NAME

sls - Lists directory content

SYNOPSIS

sls [-abcdf] [--full-time] [-g] [--help] [-hiklmnpqrstu] [--version] [-w cols] [-x] [-ABCDFG] [-I pattern] [-KLNQRS] [-T cols] [-UX12] [-@] [file …]

AVAILABILITY

SUNWqfs

SUNWsamfs

DESCRIPTION

This man (1) page describes the Oracle extensions to the GNU version of the ls (1) command. Oracle modified the ls (1)command and added the following features to support StorageTek QFS and Oracle HSM software:

-D, which lists a detailed description of each file.
-2, which lists two lines of output for each file.
-K, which lists all segments of a segmented file.

The sls command generates information for each given file or directory path. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. By default, if standard output is a terminal, files are listed in columns, sorted vertically. Otherwise they are listed one per line.

The sls command also accepts verbose, multicharacter equivalents of many single-character options. These multicharacter options are not listed in the SYNOPSIS section of this man page, but they are noted in the option descriptions.

OPTIONS

The sls (1) command accepts the following options:

-a

Lists all files in directories. Includes all files that start with a period (.). Equivalent to specifying --all.

-b

Quotes nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. Equivalent to specifying --escape.

-c

Sorts directory contents according to the file status change times instead of the modification times. If the long listing format is being used, it generates the status change time instead of the modification time. Equivalent to specifying --time=ctime and --time=status.

-d

Lists directories like other files rather than listing their contents. Equivalent to specifying --directory.

-f

Does not sort directory contents. Lists them in whatever order they are stored on the disk. The same as specifying both -a and -U and disabling -l, -s, and -t.

--full-time

Lists times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation heuristics.

-g

Ignored. For UNIX compatibility.

--help

Writes a usage message to standard output and exits successfully.

-h

Shows the message-digest hash value of the file if specified with -D.

-i

Prints the inode number of each file to the left of the file name. If -2 is also specified, the inode number of the directory is printed on the second line. If -D is also specified, the inode numbers are printed. Equivalent to specifying --inode.

-k

If file sizes are being listed, prints them in kilobytes. This overrides the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable. Equivalent to specifying --kilobytes.

-l

In addition to the name of each file, prints the file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year instead of the time of day. Equivalent to specifying --format=long and --format=verbose.

-m

Lists files horizontally, with as many as fit on each line, separated by commas. Equivalent to specifying --format=commas.

-n

Lists the numeric UID and GID instead of the names. Equivalent to specifying --numeric-uid-gid.

-p

Suffixes each file name with a character that indicates the file type. For directories, the suffix is a slash (∕). For symbolic links, the suffix is an at sign (@). For FIFOs, the suffix is a pipe symbol (|). For sockets, the suffix is an equal sign (=). There is no suffix for regular files.

-q

Prints question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. Equivalent to specifying --hide-control-chars.

-r

Sorts directory contents in reverse order. Equivalent to specifying --reverse.

-s

Prints the size of each file in 1-kilobyte blocks to the left of the file name. If the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set, 512-byte blocks are used instead. Equivalent to specifying --size.

-t

Sorts directory contents by timestamp instead of alphabetically. The newest files are listed first. Equivalent to specifying --sort=time.

-u

Sorts the directory contents according to the files' last access time instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being used, prints the last access time instead of the modification time. Equivalent to specifying --time=atime, --time=access, and --time=use.

--version

Writes version information to standard output and exits successfully.

-w cols

Assumes the screen is cols columns wide. The default is taken from either the terminal driver (if possible) or the COLUMNS environment variable (if set). Otherwise the default is 80. Equivalent to specifying --width cols.

-x

Lists the files in columns, sorted horizontally. Equivalent to specifying --format=across and --format=horizontal.

-A

Lists all files in directories, except for those beginning with a period (.) or two periods (..). Equivalent to specifying --almost-all.

-B

In the output, suppresses files that end with a tilde (\s+1~\s-1) unless they are specified on the command line. Equivalent to specifying --ignore-backups.

-C

Lists files in columns, sorted vertically. Equivalent to specifying --format=vertical.

-D

Uses the long-line format (-l) and lists a detailed description for each file. Additional lines are listed with the file attributes, archive copies, and the times. For removable media files, the output shows the media type, blocksize, the VSN(s), the sizes, and position(s).

Example:

server# sls -D mickey.gif
mickey.gif:
  mode: -rw-r--r--  links:   1  owner: root      group: other
  length:    319279  admin id:      7  inode: 1407.5
  project: system(0)
  offline;  archdone;  stage -n;
  copy 1: ---- May 21 10:29     1e4b1.1    lt DLT001
  access:      May 21 09:25     modification: May 21 09:25
  changed:     May 21 09:26     attributes:   May 21 10:44
  creation:    May 21 09:25     residence:    May 21 10:44

The first line indicates the file's mode or permissions, the number of links to the file, the owner (or user) of the file, and the group to which the owner belongs.

The second line indicates the file's length in bytes, the administrative ID number (see samchaid (1m)), and the inode number plus generation number.

The third line indicates the file's project name and project ID (see schproj (1)).

The fourth line shows the file states and attributes. Possible file states, which are set by the system, are as follows:

State

Meaning

damaged

The file is damaged.

offline

The file is offline.

archdone

Indicates that the archiver has completed processing the file. There is no more work that the archiver can do on a file. Note that archdone does not indicate that the file has been archived.

Possible file attributes, which are set by the user, are as follows:

Attribute

Meaning

archive -n

The file is marked never archive (superuser only).

archive -C

The file is marked for concurrent archiving.

release -n

The file is marked for never release.

release -a

This file is marked for release as soon as 1 copy is made.

release -p

The file is marked for partial release. partial=nk indicates that the first n kilobytes of disk space are retained in disk cache for this file. offline∕online indicates the first n kilobytes of disk space are offline∕online.

stage -n

The file is marked never stage.

stage -a

The file is marked for associative staging.

setfa -D

The file is marked for direct I∕O.

setfa -gn

The file is marked for allocation on stripe group n.

setfa -sm

The file is marked for allocation with a stripe width of m.

segment nm stage_ahead x

The file is marked for segment access. segment=nm indicates n megabytes is the segment size. stage_ahead=x indicates x segments will be staged ahead of the current segment.

The next line appears only for a segment index. The line is as follows:

segments n
, offline o
, archdone a
, damaged d
In this line, n is the number of data segments; o is
the number of data segments offline; a is the number of data
segments that have met their archiving requirements; and d
is the number of data segments that are damaged.
The archive copy line is displayed only if there is an active
or stale copy.
An example of archive copy line output is as follows:
copy 1: ---- Sep 11 10:43    3498f.1    mo OPT001

The first field indicates the archive copy number.

The second field consists of four dashes, as follows:

Dash 1 indicates a stale or active entry, as follows:

Content

Meaning

S

The archive copy is stale. This means that the file has been modified, and this archive copy is for a previous version of the file.

U

The copy has been unarchived.

-

The archive copy is active and valid.

Dash 2 indicates the archive status, as follows:

Content

Meaning

r

The archiver will rearchive this copy.

-

This archive copy will not be rearchived.

Dash 3 is unused.
Dash 4 indicates a damaged, undamaged, or verified status, as follows:

Content

Meaning

D

The archive copy is damaged. This archive copy will not be staged.

V

The archive copy has been verified. The file is flagged for data verification and this copy has been verified.

-

The archive copy is not damaged, and if the file is flagged for data verification, this copy has not yet been verified. It is a candidate for staging.

The third field shows the date and time when the archive copy was written to the media.

The fourth field contains two hex numbers separated by a period (.). The first hex number, 3498f, is the position of the beginning of the archive file on the media. For disk archive copies the first number is an index to the file path (see below). The second hex number is the file byte offset divided by 512 of this copy on the archive file. In this example, 1 means that this is the first file on the archive file because it is offset by 512 bytes, which is the length of the tar (1) header.

The last two fields indicate the media type and the volume serial name on which the archive copy resides.

For media type dk (disk archiving) the volume serial name is the disk volume as defined in diskvols.conf (4), and there is an additional field which is the path to the archived tar file. This path is relative to the pathname for the disk volume as specified in the diskvols.conf file.

For media type cb (Oracle StorageTek 5800 Storage System disk archiving) the volume serial name is the disk volume as defined in diskvols.conf (4), and there is an additional field which is the metadata string for the archived tar file.

Various times are displayed for the file as follows:

Time Type

Meaning

access

Time the file was last accessed.

modification

Time the file was last modified.

changed

Time the information in the inode was last changed.

attributes

Time that StorageTek QFS or Oracle HSM file system attributes were last changed.

creation

Time the file was created.

residence

Time the file changed from offline to online or vice versa.

The WORM feature changes the meaning of some of the timing attributes for a file. In addition, information regarding retention duration, state, and period (the latter in YYYYy DDd HHh MMm format) is available. The changes to original time attributes and the retention attributes are as follows:

Time Type

Meaning

modification

Start time for the retention period.

changed

Time the retention period was last changed.

attributes

The date the retention period will expire.

retention

The retention state of the file, active or over.

retention-period

The time supplied when the retention period was set on the file.

Directories are handled differently as retention periods are the default period for files and subdirectories contained in that directory. Unlike files, retention periods on directories can be shortened. Setting the WORM flag on a directory should be a reasonably rare occurance as the WORM feature is inherited from the parent. When the WORM flag is set on a directory only the state is changed to "worm-capable" indicating the directory can contain retained files.

The checksum attributes are displayed on the line as follows.

checksum: -g -u -a 1 0xec02591b41dca8aa 0x2cdc5977fdd5bbc4

The previous line is displayed for a file with any of the possible checksum attributes set. If -g is set, the file is marked for generating a checksum. If -u is set, the file is marked for verifying the checksum. The -a precedes the numeric algorithm indicator which specifies which algorithm is used when generating the checksum value. If two hex numbers appear, there is a valid checksum and the checksum value is the 2 hex numbers.

For a removable media file, the following lines are displayed:

iotype: blockio  media: lt  vsns: 1 blocksize: 262144
section 0:  104071168       a358.0    CFX808

The first line shows the I∕O type (always blockio), the media type, number of volumes, and blocksize. The second and following lines show the section length, position and offset, and VSN for each volume. There will only be one section line except in the case of volume overflow. The blocksize will be zero until the first time the volume is loaded, at which time it will be filled in with the correct value.

The -D option is equivalent to specifying --format=detailed.

-F

Suffixes each file name with a character that indicates the file type. For regular files that are executable, the suffix is an asterisk (*). For directories, the suffix is a slash (∕). For symbolic links, the suffix is an at sign (@). For FIFOs, the suffix is a pipe symbol (|). For sockets, the suffix is an equal sign (=). There is no suffix for regular files. Equivalent to specifying --classify.

-G

Suppresses group information in a long format directory listing. Equivalent to specifying --no-group.

-I pattern

Suppresses files whose names match the shell pattern pattern unless they are specified on the command line. As in the shell, an initial period (.) in a file name does not match a wildcard at the start of pattern. Equivalent to specifying --ignore pattern.

-K

Lists all segments for a segmented file. Must be specified in conjunction with the -2 or -D options.

-L

Lists the files linked to by symbolic links instead of listing the content of the links. Equivalent to specifying --dereference.

-N

Does not quote file names. Equivalent to specifying --literal.

-Q

Encloses file names in double quotes and quotes nongraphic characters as in C. Equivalent to specifying --quote-name.

-R

Lists the content of all directories recursively. Equivalent to specifying --recursive.

-S

Sorts directory content by file size instead of alphabetically. The largest files are listed first. Equivalent to specifying --sort=size.

-T cols

Assumes that each tab stop is cols columns wide. The default is 8. Equivalent to specifying --tabsize cols.

-U

Does not sort directory content. Content is listed in the order it is stored in on the disk. Equivalent to specifying --sort=none.

-X

Sorts directory content alphabetically by file extension according to the characters after the last period (.). Files with no extension are sorted first. Equivalent to specifying --sort=extension.

-@

The same as -l, except that extended attribute information overrides ACL information. An @ is displayed after the file permission bits for files that have extended attributes. NOTE: This option is supported only on Solaris.

-1

Lists one line per file. Equivalent to specifying --format=single-column.

-2

Lists two lines per file. The first line is identical to that obtained when you specify long format output using the -l option. The second line lists the file attributes, media requirements, and the creation time. Removable media files show the media type and the VSN. Nonchecksum file attributes are formatted as a string of ten characters.

The file attributes in the second line are indicated by their position, as follows:

\(bu Position 1 - Offline∕damaged status

O

The file is offline.

P

The file is offline with partial online.

E

The file is damaged.

-

The file is online.

\(bu Position 2-4 - Archiver attributes

n

Never archive the file.

a

Archive the file immediately after creation or modification (see archive (1) to set). Ignore archive set age times. This attribute remains set until a different archive command is issued for the file (see archive (1)).

r

The file is scheduled to be re-archived on a different volume. This attribute is set by the recycler.

-

The attribute is not set.

\(bu Position 5-7 - Releaser attributes

n

Never release the file (only the superuser can set this).

a

Release as soon as 1 copy is archived.

p

Partially release the file. The first portion is left on disk after release.

-

The attribute is not set.

\(bu Position 8-9 - Stage attributes

n

Direct access to removable media (never stage on read).

a

Associatively stage this file.

-

The attribute is not set.

\(bu Position 10 - Not used. Always a dash (-).

\(bu Position 11 - Blank space.

\(bu Position 12-14 - Checksum attributes. Set by the ssum (1) command.

g

Generate a checksum value when archiving.

u

Checksum the file when staging.

v

A valid checksum exists.

-

The attribute is not set.

\(bu Position 15-16 - Not used. Always a dash (-).

\(bu Position 17 - Blank space.

\(bu Position 18 - Segment attributes.

s

The segment attribute is set.

-

The attribute is not set.

\(bu Position 19 - Index and segment attributes.

These attributes do not appear if the segment attribute (position 17) is not set.

S

This is a data segment.

I

This is an index for a file segment. Four additional numbers contained within braces ({}) are written, as follows: {n, o, a, d}. The numbers within the braces indicate the following:

n

The number of data segments in the segmented file.

o

The number of data segments which are offline.

a

The number of data segments which are archdone.

d

The number of data segments which are damaged.

-

The attribute is not set.

The next four fields indicate the media type for archive copies 1-4, if present.

Example 1. The sls -2 command generates the following output for a nonsegmented file:

-rwxrwxrwx   1 smith  dev    10876  May  16 09:42  myfile
O----apn-- g-v-- -- lt

The preceding output shows that the file is offline and has the partial release, release after archive, and never stage attributes set. It also has the checksum generate attribute set, and a valid checksum value exists for the file. The file has copy 1 archived on lt (digital linear tape).

Example 2. The sls -2 command generates the following output for a segmented file:

-rwxrwxrwx   1 abc  dev    10876  May 16\09:42  yourfile
---------- ----- sI {5,0,0,0} lt

file …: Specifies a file name or full path name.

EXAMPLES

The following output is obtained from specifying sls -D for a file archived to disk:

∕sam1∕testdir0∕filea:
  mode: -rw-r-----  links:   1  owner: root      group: other
  length:    306581  admin id:      0  inode:    11748.11
  project: system(0)
  copy 1: ---- Oct 31 13:52        15.0    dk disk01
  access:      Oct 31 13:50  modification: Oct 31 13:50
  changed:     Oct 31 13:50  attributes:   Oct 31 13:50
  creation:    Oct 31 13:50  residence:    Oct 31 13:50

.fT

BUGS

On BSD systems, the -s option reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX ls (1) program.

NAME

SYNOPSIS

AVAILABILITY

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

BUGS

SEE ALSO