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Oracle Solaris Administration: Network Services     Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library
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Document Information

Preface

Part I Network Services Topics

1.  Network Service (Overview)

2.  Managing Web Cache Servers

3.  Time-Related Services

Part II Accessing Network File Systems Topics

4.  Managing Network File Systems (Overview)

5.  Network File System Administration (Tasks)

6.  Accessing Network File Systems (Reference)

Part III SLP Topics

7.  SLP (Overview)

8.  Planning and Enabling SLP (Tasks)

9.  Administering SLP (Tasks)

10.  Incorporating Legacy Services

11.  SLP (Reference)

Part IV Mail Services Topics

12.  Mail Services (Overview)

13.  Mail Services (Tasks)

14.  Mail Services (Reference)

Oracle Solaris Version of sendmail

Flags Used and Not Used to Compile sendmail

MILTER, Mail Filter API for sendmail

Alternative sendmail Commands

Versions of the Configuration File

Software and Hardware Components of Mail Services

Software Components

Mail User Agent

Mail Transfer Agent

Local Delivery Agent

Mailers and sendmail

Mail Addresses

Mailbox Files

Mail Aliases

Hardware Components

Mail Host

Mail Server

Mail Client

Mail Gateway

Mail Service Programs and Files

Enhancement for vacation Utility

Contents of the /usr/bin Directory

Contents of the /etc/mail Directory

Contents of the /etc/mail/cf Directory

Contents of the /usr/lib Directory

Other Files Used for Mail Services

Interactions of Mail Programs

sendmail Program

sendmail and Its Rerouting Mechanisms

sendmail Features

sendmail Configuration File

Mail Alias Files

.mailrc Aliases

/etc/mail/aliases File

NIS aliases Map

.forward Files

Situations to Avoid

Controls for .forward files

.forward.hostname File

.forward+detail File

/etc/default/sendmail File

Mail Addresses and Mail Routing

Interactions of sendmail With Name Services

sendmail.cf and Mail Domains

sendmail and Name Services

Mail Domains and Name Service Domains

Requirements for Name Services

Interactions of NIS and sendmail

Interactions of sendmail With NIS and DNS

Changes in Version 8.14 of sendmail

Changes in Version 8.13 of sendmail

Support for Running SMTP With TLS in Version 8.13 of sendmail

Configuration File Options for Running SMTP With TLS

Macros for Running SMTP With TLS

Rule Sets for Running SMTP With TLS

Security Considerations Related to Running SMTP With TLS

Additional Command-Line Options in Version 8.13 of sendmail

Additional and Revised Configuration File Options in Version 8.13 of sendmail

Additional and Revised FEATURE() Declarations in Version 8.13 of sendmail

Changes From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Support for TCP Wrappers From Version 8.12 of sendmail

submit.cf Configuration File From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Functions That Distinguish sendmail.cf From submit.cf

Functional Changes From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional or Deprecated Command-Line Options From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Arguments for the PidFile and ProcessTitlePrefix Options From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Defined Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional MAX Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional and Revised m4 Configuration Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Changes to the FEATURE() Declaration From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Changes to the MAILER() Declaration From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Delivery Agent Flags From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Equates for Delivery Agents From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Queue Features From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Changes for LDAP From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Change to the Built-In Mailer From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Additional Rule Sets From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Changes to Files From Version 8.12 of sendmail

sendmail Version 8.12 and IPv6 Addresses in Configuration

Part V Serial Networking Topics

15.  Solaris PPP 4.0 (Overview)

16.  Planning for the PPP Link (Tasks)

17.  Setting Up a Dial-up PPP Link (Tasks)

18.  Setting Up a Leased-Line PPP Link (Tasks)

19.  Setting Up PPP Authentication (Tasks)

20.  Setting Up a PPPoE Tunnel (Tasks)

21.  Fixing Common PPP Problems (Tasks)

22.  Solaris PPP 4.0 (Reference)

23.  Migrating From Asynchronous Solaris PPP to Solaris PPP 4.0 (Tasks)

24.  UUCP (Overview)

25.  Administering UUCP (Tasks)

26.  UUCP (Reference)

Part VI Working With Remote Systems Topics

27.  Working With Remote Systems (Overview)

28.  Administering the FTP Server (Tasks)

29.  Accessing Remote Systems (Tasks)

Part VII Monitoring Network Services Topics

30.  Monitoring Network Performance (Tasks)

Glossary

Index

Changes From Version 8.12 of sendmail

This section contains information about the following topics.

Support for TCP Wrappers From Version 8.12 of sendmail

TCP wrappers provide a way of implementing access controls by checking the address of a host requesting a particular network service against an access control list (ACL). Requests are granted or denied, accordingly. Besides providing this access control mechanism, TCP wrappers also log host requests for network services, which is a useful monitoring function. Examples of network services that might be placed under access control include rlogind, telnetd, and ftpd.

Starting with version 8.12, sendmail enables the use of TCP wrappers. This check does not bypass other security measures. By enabling TCP wrappers in sendmail, a check has been added to validate the source of a network request before the request is granted. See the hosts_access(4) man page.


Note - Support for TCP wrappers in inetd(1M) and sshd(1M) started with the Solaris 9 release.


For information about ACLs, see Using Access Control Lists to Protect UFS Files in Oracle Solaris Administration: Security Services.

submit.cf Configuration File From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Starting with version 8.12, sendmail includes an additional configuration file, /etc/mail/submit.cf. This file, submit.cf, is used to run sendmail in mail-submission program mode instead of daemon mode. Mail-submission program mode, unlike daemon mode, does not require root privilege, so this new paradigm provides better security.

See the following list of functions for submit.cf:

Note the following:

Functions That Distinguish sendmail.cf From submit.cf

The sendmail.cf configuration file is for the daemon mode. When using this file, sendmail is acting as a mail transfer agent (MTA), which is started by root.

/usr/lib/sendmail -L sm-mta -bd -q1h

See the following list of other distinguishing functions for sendmail.cf:

Functional Changes From Version 8.12 of sendmail

With the addition of submit.cf, the following functional changes have occurred:

Additional or Deprecated Command-Line Options From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table describes additional or deprecated command-line options for sendmail. Other command-line options are described in the sendmail(1M) man page.

Table 14-18 Additional or Deprecated Command-Line Options From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Option
Description
-Ac
Indicates that you want to use the configuration file, submit.cf, even if the operation mode does not indicate an initial mail submission. For more information about submit.cf, refer to submit.cf Configuration File From Version 8.12 of sendmail.
-Am
Indicates that you want to use the configuration file, sendmail.cf, even if the operation mode indicates an initial mail submission. For more information, refer to submit.cf Configuration File From Version 8.12 of sendmail.
-bP
Indicates that you are printing the number of entries in each queue.
-G
Indicates that the message that is being submitted from the command line is for relaying, not for initial submission. The message is rejected if the addresses are not fully qualified. No canonicalization is done. As is noted in the Release Notes that are part of the sendmail distribution on ftp://ftp.sendmail.org, improperly formed messages might be rejected in future releases.
-L tag
Sets the identifier that is used for syslog messages to the supplied tag.
-q[!]I substring
Processes only jobs that contain this substring of one of the recipients. When ! is added, the option processes only jobs that do not have this substring of one of the recipients.
-q[!]R substring
Processes only jobs that contain this substring of the queue ID. When ! is added, the option processes only jobs that do not have this substring of the queue ID.
-q[!]S substring
Processes only jobs that contain this substring of the sender. When ! is added, the option processes only jobs that do not have this substring of the sender.
-qf
Processes saved messages in the queue once, without using the fork system call, and runs the process in the foreground. Refer to the fork(2) man page.
-qGname
Processes only the messages in the name queue group.
-qptime
Processes saved messages in the queue at a specific interval of time with a single child that is forked for each queue. The child sleeps between queue runs. This new option is similar to the -qtime, which periodically forks a child to process the queue.
-U
As is noted in the Release Notes that are part of the sendmail distribution on ftp://ftp.sendmail.org, this option is not available as of version 8.12. Mail user agents should use the -G argument.

Additional Arguments for the PidFile and ProcessTitlePrefix Options From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table describes additional macro-processed arguments for the PidFile and ProcessTitlePrefix options. For more information about these options, see the sendmail(1M) man page.

Table 14-19 Arguments for the PidFile and ProcessTitlePrefix Options

Macro
Description
${daemon_addr}
Provides daemon address (for example, 0.0.0.0)
${daemon_family}
Provides daemon family (for example, inet, and inet6)
${daemon_info}
Provides daemon information (for example, SMTP+queueing@00:30:00)
${daemon_name}
Provides daemon name (for example, MSA)
${daemon_port}
Provides daemon port (for example, 25)
${queue_interval}
Provides queue run interval (for example, 00:30:00)

Additional Defined Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table describes additional macros that are reserved for use by the sendmail program. The macros' values are assigned internally. For more information, refer to the sendmail(1M) man page.

Table 14-20 Additional Defined Macros for sendmail

Macro
Description
${addr_type}
Identifies the current address as an envelope sender or a recipient address.
${client_resolve}
Holds the result of the resolve call for ${client_name}: OK, FAIL, FORGED, or TEMP.
${deliveryMode}
Specifies the current delivery mode sendmail is using instead of the value of the DeliveryMode option.
${dsn_notify}, ${dsn_envid}, ${dsn_ret}
Holds the corresponding DSN parameter values.
${if_addr}
Provides the interface's address for the incoming connection if the interface does not belong to the loopback net. This macro is especially useful for virtual hosting.
${if_addr_out}, ${if_name_out}, ${if_family_out}
Avoids the reuse of ${if_addr}. Holds the following values respectively:

The address of the interface for the outgoing connection

The host name of the interface for the outgoing connection

The family of the interface for the outgoing connection

${if_name}
Provides the interface's host name for the incoming connection and is especially useful for virtual hosting.
${load_avg}
Checks and reports the current average number of jobs in the run queue.
${msg_size}
Holds the value of the message size (SIZE=parameter) in an ESMTP dialogue before the message has been collected. Thereafter, the macro holds the message size as computed by sendmail and is used in check_compat. For information about check_compat, refer to Table 14-24.
${nrcpts}
Holds the number of validated recipients.
${ntries}
Holds the number of delivery attempts.
${rcpt_mailer}, ${rcpt_host}, ${rcpt_addr}, ${mail_mailer}, ${mail_host}, ${mail_addr}
Holds the results of parsing the RCPT and MAIL arguments, which is the resolved right-hand side (RHS) triplet from the mail delivery agent ($#mailer), the host ($@host), and the user ($:addr).

Additional Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

In this section, you can find a table that describes the additional macros that are used to build the sendmail configuration file.

Table 14-21 Additional Macros Used to Build the sendmail Configuration File

Macro
Description
LOCAL_MAILER_EOL
Overrides the default end-of-line string for the local mailer.
LOCAL_MAILER_FLAGS
Adds Return-Path: header by default.
MAIL_SETTINGS_DIR
Contains the path (including the trailing slash) for the mail settings directory.
MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS
Improves the *_MAILER_FLAGS. This macro sets, adds, or deletes flags.
RELAY_MAILER_FLAGS
Defines additional flags for the relay mailer.

Additional MAX Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Use the following macros to configure the maximum number of commands that can be received before sendmail slows its delivery. You can set these MAX macros at compile time. The maximum values in the following table also represent the current default values.

Table 14-22 Additional MAX Macros

Macro
Maximum Value
Commands Checked by Each Macro
MAXBADCOMMANDS
25
Unknown commands
MAXNOOPCOMMANDS
20
NOOP, VERB, ONEX, XUSR
MAXHELOCOMMANDS
3
HELO, EHLO
MAXVRFYCOMMANDS
6
VRFY, EXPN
MAXETRNCOMMANDS
8
ETRN

Note - You can disable a macro's check by setting the macro's value to zero.


Additional and Revised m4 Configuration Macros From Version 8.12 of sendmail

This section contains a table of additional and revised m4 configuration macros for sendmail. Use the following syntax to declare these macros.

symbolic-name(`value')

If you need to build a new sendmail.cf file, refer to Changing the sendmail Configuration in Chapter 13, Mail Services (Tasks).

Table 14-23 Additional and Revised m4 Configuration Macros for sendmail

m4 Macro
Description
FEATURE()
LOCAL_DOMAIN()
This macro adds entries to class w ($=w).
MASQUERADE_EXCEPTION()
A new macro that defines hosts or subdomains that cannot be masqueraded.
SMART_HOST()
This macro can now be used for bracketed addresses, such as user@[host].
VIRTUSER_DOMAIN() or VIRTUSER_DOMAIN_FILE()
When these macros are used, include $={VirtHost} in $=R. As a reminder, $=R is the set of host names that are allowed to relay.

Changes to the FEATURE() Declaration From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Refer to the following tables for information about the specific changes to the FEATURE() declarations.

To use the new and revised FEATURE names, use the following syntax.

FEATURE(`name', `argument')

If you need to build a new sendmail.cf file, refer to Changing the sendmail Configuration in Chapter 13, Mail Services (Tasks).

Table 14-24 Additional and Revised FEATURE() Declarations

Name of FEATURE()
Description
compat_check
Argument: Refer to the example in the following paragraph.

This new FEATURE() enables you to look for a key in the access map that consists of the sender address and the recipient address. This FEATURE() is delimited by the following string, <@>. sender@sdomain<@>recipient@rdomain is an example.

delay_checks
Argument: friend, which enables a spam-friend test, or hater, which enables a spam-hater test.

A new FEATURE() that delays all checks. By using FEATURE(`delay_checks'), the rule sets check_mail and check_relay are not called when a client connects or issues a MAIL command respectively. Instead, these rule sets are called by the check_rcpt rule set. For details, refer to the /etc/mail/cf/README file.

dnsbl
Argument: This FEATURE()accepts a maximum of two arguments:
  • DNS server name

  • Rejection message

A new FEATURE() that you can include multiple times to check the return values for DNS lookups. Note that this FEATURE() enables you to specify the behavior of temporary lookup failures.

enhdnsbl
Argument: domain name.

A new FEATURE() that is an enhanced version of dnsbl, which enables you to check the return values for DNS lookups. For more information, refer to /etc/mail/cf/README.

generics_entire_domain
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that you can also use to apply genericstable to subdomains of $=G.

ldap_routing
Argument: For details, refer to the “Release Notes” in http://www.sendmail.org.

A new FEATURE() that implements LDAP address routing.

local_lmtp
Argument: Path name of an LMTP-capable mailer. The default is mail.local, which is LMTP capable in this Oracle Solaris release.

A FEATURE() that now sets the delivery status notification (DSN) diagnostic-code type for the local mailer to the proper value of SMTP.

local_no_masquerade
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that you can use to avoid masquerading for the local mailer.

lookupdotdomain
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that you can also use to look up the .domain in the access map.

nocanonify
Argument: canonify_hosts or nothing.

A FEATURE() that now includes the following features.

Enables a list of domains, as specified by CANONIFY_DOMAIN or CANONIFY_DOMAIN_FILE, to be passed to the $[ and $] operators for canonification.

Enables addresses that have only a host name, such as <user@host>, to be canonified, if canonify_hosts is specified as its parameter.

Adds a trailing dot to addresses with more than one component.

no_default_msa
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that turns off sendmail's default setting from m4–generated configuration files to “listen” on several different ports, an implementation of RFC 2476.

nouucp
Argument: reject, which does not allow the ! token, or nospecial, which does allow the ! token.

A FEATURE() that determines whether to allow the ! token in the local part of an address.

nullclient
Argument: None.

A FEATURE() that now provides the full rule sets of a normal configuration, allowing antispam checks to be performed.

preserve_local_plus_detail
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that enables you to preserve the +detail portion of the address when sendmail passes the address to the local delivery agent.

preserve_luser_host
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that enables you to preserve the name of the recipient host, if LUSER_RELAY is used.

queuegroup
Argument: None.

A new FEATURE() that enables you to select a queue group that is based on the full email address or on the domain of the recipient.

relay_mail_from
Argument: The domain is an optional argument.

A new FEATURE() that allows relaying if the mail sender is listed as a RELAY in the access map and is tagged with the From: header line. If the optional domain argument is given, the domain portion of the mail sender is also checked.

virtuser_entire_domain
Argument: None.

A FEATURE() that you can now use to apply $={VirtHost}, a new class for matching virtusertable entries that can be populated by VIRTUSER_DOMAIN or VIRTUSER_DOMAIN_FILE.

FEATURE(`virtuser_entire_domain') can also apply the class $={VirtHost} to entire subdomains.

The following FEATURE() declarations are no longer supported.

Table 14-25 Unsupported FEATURE() Declarations

Name of FEATURE()
Replacement
rbl
FEATURE(`dnsbl') and FEATURE(`enhdnsbl') replace this FEATURE(), which has been removed.
remote_mode
MASQUERADE_AS(`$S') replaces FEATURE(`remote_mode') in /etc/mail/cf/subsidiary.mc. $S is the SMART_HOST value in sendmail.cf.
sun_reverse_alias_files
FEATURE(`genericstable').
sun_reverse_alias_nis
FEATURE(`genericstable').
sun_reverse_alias_nisplus
FEATURE(`genericstable').

Changes to the MAILER() Declaration From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The MAILER() declaration specifies support for delivery agents. To declare a delivery agent, use the following syntax.

MAILER(`symbolic-name')

Note the following changes.

For more information about mailers, refer to Mailers and sendmail. If you need to build a new sendmail.cf file, refer to Changing the sendmail Configuration in Chapter 13, Mail Services (Tasks).

Additional Delivery Agent Flags From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table describes additional delivery agent flags, which by default are not set. These single-character flags are Boolean. You can set or unset a flag by including or excluding it in the F= statement of your configuration file, as shown in the following example.

Mlocal,    P=/usr/lib/mail.local, F=lsDFMAw5:/|@qSXfmnz9, S=10/30, R=20/40,
Mprog,     P=/bin/sh, F=lsDFMoqeu9, S=10/30, R=20/40, D=$z:/,
Msmtp,     P=[IPC], F=mDFMuX, S=11/31, R=21, E=\r\n, L=990,
Mesmtp,    P=[IPC], F=mDFMuXa, S=11/31, R=21, E=\r\n, L=990,
Msmtp8,    P=[IPC], F=mDFMuX8, S=11/31, R=21, E=\r\n, L=990,
Mrelay,    P=[IPC], F=mDFMuXa8, S=11/31, R=61, E=\r\n, L=2040,

Table 14-26 Additional Mailer Flags

Flag
Description
%
Mailers that use this flag do not attempt delivery to the initial recipient of a message or to queue runs unless the queued message is selected by using an ETRN request or one of the following queue options: -qI, -qR, or -qS.
1
This flag disables the ability of the mailer to send null characters (for example, \0).
2
This flag disables the use of ESMTP and requires that SMTP be used instead.
6
This flag enables mailers to strip headers to 7 bit.

Additional Equates for Delivery Agents From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table describes additional equates that you can use with the M delivery-agent definition command. The following syntax shows you how to append new equates or new arguments to the equates that already exist in the configuration file.

Magent-name, equate, equate, ...

The following example includes the new W= equate. This equate specifies the maximum time to wait for the mailer to return after all data has been sent.

Msmtp, P=[IPC], F=mDFMuX, S=11/31, R=21, E=\r\n, L=990, W=2m

When you modify the definition of a value for m4 configuration, use the syntax that is provided in the following example.

define(`SMTP_MAILER_MAXMSGS', `1000')

The preceding example places a limit of 1000 on the number of messages that are delivered per connection on an smtp mailer.

If you need to build a new sendmail.cf file, refer to Changing the sendmail Configuration in Chapter 13, Mail Services (Tasks).


Note - Typically, you modify the equate definitions in the mailer directory only when you fine-tune.


Table 14-27 Additional Equates for Delivery Agents

Equate
Description
/=
Argument: Path to a directory

Specifies a directory to apply chroot() to before the mailer program is executed

m=
Argument: Any of the following m4 values that have previously been defined with the define() routine
  • SMTP_MAILER_MAXMSGS, for the smtp mailer

  • LOCAL_MAILER_MAXMSGS, for the local mailer

  • RELAY_MAILER_MAXMSGS, for the relay mailer

Limits the number of messages that are delivered per connection on an smtp, local, or relay mailer

W=
Argument: An increment of time

Specifies the maximum time to wait for the return of the mailer after all data has been sent

Additional Queue Features From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following list provides details about additional queue features.

For task information, refer to Administering the Queue Directories (Task Map).

Changes for LDAP From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following list describes changes in the use of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) with sendmail.

The following example shows how these tokens differ for a “*” lookup.

Table 14-28 Comparison of Tokens

LDAP Map Specification
Specification Equivalent
Result
-k"uid=%s"
-k"uid=*"
Matches any record with a user attribute
-k"uid=%0"
-k"uid=\2A"
Matches a user with the name “*

The following table describes additional LDAP map flags.

Table 14-29 Additional LDAP Map Flags

Flag
Description
-1
Requires a single match to be returned. If more than one match is returned, the results are the equivalent of no records being found.
-r never|always|search|find
Sets the LDAP alias dereference option.
-Z size
Limits the number of matches to return.

Change to the Built-In Mailer From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The old [TCP] built-in mailer is not available. Use the P=[IPC] built-in mailer instead. The interprocess communications ([IPC]) built-in mailer now enables delivery to a UNIX domain socket on systems that support it. You can use this mailer with LMTP delivery agents that listen on a named socket. An example mailer might resemble the following.

Mexecmail, P=[IPC], F=lsDFMmnqSXzA5@/:|, E=\r\n, 
S=10, R=20/40, T=DNS/RFC822/X-Unix, A=FILE /system/volatile/lmtpd

The first mailer argument in the [IPC] mailer is now checked for a legitimate value. The following table provides possible values for the first mailer argument.

Table 14-30 Possible Values for the First Mailer Argument

Value
Description
A=FILE
Use for UNIX domain socket delivery
A=TCP
Use for TCP/IP connections
A=IPC
Is no longer available as a first mailer argument

Additional Rule Sets From Version 8.12 of sendmail

The following table lists the additional rule sets and describes what the rule sets do.

Table 14-31 New Rule Sets

Set
Description
check_eoh
Correlates information that is gathered between headers and checks for missing headers. This rule set is used with the macro storage map and is called after all of the headers have been collected.
check_etrn
Uses the ETRN command (as check_rcpt uses RCPT).
check_expn
Uses the EXPN command (as check_rcpt uses RCPT).
check_vrfy
Uses the VRFY command (as check_rcpt uses RCPT).

The following list describes additional rule set features.

Changes to Files From Version 8.12 of sendmail

Note the following changes.

sendmail Version 8.12 and IPv6 Addresses in Configuration

Starting with version 8.12 of sendmail, IPv6 addresses that are used in configuration should be prefixed with the IPv6: tag to identify the address properly. If you are not identifying an IPv6 address, a prefix tag is not used.