Table of Contents

• Title and Copyright Information
• Preface
  • Audience
  • Documentation Accessibility
  • Related Documents
  • Conventions
• 1 Introduction to Multitenant Administration
  • Changes in Oracle Database Release 21c for Oracle Multitenant Administrator’s Guide
  • Multitenant Architecture
    • CDBs
    • PDBs
    • Application Containers
  • Benefits of the Multitenant Architecture
    • Benefits of Consolidating Data into a Single CDB
    • Benefits of the Multitenant Architecture for Manageability
  • Overview of Multitenant Administration
    • Users, Roles, and Objects in a Multitenant Environment
      • About Commonality in a CDB
        • Principles of Commonality
        • Namespaces in a CDB
      • About Common and Local User Accounts
        • Common User Accounts
          • Characteristics of Common Users
          • SYS and SYSTEM Accounts
        • Local User Accounts
      • Overview of Common and Local Roles in a CDB
        • Common Roles in a CDB
        • Local Roles in a CDB
      • Common and Local Objects
      • Separation of Duties in CDB and PDB Administration
    • Tasks and Tools for a Multitenant Environment
      • Tasks for a Multitenant Environment
      • Tools for a Multitenant Environment
    • Overview of Container Creation
      • Creation of a CDB
      • Creation of a PDB or Application Container
        • Creation of a PDB by Cloning
          • Creation of a PDB from a Seed
          • Creation of a PDB by Cloning a PDB
        • Creation of a PDB by Plugging In an Unplugged PDB
        • Creation of a PDB by Relocating
        • Creation of a PDB as a Proxy PDB
• Part I Creating CDBs
  • 2 Preparing to Create a CDB
    • Prerequisites for a Multitenant Environment
    • Differences Between Oracle Home in Read-Only Mode and Read-Write Mode
    • Deciding When to Create a CDB
    • Deciding How to Configure the CDB
      • Plan the PDBs
      • Plan the Physical Layout
      • Learn How to Manage Initialization Parameters
      • Select the Character Set
        • Default CDB Character Set
        • Different Character Sets for CDB and PDBs
      • Decide Which Time Zones to Support
      • Select the Database and Redo Log Block Sizes
      • Plan the SYSTEM and SYSAUX Tablespaces
      • Plan the Temporary Tablespaces
      • Choose the Undo Mode
      • Plan the Services for Your Application
      • Learn How to Start Up and Shut Down a CDB
      • Plan for Oracle RAC
  • 3 Creating a CDB: Basic Steps
    • Creating a CDB with DBCA
      • About Creating a CDB with DBCA
      • After Creating a CDB
    • Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement
      • About CDB Creation with SQL Statements
        • About Oracle RAC and Oracle ASM
        • About Enabling PDBs
        • About the Names and Locations of Files for the CDB Root and PDB$SEED
          • The ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE SEED FILE_NAME_CONVERT Clause
          • Oracle Managed Files
          • The PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT Initialization Parameter
        • About the Attributes of the Data Files for PDB$SEED
        • About the CDB Undo Mode
      • Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID)
      • Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set
      • Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method
      • Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File
      • Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance
      • Step 6: Connect to the Instance
      • Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File
      • Step 8: Start the Database Instance
      • Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement
        • Creating a CDB Without Using Oracle Managed Files: Example
        • Creating a CDB Using Oracle Managed Files: Example
      • Step 10: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views
      • Step 11: (Optional) Run Scripts to Install Additional Options
      • Step 12: Back Up the Database
      • Step 13: (Optional) Enable Automatic Instance Startup
    • Considerations After Creating a CDB
      • Database Security
      • Transparent Data Encryption
      • A Secure External Password Store
      • Transaction Guard and Application Continuity
      • File System Server Support in the Database
      • The Oracle Database Sample Schemas
    • Database Data Dictionary Views
  • 4 Creating a CDB: Advanced Topics
    • Specifying CREATE DATABASE Statement Clauses
      • About CREATE DATABASE Statement Clauses
      • Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for SYS and SYSTEM Users
      • Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace
      • Specify Data File Attributes for the SYSAUX Tablespace
        • About the SYSAUX Tablespace
      • Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace
      • Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace
      • Creating a Default Temporary Tablespace
      • Specifying Oracle Managed Files at Database Creation
      • Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation
        • Specifying the Default Tablespace Type
        • Overriding the Default Tablespace Type
      • Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File
        • Setting the Database Time Zone
        • About the Database Time Zone Files
        • Specifying the Database Time Zone File
      • Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode
        • Using the FORCE LOGGING Clause
        • Performance Considerations of FORCE LOGGING Mode
    • Specifying Initialization Parameters
      • About Initialization Parameters and Initialization Parameter Files
        • Sample Initialization Parameter File
        • Text Initialization Parameter File Format
        • Expressions in Initialization Parameter Settings
      • Determining the Global Database Name
        • DB_NAME Initialization Parameter
        • DB_DOMAIN Initialization Parameter
      • Specifying a Fast Recovery Area
      • Specifying Control Files
      • Specifying Database Block Sizes
        • DB_BLOCK_SIZE Initialization Parameter
        • Nonstandard Block Sizes
      • Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes
      • Specifying the DDL Lock Timeout
      • Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management
        • UNDO_MANAGEMENT Initialization Parameter
        • UNDO_TABLESPACE Initialization Parameter
      • Specifying the Database Compatibility Level
        • About the COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter
      • Setting the License Parameter
    • Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File
      • What Is a Server Parameter File?
      • Migrating to a Server Parameter File
      • Server Parameter File Default Names and Locations
      • Creating a Server Parameter File
      • The SPFILE Initialization Parameter
      • Changing Initialization Parameter Values
        • About Changing Initialization Parameter Values
        • Setting or Changing Initialization Parameter Values
          • The SCOPE Clause in ALTER SYSTEM SET Statements
      • Clearing Initialization Parameter Values
      • Exporting the Server Parameter File
      • Backing Up the Server Parameter File
      • Recovering a Lost or Damaged Server Parameter File
      • Methods for Viewing Parameter Settings
    • Managing Application Workloads with Database Services
      • Database Services
        • About Database Services
        • Database Services and Performance
        • Oracle Database Features That Use Database Services
        • Creating Database Services
      • Global Data Services
      • Database Service Data Dictionary Views
    • Managing Standard Edition High Availability for Oracle Databases
      • About Standard Edition High Availability
      • Requirements for Using Standard Edition High Availability With Oracle Databases
      • Enabling Standard Edition High Availability for Oracle Databases
      • Relocating a Standard Edition High Availability Database to Another Node
      • Adding a Node to a Standard Edition High Availability Database
      • Removing a Configured Node from a Standard Edition High Availability Database
      • Starting and Stopping Standard Edition High Availability Databases
      • Deactivating Standard Edition High Availability for Oracle Databases
    • Cloning a Database
      • Cloning a Database in a Multitenant Environment
      • Cloning a Database with Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM)
    • Configuring EM Express for a CDB
    • Dropping a Database
  • 5 Configuring a CDB Fleet
    • About CDB Fleets
    • Purpose of a CDB Fleet
    • Setting the Lead CDB in a CDB Fleet
    • Designating a CDB Fleet Member
• Part II Creating PDBs and Application Containers
  • 6 Overview of PDB Creation
    • Current Container and PDB Creation
    • Techniques for Creating a PDB
    • PDB Storage
      • Storage Limits
      • Default Tablespace
      • User Tablespaces
      • PDB File Locations
        • FILE_NAME_CONVERT Clause
        • CREATE_FILE_DEST Clause
        • The PATH_PREFIX Clause
        • Restrictions on PDB File Locations
    • Service Name Conversion
    • Summary of Clauses for Creating a PDB
    • General Prerequisites for PDB Creation
  • 7 Creating a PDB from Scratch
    • About Creating a PDB from Scratch
    • Creating a PDB
    • Creating a PDB: Examples
      • Creating a PDB Using No Clauses: Example
      • Creating a PDB and Granting Predefined Oracle Roles to the PDB Administrator: Example
      • Creating a PDB Using Multiple Clauses: Example
  • 8 Cloning a PDB
    • About Cloning a PDB
      • How Cloning Works
      • User Interface for PDB Cloning
    • Cloning a Local PDB
      • About Cloning a Local PDB
      • Cloning a Local PDB: Basic Steps
      • After Cloning a Local PDB
      • Cloning a Local PDB: Examples
        • Cloning a Local PDB Using No Clauses: Example
        • Cloning a Local PDB Using DBCA: Example
        • Cloning a Local PDB with the PATH_PREFIX Clause: Example
        • Cloning a Local PDB Using the STORAGE Clause: Example
        • Cloning a Local PDB with the NO DATA Clause: Example
    • Cloning a Remote PDB
      • About Cloning a Remote PDB
      • Cloning a Remote PDB: Basic Steps
      • After Cloning a Remote PDB
      • Cloning a Remote PDB: Examples
        • Cloning a Remote PDB Using No Clauses: Example
        • Cloning a Remote PDB Using DBCA: Example
    • About Refreshable Clone PDBs
      • Purpose of Refreshable Clone PDBs
      • Automatic and Manual Refresh Modes
      • Requirements for Refreshable Clone PDBs
      • Creating a Refreshable Clone PDB: Scenario
    • Cloning PDBs from PDB Snapshots
      • About Cloning PDBs from PDB Snapshots
        • PDB Snapshot Carousel
        • Creation of a PDB with the USING SNAPSHOT Clause
      • Cloning a PDB from a PDB Snapshot: Scenario
    • Creating and Materializing Snapshot Copy PDBs
      • About Snapshot Copy PDBs
        • Storage Requirements for Snapshot Copy PDBs
        • Restrictions for Snapshot Copy PDBs
      • Creating a Snapshot Copy PDB: Scenario
      • Materializing a Snapshot Copy PDB
    • Creating a Split Mirror Clone PDB
  • 9 Relocating a PDB
    • About PDB Relocation
    • Purpose of PDB Relocation
    • How PDB Relocation Works
      • Server Session Draining When Relocating or Stopping PDBs
      • Stages of PDB Relocation
        • PDB Relocation in a Common Listener Network
        • PDB Relocation in Isolated Listener Networks
    • User Interface for PDB Relocation
    • Relocating a PDB Using CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • Relocating a PDB: Examples
      • Relocating a PDB from a Remote CDB
      • Relocating a PDB Using DBCA: Example
  • 10 Plugging In an Unplugged PDB
    • About PDB Plugin Operations
      • About the XML File and Archive File
      • Source File Locations When Plugging In an Unplugged PDB
        • SOURCE_FILE_NAME_CONVERT Clause
        • SOURCE_FILE_DIRECTORY Clause
    • Plugging In an Unplugged PDB
    • After Plugging in an Unplugged PDB
    • Plugging in an Unplugged PDB: Examples
  • 11 Creating a PDB as a Proxy PDB
    • About Creating a Proxy PDB
      • Proxy PDBs and SQL Statements
      • Proxy PDBs and Database Links
      • Proxy PDBs and Authentication
      • Proxy PDBs and the Listener
        • HOST Clause
        • PORT Clause
    • Creating a Proxy PDB
  • 12 Administering a PDB Snapshot Carousel
    • About PDB Snapshot Carousel
      • Purpose of PDB Snapshot Carousel
      • How PDB Snapshot Carousel Works
        • Contents of a PDB Snapshot
        • Contents of a PDB Snapshot Carousel
      • User Interface for PDB Snapshot Carousel
    • Setting the Maximum Number of Snapshots in a PDB Snapshot Carousel
    • Configuring Automatic PDB Snapshots
    • Creating PDB Snapshots Manually
    • Dropping a PDB Snapshot
    • Viewing Metadata for PDB Snapshots
  • 13 Removing a PDB
    • Unplugging a PDB from a CDB
      • About Unplugging a PDB
      • Unplugging a PDB
    • Dropping a PDB
  • 14 Creating and Removing Application Containers and Seeds
    • About Application Containers
      • Purpose of Application Containers
        • Key Benefits of Application Containers
        • Application Container Use Case: SaaS
        • Application Containers Use Case: Logical Data Warehouse
      • Application Root
      • Application PDBs
      • Application Seed
    • Creating Application Containers
      • About Creating an Application Container
      • Preparing for Application Containers
      • Creating an Application Container
    • Unplugging an Application Container from a CDB
      • About Unplugging an Application Container
      • Unplugging an Application Container
    • Dropping an Application Container
    • Creating Application Seeds
      • About Creating an Application Seed
      • Preparing for an Application Seed
      • Creating an Application Seed
    • Unplugging an Application Seed from an Application Container
      • About Unplugging an Application Seed
      • Unplugging an Application Seed
    • Dropping an Application Seed
    • Creating an Application PDB
• Part III Administering a Multitenant Environment
  • 15 Administering a CDB
    • About CDB Administration
      • About the Current Container
      • About Administrative Tasks in a CDB
      • About Using Manageability Features in a CDB
      • About Managing Tablespaces in a CDB
        • About Managing Permanent Tablespaces in a CDB
        • About Managing Temporary Tablespaces in a CDB
      • About Managing Database Objects in a CDB
      • About Flashing Back a PDB
      • About Restricting PDB Users for Enhanced Security
        • PDB Lockdown Profiles
        • PDB_OS_CREDENTIAL Initialization Parameter
    • Accessing Containers in a CDB
      • About Container Access in a CDB
        • Services in a CDB
        • Session Limits in a CDB
        • User Names in a Multitenant Environment
        • How the Multitenant Option Affects Password Files for Administrative Users
      • Accessing a Container in a CDB
        • Connecting to a Container Using the SQL*Plus CONNECT Command
          • Connecting to the CDB Root Using the SQL*Plus CONNECT Command
          • Connecting to a PDB Using the SQL*Plus CONNECT Command
        • Switching to a Container Using the ALTER SESSION Statement
    • Starting Up and Shutting Down a CDB
      • Starting Up a CDB
        • About Database Startup Options
          • Starting Up a Database Using SQL*Plus
          • Starting Up a Database Using Recovery Manager
          • Starting Up a Database Using Cloud Control
          • Starting Up a Database Using SRVCTL
        • Specifying Initialization Parameters at Startup
          • About Initialization Parameter Files and Startup
          • Starting Up with SQL*Plus with a Nondefault Server Parameter File
          • Starting Up with SRVCTL with a Nondefault Server Parameter File
        • About Automatic Startup of Database Services
        • Preparing to Start Up an Instance
        • Starting Up an Instance
          • About Starting Up an Instance
          • Starting an Instance, and Mounting and Opening a Database
          • Starting an Instance Without Mounting a Database
          • Starting an Instance and Mounting a Database
          • Restricting Access to an Instance at Startup
          • Forcing an Instance to Start
          • Starting an Instance, Mounting a Database, and Starting Complete Media Recovery
          • Automatic Database Startup at Operating System Start
          • Starting Remote Instances
      • Altering Database Availability
        • Mounting a Database to an Instance
        • Opening a Closed Database
        • Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode
        • Restricting Access to an Open Database
      • Shutting Down a CDB
        • About Shutting Down the Database
        • Shutting Down with the Normal Mode
        • Shutting Down with the Immediate Mode
        • Shutting Down with the Transactional Mode
        • Shutting Down with the Abort Mode
        • Shutdown Timeout
      • Quiescing a CDB
        • About Quiescing a Database
        • Placing a Database into a Quiesced State
        • Restoring the System to Normal Operation
        • Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance
      • Suspending and Resuming a Database
      • Delaying Instance Abort
    • Modifying a CDB at the System Level
      • About System-Level Modifications of a CDB
      • Modifying a CDB with ALTER SYSTEM
    • Modifying Containers When Connected to the CDB Root
      • About Container Modification When Connected to CDB Root
      • Modifying an Entire CDB Using ALTER DATABASE
      • Setting the Undo Mode in a CDB Using ALTER DATABASE
        • About the CDB Undo Mode
          • About Local Undo Mode
          • About Shared Undo Mode
        • Configuring a CDB to Use Local Undo Mode
        • Configuring a CDB to Use Shared Undo Mode
      • Modifying the CDB Root Using ALTER DATABASE
    • Executing SQL in a Different Container
      • Issuing DML Statements on a Container in a CDB
        • About Issuing DML Statements on a Container in a CDB
        • Specifying the Default Container for DML Statements in a CDB
      • Executing DDL Statements in a CDB
        • About Executing DDL Statements in a CDB
        • Executing a DDL Statement in the Current Container
        • Executing a DDL Statement in All Containers in a CDB
      • Running Oracle-Supplied SQL Scripts in a CDB
        • About Running Oracle-Supplied SQL Scripts in a CDB
        • Syntax and Parameters for catcon.pl
        • Running the catcon.pl Script
      • Executing Code in Containers Using the DBMS_SQL Package
    • Monitoring Containers in a CDB
      • About CDB and Container Information in Views
        • About Viewing Information When the Current Container Is Not the CDB Root
        • About Viewing Information When the Current Container Is the CDB Root
        • Views for a CDB
      • Viewing Information About the Containers in a CDB
      • Viewing Information About PDBs
      • Viewing the Open Mode of Each PDB
      • Querying Container Data Objects
      • Querying Across Containers with the CONTAINERS Clause
        • About Querying Across Containers with the CONTAINERS Clause
        • Querying User-Created Tables and Views Across All Containers
        • Querying Application Common Objects Across Application PDBs
      • Determining the Current Container ID or Name
      • Listing the Modifiable Initialization Parameters in PDBs
        • Viewing the History of PDBs
  • 16 Administering PDBs
    • About PDB Administration
      • Tasks Common to PDBs and CDBs
      • Tasks Specific to CDBs
    • Managing Connections to a PDB
      • Connecting to a PDB
      • Managing Services for PDBs
        • About Services for PDBs
          • The PDB Property
          • Default and User-Defined Services
          • Tools for Managing Services
        • Managing Services for a PDB Using SRVCTL and DBMS_SERVICE
      • Modifying the Listener Settings of a Referenced PDB
        • Altering the Listener Host Name of a Referenced PDB
        • Altering the Listener Port Number of a Referenced PDB
    • Modifying a PDB at the System Level
      • About System-Level Modifications of a PDB
      • Modifying a PDB with ALTER SYSTEM
    • Modifying a PDB at the Database Level
      • About PDB-Level Modifications
        • Storage Clauses
        • Logging and Recovery Clauses
        • Miscellaneous Clauses
      • Modifying a PDB with the ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE Statement
      • Changing the Global Database Name of a PDB
      • Managing Refreshable Clone PDBs
        • Refreshing a PDB
        • Switching Over a Refreshable Clone PDB
    • Modifying the Open Mode of PDBs
      • About the Open Mode of a PDB
        • Summary of PDB Open Modes
        • Clauses for Changing the Open State of PDBs
          • OPEN and CLOSE Clauses
          • SERVICES Clause
          • INSTANCES Clause
          • The RELOCATE Clause
        • Compatibility Checks When a PDB Is Opened
        • How to Disable or Enable Replay Upgrade
      • Modifying the Open Mode of PDBs with ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
      • Preserving or Discarding the Open Mode of PDBs When the CDB Restarts
      • Altering the Open Mode of a PDB Using STARTUP and SHUTDOWN
        • About Modifying the Open Mode of PDBs with the SQL*Plus STARTUP Command
        • Starting Up a PDB Using the STARTUP Command
        • Modifying the Open Mode of PDBs with the SQL*Plus STARTUP Command
        • Shutting Down a PDB Using the SHUTDOWN Command
      • Starting and Stopping PDBs in Oracle RAC
  • 17 Administering an Application Container
    • Overview of Applications in an Application Container
      • About Application Container Administration
      • Application Maintenance
        • About Application Maintenance
        • Application Installation
        • Application Upgrade
          • How an Application Upgrade Works
          • Applications at Different Versions
        • Application Patch
      • Migration of an Existing Application
      • Implicitly Created Applications
      • Application Synchronization
        • Synchronization of a Single Application
        • Synchronization of Multiple Applications
    • About Modifying an Application Root
    • Managing Applications in an Application Container
      • About Application Management
        • Basic Steps of Application Maintenance
        • Application Versions
        • Application Module Names and Service Names
      • Installing Applications in an Application Container
        • About Installing Applications in an Application Container
        • Installing an Application in an Application Container with Automated Propagation
      • Upgrading Applications in an Application Container
        • About Upgrading Applications in an Application Container
          • Purpose of Application Upgrade
          • How an Application Upgrade Works
          • User Interface for Application Upgrade
        • Upgrading an Application in an Application Container
      • Patching Applications in an Application Container
        • About Patching Applications in an Application Container
        • Patching an Application in an Application Container with Automated Propagation
      • Migrating an Existing Application to an Application Container
        • About Migrating an Existing Application to an Application Container
        • Creating an Application Root Using an Existing PDB
        • Creating an Application PDB Using an Existing PDB
      • Synchronizing Applications in an Application PDB
      • Synchronizing an Application Root Replica with a Proxy PDB
        • About Synchronizing an Application Root Replica with a Proxy PDB
        • Creating a Proxy PDB That References an Application Root Replica
      • Setting the Compatibility Version of an Application
      • Performing Bulk Inserts During Application Install, Upgrade, and Patch Operations
      • Uninstalling Applications from an Application Container
        • About Uninstalling Applications from an Application Container
        • Uninstalling an Application from an Application Container
    • Managing Application Common Objects
      • About Application Common Objects
        • Creation of Application Common Objects
        • About Metadata-Linked Application Common Objects
        • About Data-Linked Application Common Objects
        • About Extended Data-Linked Application Common Objects
      • Restrictions for Application Common Objects
      • Creating Application Common Objects
      • Issuing DML Statements on Application Common Objects
        • Issuing DML on Metadata-Linked Common Objects
          • Querying Using the CONTAINERS Clause
          • Setting the Default Container or DML
        • Issuing DML on Data-Linked Common Objects
      • Modifying Application Common Objects with DDL Statements
    • Issuing DML Statements on Containers in an Application Container
      • About Issuing DML Statements on Containers in an Application Container
      • Specifying the Default Container for DML Statements in an Application Container
    • Partitioning by PDB with Container Maps
      • About Container Maps
        • Map Objects
        • List-Partitioned Container Map: Example
        • Range-Partitioned Container Map: Example
      • Creating a Container Map
    • Viewing Information About Applications in Application Containers
      • Viewing Information About Applications
      • Viewing Information About Application Status
      • Viewing Information About Application Statements
      • Viewing Information About Application Versions
      • Viewing Information About Application Patches
      • Viewing Information About Application Errors
      • Listing the Shared Database Objects in an Application Container
      • Listing the Extended Data-Linked Objects in an Application Container
• Part IV Database Configuration Assistant Command Reference for Silent Mode
  • 18 DBCA Overview
    • DBCA Command-Line Syntax Overview
    • About DBCA Templates
    • Database User Authentication in DBCA Commands Using Oracle Wallet
  • 19 DBCA Silent Mode Commands
    • addInstance
    • configureDatabase
    • configurePluggableDatabase
    • createCloneTemplate
    • createDatabase
    • createDuplicateDB
    • createPluggableDatabase
    • createTemplateFromDB
    • createTemplateFromTemplate
    • deleteDatabase
    • deleteInstance
    • deletePluggableDatabase
    • deleteTemplate
    • executePrereqs
    • generateScripts
    • relocatePDB
    • unplugDatabase
  • 20 DBCA Exit Codes
• Glossary
• Index