Task |
Description |
For Instructions, Go To |
---|---|---|
1. Load the PCMCIA Memory Card |
Insert the PCMCIA memory card into its drive and enter the volcheck command. | |
2. Examine the Contents of a PCMCIA Memory Card |
Optional. To examine the contents of the PCMCIA memory card, look in the appropriate directory under /PCMCIAmemorycard. | |
3. Exchange Files |
Optional. Copy files or directories between the PCMCIA memory card and your file system. |
"How to Copy or Move Information From a PCMCIA Memory Card"
|
4. Is PCMCIA Memory Card Still in Use? |
Optional. Before ejecting the PCMCIA memory card, find out if the PCMCIA memory card is still in use. | |
5. Eject the PCMCIA memory card |
When you finish, eject the PCMCIA Memory Card. |
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is formatted.
If you aren't sure, insert it and check the status messages in the Console, as described in "Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Task Map". If you need to format the PCMCIA memory card, go to "How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card" or "How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card".
Insert the PCMCIA memory card.
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is completely inserted. It must drop down into the drive. If the drive has a door, close it.
Notify Volume Management.
$ volcheck -v media was found |
Two status messages are possible:
media was found |
Volume Management detected the PCMCIA memory card and will attempt to mount it in the /pcmem directory.
If the PCMCIA memory card is formatted properly, no error messages appear in the Console.
If the PCMCIA memory card is not formatted, the "media was found" message is still displayed, but the following error messages appear in the Console: fd0: unformatted diskette or no diskette in the drive fd0: read failed (40 1 0) fd0: bad format You must format the PCMCIA memory card before Volume Management can mount it. Instructions are provided on "How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card" (for UFS) and "How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card" (for DOS). |
no media was found |
Volume Management did not detect a PCMCIA memory card. Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is inserted properly and run volcheck again. If unsuccessful, check the PCMCIA memory card; it could be damaged. You can also try to mount the PCMCIA memory card manually. |
Verify that the PCMCIA memory card was mounted by listing its contents.
$ ls /pcmem/pcmem0 pcmem0 myfiles |
As described earlier, pcmem0 is a symbolic link to the actual name of the PCMCIA memory card; in this case, myfiles. If the PCMCIA memory card has no name but is formatted correctly, the system will refer to it as unnamed_floppy.
If nothing appears under the /pcmem directory, the PCMCIA memory card was either not mounted or is not formatted properly. To find out, run the mount command and look for the line that begins with /pcmem (usually at the end of the listing):
/pcmem/name on /vol/dev/diskette0/name ... |
If the line does not appear, the PCMCIA memory card was not mounted. Check the Console for error messages.
Use the ls -L command because some directories under /pcmem are symbolic links:
$ ls -L [-l] pcmem0 |
-L |
Includes symbolic links in the output. |
-l |
Long format. Includes permissions and owners in the output. |
The following example lists the contents of the PCMCIA memory card in the first floppy drive, identified by pcmem0.
$ ls -L -l /pcmem/pcmem0 -rwxrwxrwx 1 smith staff 362284 Nov 16 20:54 text.doc -rwxrwxrwx 1 smith staff 24562 Nov 16 12:20 art.gif |
Once you have inserted a PCMCIA memory card, you can access its files and directories just as you would those of any other file system. The only significant restrictions are ownership and permissions. For instance, if you are not the owner of a file on a PCMCIA memory card, you won't be able to overwrite that file on the PCMCIA memory card. Or, if you copy a file into your file system, you'll be the owner, but that file won't have write permissions (because it never had them on the PCMCIA memory card); you'll have to change the permissions yourself.
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is formatted and mounted.
$ ls /pcmem pcmem0 PCMCIA memorycard-name |
If the PCMCIA memory card is properly formatted and mounted, its name and the symbolic link will appear under /pcmem.
If nothing appears under the /pcmem directory, the PCMCIA memory card is not mounted. See "". The PCMCIA memory card might also need to be formatted. See "How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card" or "How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card".
Copy the files or directories.
To Copy ... |
Use ... |
---|---|
A file |
cp |
A directory |
cp -r |
Verify the copy or move operation by using the ls command.
The first example, below, moves a file (readme.doc) from the PCMCIA memory card to the current directory (indicated by the "." symbol). The second example copies a file (readme2.doc) from the PCMCIA memory card to the current directory. The third example copies a directory (morefiles) and everything below it from the PCMCIA memory card to the current directory.
$ mv /pcmem/pcmem0/readme.doc . $ cp /pcmem/pcmem0/readme2.doc . $ cp -r /pcmem/pcmem0/morefiles . |
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is not write-protected.
Write-protection is controlled by a small slide switch in the end of the PCMCIA memory card.
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is formatted and mounted.
$ ls /pcmem pcmem0 PCMCIA memorycard-name |
If the PCMCIA memory card is properly formatted and mounted, its name and the symbolic link, pcmem0, will appear under /pcmem.
If nothing appears under the /pcmem directory, the PCMCIA memory card is not mounted. See "". The PCMCIA memory card might also need to be formatted. See "How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card" or "How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card".
Move or copy the files or directories.
To ... |
Use ... |
---|---|
Copy a file |
cp |
Copy a directory |
cp -r |
Move a file or directory |
mv |
Verify the move or copy operation by using the ls command.
The first example, below, moves a file (readme.doc) from the current directory to the PCMCIA memory card loaded into the first floppy drive (indicated by /pcmem/pcmem0). The second example copies a file (readme2.doc) from the current directory to the PCMCIA memory card loaded into the second floppy drive (indicated by /pcmem/pcmem1). The third example copies a directory (morefiles) and its contents from the /home/smith/directory to the PCMCIA memory card loaded into the first floppy drive.
$ mv readme.doc /pcmem/pcmem0 $ cp readme2.doc /pcmem/pcmem1 $ cp -r /home/smith/morefiles /pcmem/pcmem0 |
Become superuser.
Invoke the fuser(1M) command.
The fuser command lists the processes that are currently accessing the CD that you specify.
# fuser -u [-k] pcmem0 |
-u |
Displays the user of the PCMCIA memory card. |
|
-k |
Kills the process accessing the PCMCIA memory card. |
In the following example, the processes 6400c and 6399c are accessing the /pcmem/pcmem0 directory, and the process owners are root and smith, respectively.
# fuser -u /pcmem/pcmem0 /pcmem/pcmem0: 6400c(root) 6399c(smith) |
You can kill the processes individually (as superuser), or you can use the fuser command with the -k option, which kills all the processes accessing that file system:
# fuser -u -k /pcmem/pcmem0 /pcmem/pcmem0: 6400c(root)Killed 6399c(smith)Killed |
The fuser command may not always identify all the killed processes. To be sure, run it again with the -u option.
Make sure the PCMCIA memory card is not being used.
Remember, a PCMCIA memory card is "being used" if a shell or an application is accessing any of its files or directories.
If you are not sure whether you have found all users of a PCMCIA memory card (a renegade shell hidden behind a desktop tool may be accessing it), use the fuser command, as described in "How to Find Out If a PCMCIA Memory Card Is Still In Use".
Eject the PCMCIA memory card.
# eject pcmem0 |
You'll have to eject the PCMCIA memory card by hand. If you are running Windows, look for an onscreen message that says you can now eject the PCMCIA memory card.
If the PCMCIA memory card is still in use, the following message appears:
/vol/dev/pcmem/noname: Device busy |
In this case, return to Step 1 and make sure no one is using the PCMCIA memory card, then eject it again.
You can access a PCMCIA memory card on another system by mounting it manually into your file system--provided the other system has shared its PCMCIA memory card drive according to the instructions in "How to Make Local PCMCIA Memory Cards Available to Other Systems".
Select an existing directory to serve as the mount point or create one.
$ mkdir directory |
directory |
The name of the directory that you create to serve as a mount point for the other system's PCMCIA memory card. |
Find the name of the PCMCIA memory card you want to mount.
When you manually mount a remote PCMCIA memory card, you cannot use the pcmem0 or floppy1 variables available with your local PCMCIA memory cards. You must use the exact PCMCIA memory card name. To find it, use the ls command on the remote system's /pcmem directory. If the automounter is running, you can simply cd to the system whose PCMCIA memory card you want to mount and then use the ls command. If the automounter is not running, you'll have to use another method, such as logging in remotely.
As superuser, mount the PCMCIA memory card.
# mount -F nfs -o rw system-name:/pcmem/PCMCIA memory-card-name local-mount-point |
system-name |
The name of the system whose PCMCIA memory card you will mount. |
PCMCIA memory-card-name |
The name of the PCMCIA memory card you want to mount. |
local-mount-point |
The local directory onto which you will mount the remote PCMCIA memory card. |
Log out as superuser.
Verify that the PCMCIA memory card is indeed mounted by using the ls command to list the contents of the mount point.
$ ls /pcmem |
This example mounts the PCMCIA memory card named myfiles from the remote system mars onto the /pcmem directory of the local system.
$ cd /net/mars $ ls /pcmem pcmem0 myfiles $ su Password: password # mount -F nfs rw mars:/pcmem/myfiles /pcmem # exit $ ls /pcmem myfiles |
You can configure your system to share its PCMCIA memory cards; in other words, you can make any PCMCIA memory cards in those drives available to other systems. Once your PCMCIA memory card drives are shared, other systems can access the PCMCIA memory cards they contain simply by mounting them, as described in "How to Access PCMCIA Memory Cards on Other Systems".
Become superuser.
Find out whether the NFS daemon (nfsd) is running.
# ps -ef | grep nfsd root 14533 1 17 10:46:55 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a 16 root 14656 289 7 14:06:02 pts/3 0:00 grep nfsd |
If the daemon is running, a line for /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd will appear, as shown above. If the daemon is not running, only the grep nfsd line will appear.
Select an option from the following table.
If ... |
Then ... |
---|---|
nfsd is running |
Go to Step 8 |
nfsd is not running |
Continue with Step 4 |
Create a dummy directory for nfsd to share.
# mkdir /dummy-dir |
dummy-dir |
Can be any directory name; for example, dummy. This directory will not contain any files. Its only purpose is to "wake up" the NFS daemon so that it notices your shared PCMCIA memory cards. |
Add the following entry into the /etc/dfs/dfstab file.
share -F nfs -o ro [-d comment] /dummy-dir |
When you start the NFS daemon, it will see this entry, "wake up," and notice the shared PCMCIA memory card drive. Note that the comment (preceded by -d) is optional.
Start the NFS daemon.
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start |
Verify that the NFS daemon is indeed running.
# ps -ef | grep nfsd root 14533 1 17 10:46:55 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a 16 root 14656 289 7 14:06:02 pts/3 0:00 grep nfsd |
Eject any PCMCIA memory card currently in the drive.
# eject pcmem0 |
Assign write permissions to /etc/rmmount.conf.
# chmod 644 /etc/rmmount.conf |
Add the following lines to /etc/rmmount.conf.
# File System Sharing share floppy* |
These lines share any PCMCIA memory card loaded into your system's PCMCIA memory card drives.
Remove write permissions from /etc/rmmount.conf.
# chmod 444 /etc/rmmount.conf |
This step returns the file to its default permissions.
Load a PCMCIA memory card.
--Insert the PCMCIA memory card-- # volcheck -v media was found |
The PCMCIA memory card you now load, and all subsequent PCMCIA memory cards, will be available to other systems. To access the PCMCIA memory card, the remote user must mount it by name, according to the instructions in "How to Access PCMCIA Memory Cards on Other Systems".
Verify that the PCMCIA memory card is indeed available to other systems by using the share command.
If the PCMCIA memory card is available, its share configuration will be displayed. (The shared dummy directory will also be displayed.)
# share - /dummy ro "dummy dir to wake up NFS daemon" - /myfiles rw "" |
The following example makes any PCMCIA memory card loaded into the local system's PCMCIA memory card drive available to other systems on the network.
# ps -ef | grep nfsd root 10127 9986 0 08:25:01 pts/2 0:00 grep nfsd root 10118 1 0 08:24:39 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a # mkdir /dummy # vi /etc/dfs/dfstab (Add the following line:) share -F nfs -o ro /dummy # eject pcmem0 # chmod 644 /etc/rmmount.conf # vi /etc/rmmount (Add the following line to the File System Sharing section.) share floppy* # chmod 444 /etc/rmmount.conf (Load a PCMCIA memory card.) # volcheck -v media was found # share - /dummy ro "" - /pcmem/myfiles rw "" |