3 Configuring Oracle Database Gateway for Sybase

After installing the gateway, perform the following tasks to configure Oracle Database Gateway for Sybase:

  1. Configure the Gateway Initialization Parameter File

  2. Configure Oracle Net for the Gateway

  3. Configure the Oracle Database for Gateway Access

  4. Create Database Links

  5. Configure Two-Phase Commit

  6. Create Sybase Views for Data Dictionary Support

  7. Encrypt Gateway Initialization Parameter Values

  8. Configure the Gateway to Access Multiple Sybase Databases

Configure the Gateway Initialization Parameter File

Perform the following tasks to configure the.gateway initialization parameter file.

  1. Choose a System Identifier for the Gateway

  2. Customize the Initialization Parameter File

Choose a System Identifier for the Gateway

The gateway system identifier (SID) is an alphanumeric character string that identifies a gateway instance. You need one gateway instance, and therefore one gateway SID, for each Sybase database you are accessing. The SID is used as part of the file name for the initialization parameter file. The default SID is dg4sybs.

You can define a gateway SID, but using the default of dg4sybs is easier because you do not need to change the initialization parameter file name. However, if you want to access two Sybase databases, you need two gateway SIDs, one for each instance of the gateway. If you have only one Sybase database and want to access it sometimes with one set of gateway parameter settings, and other times with different gateway parameter settings, then you will need multiple gateway SIDs for the single Sybase database.

Customize the Initialization Parameter File

The initialization parameter file must be available when the gateway is started. During installation, the following default initialization parameter file is created:

ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin\initdg4sybs.ora

Where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed.

This initialization file is for the default gateway SID. If you are not using dg4sybs as the gateway SID, you must rename the initialization parameter file using the SID you chose in the preceding step "Choose a System Identifier for the Gateway". This default initialization parameter file is sufficient for starting the gateway, verifying a successful installation, and running the demonstration scripts.

A number of initialization parameters can be used to modify the gateway behavior. Refer to Appendix C, "Initialization Parameters" for the complete list of initialization parameters that can be set. Changes made to the initialization parameters only take effect in the next gateway session. The most important parameter is the HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO, which describes the connection to the non-Oracle system.

The default initialization parameter file already has an entry for this parameter. The syntax for HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO is as follows:

HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO=host_name:port_number/database_name

Where:

Variable Description
host_name is the host name or IP address of the machine hosting the Sybase database.
port_number is the port number of the Sybase database server.
database_name is the Sybase database name.

See Also:

Appendix C, "Initialization Parameters" and the Oracle Database Heterogeneous Connectivity User's Guide for more information about customizing the initialization parameter file.

Configure Oracle Net for the Gateway

The gateway requires Oracle Net to communicate with the Oracle database. After configuring the gateway, perform the following tasks to configure Oracle Net to work with the gateway:

  1. Configure Oracle Net Listener for the Gateway

  2. Stop and Start the Oracle Net Listener for the Gateway

Configure Oracle Net Listener for the Gateway

The Oracle Net Listener listens for incoming requests from the Oracle database. For the Oracle Net Listener to listen for the gateway, information about the gateway must be added to the Oracle Net Listener configuration file, listener.ora. This file by default is located in ORACLE_HOME\network\admin, where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed.

The following entries must be added to the listener.ora file:

  • A list of Oracle Net addresses on which the Oracle Net Listener listens

  • The executable name of the gateway that the Oracle Net Listener starts in response to incoming connection requests

A sample of the listener.ora entry (listener.ora.sample) is available in the ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin directory where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed.

Syntax of listener.ora File Entries

The Oracle database communicates with the gateway using Oracle Net and any supported protocol adapters. The following is the syntax of the address on which the Oracle Net Listener listens using the TCP/IP protocol adapter:

LISTENER=
        (ADDRESS= 
          (PROTOCOL=TCP)
          (HOST=host_name)
          (PORT=port_number))

Where:

Variable Description
host_name is the name of the machine on which the gateway is installed.
port_number specifies the port number used by the Oracle Net Listener. If you have other listeners running on the same machine, then the value of port_number must be different from the other listeners' port numbers.

To direct the Oracle Net Listener to start the gateway in response to incoming connection requests, add an entry to the listener.ora file.

Note:

You must use the same SID value in the listener.ora file and the tnsnames.ora file that will be configured in the next step.
SID_LIST_LISTENER=
   (SID_LIST=
      (SID_DESC= 
         (SID_NAME=gateway_sid)
         (ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_directory)
         (PROGRAM=dg4sybs)
      )
   )

Where:

Variable Description
gateway_sid specifies the SID of the gateway and matches the gateway SID specified in the connect descriptor entry in the tnsnames.ora file.
oracle_home_directory specifies the Oracle home directory where the gateway resides.
dg4sybs specifies the executable name of the Oracle Database Gateway for Sybase.

If you already have an existing Oracle Net Listener, then add the following syntax to SID_LIST in the existing listener.ora file:

SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST= 
   (SID_DESC=.
     .
   )
   (SID_DESC=.
     .
   )
   (SID_DESC=
      (SID_NAME=gateway_sid)
      (ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_directory)
      (PROGRAM=dg4sybs)
   )
)

See Also:

Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for information about changing the listener.ora file.

Stop and Start the Oracle Net Listener for the Gateway

You must stop and restart the Oracle Net Listener to initiate the new settings, as follows:

  1. From the Start menu, select Settings, Control Panel and then select Services.

  2. Select the Oracle Net Listener service for the gateway.

  3. If the service is already running, click Stop to stop it.

  4. Click Start to start or restart the service.

Configure the Oracle Database for Gateway Access

Before you use the gateway to access Sybase data you must configure the Oracle database to enable communication with the gateway over Oracle Net.

To configure the Oracle database you must add connect descriptors to the tnsnames.ora file. By default, this file is in ORACLE_HOME\network\admin, where ORACLE_HOME is the directory in which the Oracle database is installed. You cannot use the Oracle Net Assistant or the Oracle Net Easy Config tools to configure the tnsnames.ora file. You must edit the file manually.

A sample of the tnsnames.ora entry (tnsnames.ora.sample) is available in the ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin directory where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed.

See Also:

Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for information about editing the tnsnames.ora file.

Configuring tnsnames.ora

Edit the tnsnames.ora file to add a connect descriptor for the gateway. The following is a syntax of the Oracle Net entry using the TCP/IP protocol:

connect_descriptor=
   (DESCRIPTION=
      (ADDRESS=
         (PROTOCOL=TCP)
         (HOST=host_name)
         (PORT=port_number)
      )
      (CONNECT_DATA=
         (SID=gateway_sid))
      (HS=OK))

Where:

Table 3-1 Gateway Parameters for tnsnames.ora File

Variable Description

connect_descriptor

is the description of the object to connect to as specified when creating the database link, such as dg4sybs.

Check the sqlnet.ora file for the following parameter setting:

names.directory_path = (TNSNAMES)

Note: The sqlnet.ora file is typically stored in ORACLE_HOME\network\admin.

TCP

is the TCP protocol used for TCP/IP connections.

host_name

specifies the machine where the gateway is running.

port_number

matches the port number used by the Oracle Net Listener that is listening for the gateway. The Oracle Net Listener's port number can be found in the listener.ora file used by the Oracle Net Listener. See "Syntax of listener.ora File Entries".

gateway_sid

specifies the SID of the gateway and matches the SID specified in the listener.ora file of the Oracle Net Listener that is listening for the gateway. See "Configure Oracle Net Listener for the Gateway" for more information.

(HS=OK)

specifies that this connect descriptor connects to a non-Oracle system.


Configuring tnsnames.ora for Multiple Listeners

To ensure higher availability, you can specify multiple listeners within the connect descriptor.

 connect_descriptor=
    (DESCRIPTION=
       (ADDRESS=
          (PROTOCOL=TCP)
          (HOST=host_name_1)
          (PORT=port_number_1)
       )
       (ADDRESS=
          (PROTOCOL=TCP)
          (HOST=host_name_2)
          (PORT=port_number_2)
       )
       (CONNECT_DATA=
          (SID=gateway_sid))
       (HS=OK))

This indicates that, if the listener for host_name_1 and port_number_1 is not available, then the second listener for host_name_2 and port_number_2 will take over.

See Also:

Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for information about editing the tnsnames.ora file.

Create Database Links

Any Oracle client connected to the Oracle database can access Sybase data through the gateway. The Oracle client and the Oracle database can reside on different machines. The gateway accepts connections only from the Oracle database.

A connection to the gateway is established through a database link when it is first used in an Oracle session. In this context, a connection refers to the connection between the Oracle database and the gateway. The connection remains established until the Oracle session ends. Another session or user can access the same database link and get a distinct connection to the gateway and Sybase database.

Database links are active for the duration of a gateway session. If you want to close a database link during a session, you can do so with the ALTER SESSION statement.

To access the Sybase server, you must create a database link. A public database link is the most common of database links.

SQL> CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK dblink CONNECT TO
2  "user" IDENTIFIED BY "password" USING 'tns_name_entry';

Where:

Variable Description
dblink is the complete database link name.
tns_name_entry specifies the Oracle Net connect descriptor specified in the tnsnames.ora file that identifies the gateway

After the database link is created you can verify the connection to the Sybase database, as follows:

SQL> SELECT * FROM DUAL@dblink;

See Also:

Oracle Database Administrator's Guide and Oracle Database Heterogeneous Connectivity User's Guide for more information about using database links.

Configure Two-Phase Commit

The gateway supports the following transaction capabilities:

  • COMMIT_CONFIRM

  • READ_ONLY

  • SINGLE_SITE

The transaction model is set using the HS_TRANSACTION_MODEL initialization parameter. By default, the gateway runs in COMMIT_CONFIRM transaction mode. When the Sybase database is updated by a transaction, the gateway becomes the commit point site. The Oracle database commits the unit of work in the Sybase database after verifying that all Oracle databases in the transaction have successfully prepared the transaction. Only one gateway instance can participate in an Oracle two-phase commit transaction as the commit point site.

See Also:

Oracle Database Heterogeneous Connectivity User's Guide for information about the two-phase commit process.

To enable the COMMIT_CONFIRM transaction mode, perform the following tasks:

  1. Create a Recovery Account and Password

  2. Create the Transaction Log Table

The log table, called HS_TRANSACTION_LOG, is where two-phase commit transactions are recorded.

Create a Recovery Account and Password

For the gateway to recover distributed transactions, a recovery account and password must be set up in the Sybase database. By default, both the user name of the account and the password are RECOVER. The name of the account can be changed with the gateway initialization parameter HS_FDS_RECOVERY_ACCOUNT. The account password can be changed with the gateway initialization parameter HS_FDS_RECOVERY_PWD.

Note:

Oracle recommends that you do not use the default value RECOVER for the user name and password. Moreover, storing plain-text as user name and password in the initialization file is not a good security policy. There is a utility called dg4pwd that should be used for encryption. Refer to Section 4.2.3, 'Encrypting Initialization parameters' in the Oracle Database Heterogeneous Connectivity User's Guide for further details.
  1. Set up a user account in the Sybase database. Both the user name and password must be a valid Sybase user name and password.

  2. In the initialization parameter file, set the following gateway initialization parameters:

Create the Transaction Log Table

When configuring the gateway for two-phase commit, a table must be created in the Sybase database for logging transactions. The gateway uses the transaction log table to check the status of failed transactions that were started at the Sybase database by the gateway and registered in the table.

Note:

Updates to the transaction log table cannot be part of an Oracle distributed transaction.

Note:

The information in the transaction log table is required by the recovery process and must not be altered. The table must be used, accessed, or updated only by the gateway.

The table, called HS_TRANSACTION_LOG, consists of two columns, GLOBAL_TRAN_ID, data type CHAR(64) NOT NULL and TRAN_COMMENT, data type CHAR(255).

You can use another name for the log table, other than HS_TRANSACTION_LOG, by specifying the other name using the HS_FDS_TRANSACTION_LOG initialization parameter.

See Also:

Appendix C, "Initialization Parameters" for information about the HS_FDS_TRANSACTION_LOG initialization parameter.

Create the transaction log table in the user account you created in "Create a Recovery Account and Password". Because the transaction log table is used to record the status of a gateway transaction, the table must reside at the database where the Sybase update takes place. Also, the transaction log table must be created under the owner of the recovery account.

Note:

To utilize the transaction log table, users of the gateway must be granted privileges on the table.

To create a transaction log table use the dg4sybs_tx.sql script, located in the directory ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin, where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed. Use isql to execute the script at the MS-DOS prompt, as follows:

> isql -Urecovery_account -Precovery_account_password [-Sserver] -idg4sybs_tx.sql

Create Sybase Views for Data Dictionary Support

To enable Oracle data dictionary translation support use the dg4sybs_cvw.sql script, located in the directory ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin where ORACLE_HOME is the directory under which the gateway is installed. You must run this script on each Sybase database that you want to access through the gateway. Use isql to execute the script, as follows:

 > isql -Usa_user -Psa_pwd [-Sserver] [-Ddatabase] -e -i dg4sybs_cvw.sql

where sa_user and sa_pwd are the Sybase system administrator user ID and password respectively.

Encrypt Gateway Initialization Parameter Values

The gateway uses user IDs and passwords to access the information in the remote database. Some user IDs and passwords must be defined in the gateway initialization file to handle functions such as resource recovery. In the current security conscious environment, having plain-text passwords that are accessible in the initialization file is deemed insecure. The dg4pwd encryption utility has been added as part of Heterogeneous Services to help make this more secure. This utility is accessible by this gateway. The initialization parameters that contain sensitive values can be stored in an encrypted form.

See Also:

Oracle Database Heterogeneous Connectivity User's Guide for more information about using this utility.

Configure the Gateway to Access Multiple Sybase Databases

The tasks for configuring the gateway to access multiple Sybase databases are similar to the tasks for configuring the gateway for a single database. The configuration example assumes the following:

  • The gateway is installed and configured with the default SID of dg4sybs.

  • The gateway is configured for one Sybase database named db1.

  • Two Sybase databases named db2 and db3 on a host with IP Address 204.179.79.15 are being added.

Multiple Sybase Databases Example: Configuring the Gateway

Choose One System ID for Each Sybase Database

A separate instance of the gateway is needed for each Sybase database. Each instance needs its own gateway System ID (SID). For this example, the gateway SIDs are chosen for the instances that access the Sybase databases:

  • dg4sybs2 for the gateway accessing database db2.

  • dg4sybs3 for the gateway accessing database db3.

Create Two Initialization Parameter Files

Create an initialization parameter file for each instance of the gateway by copying the original initialization parameter file: ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin\initdg4sybs.ora, twice, naming one with the gateway SID for db2 and the other with the gateway SID for db3:

> cd ORACLE_HOME\dg4sybs\admin
> copy initdg4sybs.ora initdg4sybs2.ora
> copy initdg4sybs.ora initdg4sybs3.ora

Change the value of the HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO parameter in the new files.

For initdg4sybs2.ora, enter the following:

HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO=204.179.79.15:5000/db2

For initdg4sybs3.ora, enter the following:

HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO=204.179.79.15:5000/db3

Note:

If you have multiple gateway SIDs for the same Sybase database because you want to use different gateway parameter settings at different times, follow the same procedure. You create several initialization parameter files, each with different SIDs and different parameter settings.

Multiple Sybase Databases Example: Configuring Oracle Net Listener

Add Entries to listener.ora

Add two new entries to the Oracle Net Listener configuration file, listener.ora. You must have an entry for each gateway instance, even when multiple gateway instances access the same database.

The following example shows the entry for the original installed gateway first, followed by the new entries:

SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST=
   (SID_DESC=
      (SID_NAME=dg4sybs)
      (ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_directory)
      (PROGRAM=dg4sybs)
   )
   (SID_DESC=
      (SID_NAME=dg4sybs2)
      (ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_directory)
      (PROGRAM=dg4sybs)
   )
   (SID_DESC=
      (SID_NAME=dg4sybs3)
      (ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home_directory)
      (PROGRAM=dg4sybs)
   )
)

where, oracle_home_directory is the directory where the gateway resides.

Multiple Sybase Databases Example: Stopping and Starting the Oracle Net Listener

Perform the following steps:

  1. From the Start menu, select Settings, Control Panel and then select Services.

  2. Select the Oracle Net Listener service for the gateway.

  3. Click Stop.

  4. Click Start.

Multiple Sybase Databases Example: Configuring Oracle Database for Gateway Access

Add two connect descriptor entries to the tnsnames.ora file. You must have an entry for each gateway instance, even if the gateway instances access the same database.

This example describes how to configure Oracle Net on the Oracle database for multiple gateway instances. It shows the entry for the original installed gateway first, followed by the two entries for the new gateway instances:

old_db_using=(DESCRIPTION=
              (ADDRESS=
                (PROTOCOL=TCP)
                (PORT=port_number)
                (HOST=host_name))
                (CONNECT_DATA=
                    (SID=dg4sybs))
               (HS=OK))
new_db2_using=(DESCRIPTION=
              (ADDRESS=
                (PROTOCOL=TCP)
                (PORT=port_number)
                (HOST=host_name))
                (CONNECT_DATA=
                    (SID=dg4sybs2))
                (HS=OK))
new_db3_using=(DESCRIPTION=
              (ADDRESS=
                (PROTOCOL=TCP)
                (PORT=port_number)
                (HOST=host_name))
                (CONNECT_DATA=
                    (SID=dg4sybs3))
                (HS=OK)) 

The value for PORT is the TCP/IP port number of the Oracle Net Listener that is listening for the gateway. The number can be found in the listener.ora file used by the Oracle Net Listener. The value for HOST is the name of the machine on which the gateway is running. The name also can be found in the listener.ora file used by the Oracle Net Listener.

Multiple Sybase Databases Example: Accessing Sybase Data

Enter the following to create a database link for the dg4sybs2 gateway:

SQL> CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK SYBS2 CONNECT TO
  2  "user2" IDENTIFIED BY "password2" USING 'new_db2_using';

Enter the following to create a database link for the dg4sybs3 gateway:

SQL> CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK SYBS3 CONNECT TO
  2  "user3" IDENTIFIED BY "password3" USING 'new_db3_using';

After the database links are created, you can verify the connection to the new Sybase databases, as in the following:

SQL> SELECT * FROM ALL_USERS@SYBS2;
SQL> SELECT * FROM ALL_USERS@SYBS3;