger did not fire. Compound triggers make it easier to program an approach where you want the actions you implement for the various timing points to share common data.
For more information, see Compound Triggers.
The SQL statement CREATE TRIGGER now supports ENABLE, DISABLE, and FOLLOWS clauses that give you more control over triggers. The DISABLE clause lets you create a trigger in the disabled state, so that you can ensure that your code compiles successfully before you enable the trigger. The ENABLE clause explicitly specifies the default state. The FOLLOWS clause lets you control the firing order of triggers that are defined on the same table and have the same timing point.
For more information, see:
See Also:
CREATE TRIGGER StatementDatabase Resident Connection Pool
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL package is meant for managing the Database Resident Connection Pool, which is shared by multiple middle-tier processes. The database administrator uses procedures in DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL to start and stop the Database Resident Connection Pool and to configure pool parameters such as size and time limit.
For more information, see DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL Package.
Subprogram inlining replaces a subprogram call (to a subprogram in the same PL/SQL unit) with a copy of the called subprogram, which almost always improves program performance.
You can use PRAGMA INLINE to specify that individual subprogram calls are, or are not, to be inlined. You can also turn on automatic inlining—that is, ask the compiler to search for inlining opportunities—by setting the compilation parameter PLSQL_OPTIMIZE_LEVEL to 3 (the default is 2).
In the rare cases when automatic inlining does not improve program performance, you can use the PL/SQL hierarchical profiler to identify subprograms for which you want to turn off inlining.
For more information, see:
See Also:
Oracle Database Reference for information about the compilation parameterPLSQL_OPTIMIZE_LEVELPL/Scope is a compiler-driven tool that collects and organizes data about user-defined identifiers from PL/SQL source code. Because PL/Scope is a compiler-driven tool, you use it through interactive development environments (such as SQL Developer and JDeveloper), rather than directly.
PL/Scope enables the development of powerful and effective PL/Scope source code browsers that increase PL/SQL developer productivity by minimizing time spent browsing and understanding source code.
For more information, see Collecting Data About User-Defined Identifiers.
The PL/SQL hierarchical profiler reports the dynamic execution profile of your PL/SQL program, organized by subprogram calls. It accounts for SQL and PL/SQL execution times separately. Each subprogram-level summary in the dynamic execution profile includes information such as number of calls to the subprogram, time spent in the subprogram itself, time spent in the subprogram's subtree (that is, in its descendent subprograms), and detailed parent-children information.
You can browse the generated HTML reports in any browser. The browser's navigational capabilities, combined with well chosen links, provide a powerful way to analyze performance of large applications, improve application performance, and lower development costs.
For more information, see Profiling and Tracing PL/SQL Programs.
PL/SQL Native Compiler Generates Native Code Directly
The PL/SQL native compiler now generates native code directly, instead of translating PL/SQL code to C code and having the C compiler generate the native code. An individual developer can now compile PL/SQL units for native execution without any set-up on the part of the DBA. Execution speed of natively compiled PL/SQL programs improves, in some cases by an order of magnitude.
For more information, see Compiling PL/SQL Units for Native Execution.